-百舸争流
Unit 1 Book 4
Unit 1
Fighting with the Forces of Nature
Text A
1. Difficult
Sentences
1. (L. 4) But he was not
prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in
Moscow
–
the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
1. Analyze the structure of the
sentence.
( =
“
that met hi
m in Moscow” is
an attributive clause modifying “ the
devastating enemy”
while
“the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter”
is
in
apposition to
“ the devastating enemy”.
2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.
(=
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的
寒冬。
）
2. (LL. 10~11) Hitler expected a short
campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was
taught a painful lesson.
What does this sentence imply?
(= It
implies
that Hitler’s Russian
campaign still
ended in failure. )
3. (LL.
11 )
The Russian winter
again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.
Paraphrase the sentence.
(= The Russian
winter at last helped the soviet soldiers to fight
off their enemy.)
4. (LL. 16~17 )
Napoleon, confident of a quick victory,
predicted the conquest of
Russia in
five weeks.
1.
What’s the
function of “confident of a quick victory” in
th
e sentence?
(= It is an
adjective phrase, which serves as an adverbial mod
ifier
（状语）
，
indicat
ing the cause.)
2.
What can
you infer from the sente
nce about
Napoleon’s characters
?
(= He is self-confident, but too
proud.)
5. ( LL 21~23) The
Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon
became bogged
down by slow-
moving supply lines.
1.
What
is the meaning of “
became bogged
down
”?
(= become/be/get bogged down: be unable
to make progress.
*Most of
the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical
defects and
inexperienced crews.
*The local government got
bogged down in problems of how to handle the
emission
of hazardous chemicals by
industrial facilities.)
ate
the sentence into Chinese.
(=
大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。
)
6. (LL. 38~41)
Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander
I, but the Russian czar
knew he could
bide his time: “We shall let the Russian winter
fight the war for us.
1.
P
araphrase
“
offered a truce
” and
“
bide his time”
.
1
Unit 1 Book 4
(=
“offer a truce” means “offer an
agreement to stop fighting.” “bide his time”
means” wait patiently for a
chance”.)
2.
Why
did the Russian czar say
“We shall let
the Russi
an winter fight the war
for us”
?
(=
Because the Russian winter was raw, better, bleak
and the Grand Army
supply lines moved
slowly, the Russian czar was confident that they
would
defeat the Grand army.)
7. (L. 52~53) ) At the Berezina River,
the Russians nearly trapped the retreating
French by burning the bridges over the
swollen river.
1.
Paraphrase the phrase “the swollen
river”.
(= the swollen
river: the rising river.)
ate the
sentence into Chinese.
(
在别列兹
那河，
俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，
差点将后撤的法军困
于河边。
)
8.
(L. 71~72) Caught off guard by the
invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
instructed the Ru
ssian
people to “scorch the earth” in front of the
German inv
aders.
1.
What’s the
meaning of “caught off guard”
?
(= catch off guard: take sb. by
surprise
* The invitation to his
wedding caught me off guard.
*The
manager didn’t know what to say. It was
clear
that my question had
caught him off guard.)
2.
Why did Stalin instruct the Russian
people to “ scorch the earth “?
(=In this way,
Hitler’
s
army couldn’t get
any supply.)
3. What is the
meaning of this sentence in Chinese ?
(=
苏联领导人约瑟夫
·
斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入
侵者到
来之前实行
“
焦土
”
< br>政策。
)
9. (L.102) The loss
of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the
tide against Hitler.
.
Paraphrase the
sentence.
(=
In Hitler’s Russian campaign, the
battle for Stalingrad was a turning
p
oint,
from which German troops became weak
and was at a dilemma.)
2. Words and
Expressions
1. (L 5) raw:
adj.
cold and wet; not cooked, refined,
processed, organized or
analyzed
*The event took
place on a raw February morning.
这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。
（＝
This cutting board is only
used to cut raw meat.
）
*Raw materials are the
natural substances from which industrial products
are made.
2. (L
7) launch: vt.
1) start
* Beginning in the early
1960s, humans launched probes to explore other
planets.
这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。
2
Unit 1 Book 4
（＝
This computer
company launches a new product this
year.
）
2) send
(sth.) on its course
*On
October 4, 1957, Soviet scientists launched the
world’s first artificial
satellite,
called
Sputnik
.
