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英美文学重点知识归纳
Old En glish: 450-1066
of
the
An glo-Sa ons
14th
cen
tury
En glish
poetry
Geoffrey
Chaucer-the
father
of
(wisdom, humor
Medieval English
:
抒情
The R en
aissa nee
—
mid 17th
series of historical
1.
2.
3.
rediscovery
of
new discoveries
the
religious
1066 - middle
Tales > first
Period : 14th
started in
eve nts:
ancient
Roman &
Greek culture
astrology(
占星学
)
Italy
time to
use
' heroic
couplet '
in
geography &
reformation
rebirth or revival
&
economic expansion
The
Ren
aissa nee
Huma nism
the esse
nee of the
Ren aissa nee,
the dig nity of
human being
& the
Best
represe ntatives:
m Shakespeare
The Elizabetha
n
sance
huma
nity)
importa nee
of the
prese ntlife
Thomas More, Christopher
Marlowe, Willia
drama: the real mai
nstream of
En glish
Ren ais
Most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespea
re, Ben Jonson
Spenser
the
poets' poet
5 quality:
1
）
a perfect
melody
2
）
a rare
sense of beauty
3
）
a
sple ndid
imag in ati on
4
）
a
lofty
（高尚
的）
moral purity and serious
ness
Shepherdes Calender >
lament
（哀
悼
）
over the loss
of
Quee ne>
Rosali nd
5
）
a dedicated
idealism
主角：
Arthur - who
possess 12 virtues
Gloria na
The theme
is
-
the Fairy Quee n
something
”
more
not
“
Arms and the
man,
”
but
faithfullloves
roma ntic
—
“
Fierce warres and
READING
excerpt from
The Faerie
Queenef
山后
Content:
Redcrosse Knight
set out on his adve ntures.
Christopher Marlowe
er of En
glishdrama
Hyperbole
（夸张）
“
Uni
versity
Wits
”
，
the
pione
Marlowe
's
achieveme nt: 1
）
It
is Marlowe who brought
into the bla nk verse
rry
stro ng emotio ns.
2
）
not
bla
nk
verse
无韵诗歌
活力）
and
grandeur
（伟
“mighty lines ,
”
which ca
vitality
（
with his
his creatio n of
the
strong
in dramatic
pion eer of
3 tragedies:
power
and
happ in
ess
vTamburlaine >
帖木耳大
an
ambitious
play about
ng.
Ren aissa
hero for
nee
con
strueti
on.
）
En glish
drama
human passion
En glish
drama.
（
for
kno wledge,
and pitiless
overpoweri ng
ki
of
Malta
＞马尔他的犹太人
non-drama
Passi on ate
Shepherd to His
Love> pa
lyrics
（
storal
（田园的
lif
e
，
the
most
beautiful
诗
READING: 1. excerpt
from
浮士德博士的悲剧
based on the
Germa n
lege
A play
nd
）
）
Dr
.
Faustus
Content:
Faustus is a scholar
who has
acquire
kno wledge.
By conjurati on
（
念咒文召
the Devil
'
唤）
he
call up Mephistophilis,
a
bond
（契
a stro ng
desire to
s
serva
nt.
He make
约）
to
sell his soul to the Devil in
retur
nfor
24 years
of
life in which Mephistophilis to give him everyth
ing he
William
ywright &
poet (above
desires.
Devil
' s
Dominant
moral is
2.
Shakespeare
past
and in
pla
the
all
writers
name
is
Lucifer.
in
the
huma n
rather
tha n religious
The
Passi on
ate(
short poem is
热情
的
）
Shepherd to His Love
most
beaut
this
iful
con sidered
to be one of the
En glish
literature.
lyrics
（
抒情诗
）
in
The
shepherd(
牧羊
人
）
enjoy an ideal
country
life,
cherish ing(
珍
爱
）
a
pastoral(
田园
的
）
and pure
affecti
onfor
of
his love.
n ature.
Str ong
emoti
on
is conve
yed
through the beauty
prese nt
time)
1.
2.
W
>,
vRichard
vRichard
n
>,
Comedies: vA
Midsummer
IV
>,
Night
's
Dream>,
V
>,
Joh n>
…
Tragedy:
vRomeo and Juliet > romantic
tragedy.
To praise
and the spi
the
faithfu In ess
of love
rit
ofpursuing
happ in ess.
3.
4.
Four tragedies -
tragicomedies
:
〉
Achieveme nt:
A.
exploring the characters
' s
inner mind.
soliloquy
（独
白）
or mono logue - fully
reveal the inner
characters
gon trasts
-
br
ing vivid ness to the
plot
con structi on
dramatic
presentation.
Disguise
characters
con flict
of the
B.
adroit
（精巧的）
C.
Irony
is a
good
means of
is an importa nt
device to create
D. the
READING
Ian guage.
1.
