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初中英语词类讲解

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2021-01-29 12:54
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-千克

2021年1月29日发(作者:clamping)



1


英语词类讲解



10


种英语词类


6


种英语实词(有实义)


:名词、动词、形容词、副词、代 词、数词



4


种英语虚词:



冠词、介词、连词和感叹词



6


种英语实词



1.


名词(


noun


,缩写式为


n




普通名词


(common noun):


是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。



luggage, success, traffic


专有名词


(proper noun):


是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字


母必须大写。



Tom, China, A Tale of Two Cities, March, Saturday


可数性:可数名词(


countable nouns)&


不可数名词




uncountable nouns)


①冠词的使用



②单复数



s/es


③谓语动词的搭配



*


集合类名词:


council



government




group




jury,



team, family


名词的功能


:



1


.主语:


The bags



are in the desk.


2


.宾语:


I washed my clothes yesterday.



3


.表语:


This is a good book.


4


.宾语补足语


: We selected him our monitor.


5


.介词宾语


: Mary lives with her parents.


6


.定语:


She is a Party member.



women



doctors




meeting rooms


2.


动词(


verb



分类:实义动词(行为动词)


,连系动词,助动词,情态 动词



基本形式:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词 和现在分词




1

)实义动词:



及物动词(



transitive verb





He's reading a magazine.


他正在读一本杂志。


(单宾语)



Mr Zhang teaches us English.


张老师教我们英语。



双宾语:


us


是间接宾语,


English


是直接宾 语)



不及物动词(



intransitive verb



:The sun rises.




He works hard.




2


)连系动词:


be


动词


(is, am, are, was, were, have/has been)


感官系动词(


feel



smell


taste



look



sound



:后面 一般加形容词



变化系动词(


become, get, grow, turn




:后面一般加形容词






2


< /p>



3


)助动词:



最常用的助动词有:


be, have, do, shall, will, should, would


1)


助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用



2)


助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,



a.


表示时态,


He has got married.



b.


表示语态,


He was sent to England.



c.


构成疑问句,


Do you like college life?



d.


与否定副词


not


合用,构成否定句,


I don't like him.



e.


加强语气,


He did know that.

< p>


4


)情态动词


:


情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,


给谓 语动词增添情态色彩,


表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,

认为其


可能、应该或必要等。



must, can (could), may


(might), shall (should),


will (would), need, dare, have (had,


has) to, used to


①只做情态动词:







must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would)


②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:






need, dare


③具有情态动词特征:






have (had, has) to, used to


3.


形容词(

adjective,adj




用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为


形容词




-able, -al, -ful, -ish, -less, -ous, -y


等后缀结尾的词



功能:



1.


定语:



The high price surprised him.















She told us something interesting.(


后置定语)
















enough food, beautiful enough


2.


表语


:




The sun was hot.


3.


补语


:




They find the book quite interesting.


4.


主语或宾语


: The rich like living in the countryside.


5.


状语:



Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.



= Whether it was


wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park.



用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为


形容词




-able, -al, -ful, -ish, -less, -ous, -y


等后缀结尾的词



-ed



人的感受:



tired, tiring; amazed, amazing; fascinated, fascinating;




I was amazed at the variety of wonderful animals.


-ing


引发情感的事物或人:




It



s an absolutely amazing city to visit.


Exercise 1: -ed, -ing




1.I was really_____



(please) when I opened my present because it was just what I


wanted.



3


jungle was full of strange noises and I felt____(frighten) during the whole trip.


3. Having a warm bath can be very _____(relax) after exercise.


4. My trip through the jungle was the most _____ (excite)


Adventure I



ve ever had. I can



t wait to go back.


注意:




.



-l y


结尾的形容词



< br>1



friendly



deadly



lovely



lonely



likel y



lively


< br>ugly



brotherly


,仍为形容


词。



2

< br>)


有些以


-ly


结尾既为形容 词,


也为副词。


daily



weekly



monthly



yearly



early









The Times is a daily paper.

















The Times is published daily.




.


用形容词表示类别和整体




某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:


t he dead



the living



the rich



the poor



the blind



the hungry





.


多个形容词修饰名词的顺序




限定词


--


数词


--


描绘词


--(


大小,长短,形状,新旧 ,颜色


)


--


出处

< br>--


材料性质,类



--


名词




a small round table



a tall gray building



a dirty old brown shirt



a famous German


medical school


形容词的比较等级




.


原级



1



as


…< /p>


as


2



not as(so)



as


3


)数词


+times +as+


原级


+as



.


比较级



1


)形容词比较级的构成:



1.



单音节形容词后加


-er


,以不发音的


e


结尾 加


-r




2.



short---- shorter






nice----nicer


2.


辅音字母


+y


结尾的双音节词,改


y



i



-er





heavy----heavier





happy



happier


3.


末尾是元辅结构,且重读,双写末尾的辅音字母再加


-er:



big----bigger






hot----hotter



4.


部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加


more:


athletic----more athletic


5.



部分形容词不规则变化


:



good----better







4


形容词不规则变化


:




原级













比较级



good
















better


well
















better


bad
















worse


badly















worse


ill


















worse


many















more


much















more


little
















less


far












farther/further


形容词的比较等级




.


比较级的用法



1


)比较级


+than


2


)比较级


+and+


比较 级,


more and more+


原级



3

< br>)


the+


比较级,


the+< /p>


比较级



4


)< /p>


the+


比较级



+ of the two





.


最高级



1.


形容词最高级的构成:



1


)单音节形容词后加


-est


,以不发音的


e


结尾加


-s t




2



short---- shortest






nice----nicest


2.


辅音字母


+y

< br>结尾的双音节词,改


y



i



-est





heavy----heaviest




happy



happiest


3.


末尾是元辅结构,且重读,双写末尾的辅音字母再加

< p>
-est:



big----biggest




hot----hottest


4.


部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加


the most: athletic----the most athletic


5.



部分形容词不规则变化


:



good----best



.


最高级的用法



1

)三者或三者以上比较,用


the+


最高级


+


名词


+


范围



This is the cleanest place of the city.


2


)表示





之一



,用



on of the +


形容词最高级


+


名词复数




This is one of the most interesting books that I



ve ever read.




5


一、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成



1


、规则变化





















-er/


?


/



cold



-est/ist/






-r



-st












辅音字母时,应先双写


hot



辅音字母;


再加


-es



-est




辅音字母


+y”


结尾的


easy



双音节词,先改

“+y”



尾的双音节词,先改



y



early




“i”,


再加

< br>-er



-est


< p>














easily




在词前加


more

< br>或


most


more


easily



most easily



tired



more


tired



most tired



earlier



earliest



hotter



easier



hottest



easiest



large



larger



bigger



largest



biggest



重读闭音节词只有一个


big



fast



colder



faster



nicer



coldest



fastest



nicest




















nice



以字母


e


结尾的形容词,

-千克


-千克


-千克


-千克


-千克


-千克


-千克


-千克



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