So nnet
dramaticir ony.
（
14
18
line
）
vSonnet
18> eternal
的）
beauty, have a
A nice
的）
,but
or
immortal
（不朽
faith
is
in
in the
perma nence of poetry
短暂
for ever.
summe
r s
day
the beauty
tran sie
nt
usually
（
poetry
can last
t
from
The Merchant of Venice
praise
nton
io
eauty,
的）
and
Bassa nio,
to
wit
greed
and loyalty,
and brutality
the
frien dship
betwee n
A
b
idealize
to
of
Portia
ahero
ine
of great
（不知足
expose
the
in satiable
theJew.
Double
plot:(1)
Bassa nio
ask
Antonio for a loa n
so that he
might marriage with Portia
(2) Anton io borrow money from Shylock,
the Jewish usurer. S hylock make a strange
bond that requiresAntonio to surrender
a pound
certa in
of his flesh if
period
of time.
he fail
to
repay
him
within a
lawyer
pound
bon d.
Portiadisguised
case:
Shylock
as
a
young
can
take his
blood
in the
in
structed
to
judge the
but
there isno
of flesh,
men tio n
of
Otherwise,
his lands
tohe
and goods will
law of Veni ce.
be con fiscated(
充
公
)
accord ing
3
.
Excerpt
from
Hamlet
betwee n fact
hesitate
ion, too
的）
to
and ficti on,
Ian guage
and act
sophisticated
degradehis
（复杂
the
conven ti
onal
nature to
role of
a st
age revenger
content:
Hamlet, the
prin
ce,
appeari ng
in a
mood of
world-w
eari
ness
(
厌
世
)
occasi oned
by
his father
Claudius,
has
'
sdeath and
his mother
'
his
father
'
murdered
his
thr one and
s
brother.
father
and
widow. Thus
s
hast
Hamlet
is
the n
tak
Hamlet
i
y remarriage with
in formed
thatClaudius
en over both his
father
' s
surged to
seek reve nge.
Note: To be, or not to
be
to live on in
this
world
r to
die; to suffer or to take acti on
Fra
—
philosopher,
ncis
n dati on
for
moder n scie nee
His Essays is
literature.
Bacon'
s
essays
the
man
s
understanding
consists o
scie ntist,
essayist,
lay
the
fou
first
example of
that genre in
En glish
are
famous
for their
brevity,
compact ness &
Biblical
allusio
powerfu In ess,
well-arra
nging
ns
（典故）
，
metaphors
（隐喻）
and en rich in gby
and cade
nee
(
韵律
)
.
f three
agin atio n
parts:
history
to
man smemory, poetry to man
s
im
and philosophy to man
s
reas on.
and
creatio n,
Bacon suggests the in ductive
法
（
i.e.
in place
法
（
i.e.
proceed ing
in
Latin
on methodology
方法论
reasoning
归纳
from
the particular
method, the deductive
from
the gen eral tothe
to
the gen eral)
reas oning
演绎
particular)
of Aristotelia n
proceed ing
READING:
Of Studies
delight, for
ben
efits
of study
—
studies serve
for
ability.
Studiesperfect
n atu
orn ame nt,
and for
re, and are
perfected
by experienee.
D
ifferent
ways
adopted
by differe nt
people
to pursuestudies - studies and experie
nee are compleme ntary
（互
补）
to each other. The correct attitude to read in
gbooks -
to
weigh and con
sider.
- read ing
How
studies exert
maketh a fullma n,
in flue nee
over hum
an
character
conference a ready
man, and
writi ng an exact man.
Metaphysical poetry
” （玄学诗）
-break
away from love poetry, the
diction
（用
语
）
i
s simple, theimagery is
from the actual, the form is
frequently
an argument with the poet
' s
beloved, with God, or withhimself.
A
）
conceits
Poetry
早
B
）
syllogism
（三段论）
期
:< The Songs and Sonn ets >
holds that the n ature
s the union of
soul and body.
of love i
晚期
:
Prose:
his
serm ons,
which are both
rich and imag in ative
2.
Death, Be Not Proud
READING:
1.
The Sun Rising
（
a sonn et,14
lin es
）
with
other things and everywhere
vDeath,
Be Not
Proud
〉
whatever you are,
When you are living,
you can
not escape
you arealways in the sh
John | Milton
from death.
adow
of
death. Death
a
mome nt, our life
after
poetic
works
Achieveme nt:
1
）
the
early
on ly lasts
2
）
the middle
prose
（散
death
is
eternal.
last great
The
morepleasure the
poems
文
）
3
）
the
death
gives people,
Elegy
（挽
not
only
the pleasure
of the rest
the
sleep, because
'w
-< lycidas >
利西达斯
（
his
&
early work
）
歌
）
Epic
（史诗）
hom
the
godslove
die
youn g'.
Though
death
is usually
con sid
Lost >
< Paradise
Rega in ed>
-
bo
ered
powerful,
it
actually
a
＞力士参
rest
for a man's
Dramatic
poem
（诗剧）
-
provides
Agoni stes
d
on
yand
a
birth
for
his
soul.
孙
the most perfect
after the
Greek style i n En glish.
READING:
excerpt from
Paradise Lost
exa
mple of the
verse
drama
vParadise Lost >
the only gen erally ack no wledged epic in Engl
ish literature
since
Beowulf. The conflict isbetween human I
ove and spiritual duty. The freedom of
the will is the ke ysto ne of Milt on
's
creed(
纲
领
).
Take from the Old
Testame nt,
an
”
：
Satan rebel
against
the theme is the
“
Fall of M
God and are driven
fromHeaven.
He
determined to revenge by
seduce(
弓丨
诱
)
Adam and Eve
to eat the fruit from the Tree ofKnowled
ge against
God
s
instructions.
So, Adam and
Eve are exiled
by God from the
paradise.
The | Neoclassical Period :
1660-1798 with the publicati on
an dColeridge
of
Lyrical ballads
by
Wordsworth
-
a revival of in
terest in the old classical works,
order, logic,
restrained
emotion(
抑制情感
)&accura
cy
the Age of Enlightenment/Reason
—
the movement
was a furth erance of the
Ren
aissa nee of the
ressive
15
th
a nd
16
th
cen tries,a
prog
equality
in
tellectual
moveme nt, reas on (ratio
nality),
& scienee
(the
18
th
century)
novel
-
newly
rising literary form
现实主义小说
modern English
诞生
(
the
mid-century
)
Gothic novel
(
哥特式小说
)
- mystery, horror & castles (from
middle part to the end
of cen tury)
John | punyan.
REAING:
The Vanity Fair
名利
场
an excerpt form
The Pilgrim
' s
journey
Progress
（天路历程
）
allegory(
its purpose is to
urge people
ctri nes and
救
)
through
to abide
by Christia ndo
seek
salvatio n(
拯
con
sta nt
struggles
with
their own
weaknesses and
metaphor
—
life
all kinds
ofsocial
evils. Its
Alexa
Pope
nder
one of the first
to
in troduce
him
the supreme
READING: excerpt
predo minant
rati on alism
to
En gla nd, for
value
from
was
order
A
n
Essay
on Criticism
> a
（论批
评
）
heroic
couplets(
Essay on Criticism
poem
writte n
in
对
句）
criticize
the
prese nt
poem
lack oftrue
taste
& call
o
，
n people to
turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for
guida nee, true wit which
is bestset in a plain (simple &
clear) style.
the
first writer
study of the
colloquiala nd
eople,
his
Ian guage
is
smooth, easy,
rnacular(
方
READING: excerpt from
rtitude
（清教徒坚韧）
.
T
an
adve nture
story,
ea, gets
shipwrecked
逐
ona Ion ely
isla nd,
lower-class
mostly
ve
言）
.
Robinson
crusoe
the human labor
and
the
Purita
n
fo
Robinson,
n arrates
how he goes
to s
and maroon ed(
放
struggles
to live
returns
and artless
bynu
merous
for
24-years
to
En gla
nd.
youth into
trials
in
there
)
gets relieved and
and fin ally
T
Robinson grew from
a na?ve
rewd and harde ned man,
tempered
en tful life.
Jon atha n
Swift
In his
opi nion,
lawed
(
缺点
Achieveme nt:
1)a
a sh
his ev
human nature
is seriously
and permanently
f
)
master satirist
. < A Modest Proposal >
vGulliver's
Travels >
2) one of the
greatest of En glish prose, he defi ned a goo
d style
as
“
Proper words in
proper
places
READING:
excerpt from
Gulliver
' s
Travels
（格列佛游记）
vGulliver's
Travels >
fictional
work, four
parts
Lilliput,
Brobd ingnag,
Flyi ng
Isla nd
& Houyhnhnm
（小人国）
大人
飞岛）
（有人类理性的马
book
is
one
of the
most effective
and devastat
ing
criticisms
and
satires
of all
aspects in
the
thenEn glish
d Europea n
life.
Henry | Fielding
was
the first
to write
a
a
诗）
，
the
first to give the moder n
no
vel its
structure and
style.
He
adopted
“
the
third-pers on
n arrati
on
of
the
Adve ntures
of Joseph
Andrews
…
>
(
约瑟
夫?安德鲁
）
of
Jon atha n Wild
the Great >
（伟大的乔纳森?怀尔德
）
of
Tom Jones, a
Foun dli
ng
> a
masterpiece on t
he subject
of
human nature
of
Amelia > the i
un fort un
ate
life
of an idealize
d woman, a
maudlin(
伤感
的
)
picture
of
thesocial
life
at the
time.
an
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