Collocation:
launch an attack
发动进攻
launch a
massive campaign
发动一场大规模的运动
launch a company
开一家公司
launch threats at sb.
向某人发出威胁
launch into
（积极有力地）开始
*
He launched into a long speech about the danger of
taking drugs.
他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。
launch out
（精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始
* She wants to
be more than a singer and is launching out into
films.
她不是仅仅想当一名歌手，而且正在积极涉足电影界。
3.
(L 10)
campaign: n.
a series of
military operations or planned activities with a
particular aim
(
插入声音文件
campaign)
（＝
The government is
launching a massive campaign against
corruption.
）
在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。
（＝
The campaign against rats
in our city got off to a good
start.
）
CF:
campaign,
battle &
war
这三个词都是名词，均含有“战斗，战争”之意。
campaign
通常指在一场大的战争中，某一地区进行的一连串有既定
目的的军事行动，
也可作引申用。
b
attle
强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地
区
进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
war
是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with
the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1.
Many _____ criminals were
proceeded against following World War II.
(=war)
2.
The
American presidential _____lasts for eighteen
months.
(=campaign)
3.
It was a
decisive ____
—
we won the ___ because of it.
(=battle, war)
4.
The Philippines had
suffered grievously under the Japanese occupation.
A highly
effective guerilla ____
controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly
jungle and
mountain areas.
(=campaign)
4. (L 15) efficient: adj.
working well, quickly and without waste
*To cut back on fossil fuels, we should
build more efficient cars.
雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。
（＝
It is not efficient to
hire poorly trained workers.
）
5. (L 16)
conquest: n.
conquering,
defeat
*Hitler
badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest
of the USSR would
3
Unit 1 Book 4
be
simple.
1939
年德国征服了波兰。
（＝
The year 1939 had
witnessed the conquest of Poland by
Germany.
）
6. (L 21) retreat: v.
move back or withdraw when faced with
danger or difficulty
*After a fierce
battle, the troops retreated southward.
我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。
（＝
We adopted the
following strategies: When the enemy advances, we
retreat: when they retreat, we
pursue.
）
NB:
retreat
的反义词是
advance
例：
to
advance against (on, to, toward)
朝??前进
to retreat
from
从?撤退
to
retreat to
撤退到
CF:
conquest, triumph
&
victory
这三个词都是名词，均含有“胜利”之意。
< br>conquest
指获取胜利或征服，把失败者置于控制之下。
< br>
triumph
着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。
victory
普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争
或竞赛中获得的胜利，强调艰辛与成功
。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with
the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1.
Under the leadership of
the Party, we are marching from ____ to ___.
(=victory,
victory)
2.
The Yangtze Bridge is a
great _____ of modern civil engineering.
(=triumph)
3.
It
was
a
_____
of
human
intellect,
and
also
international
cooperation
and
communication
(=triumph)
4.
In process of time, Rome
became a great empire by___.
(=conquest)
7. (L 24) engage: vt.
1) begin fighting with sb.
*The commander ordered the
soldiers to engage the enemy immediately.
他们与敌人交战。
（＝
They engaged the
enemy.
）
2) draw
into; involve
*We tried to engage him in our
conversation, but in vain.
3)
attract sb.’s interest
*We failed to engage any active support
for our project.
他善良的性情吸引每个人。
(=His good nature engages everyone.)
4) occupy
*Studying engages
most of a serious student
’
s
time.
工作占去她很多时间。
(=Work engages much of her time.)
Pattern
：
engage (sb.) in sth. :
(cause to) take part in sth.
* They are currently
engaged in lengthy trade negotiations.
4
Unit 1 Book 4
* The teacher tried to
engage the shy boy in conversation.
Collocation:
engage as
使聘为
……
engage in
从事
;
使参加
engage with
与
…
啮合
8. (L 27) be faced
with:
have to deal with
* The librarians were faced with the
huge task of listing all the books.
(= We were faced with an exceptionally
difficult situation.)
9. (L
27)crucial: adj.
very important
(followed by
to
)
*Amazingly, our soccer team won the
victory in the crucial final game.
增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。
(=Improved consumer confidence is
crucial to economic recovery.)
CF:
crucial, critical &
decisive
这三个词都是形容词
,
都有“紧要的
,
紧迫的
,
重要的”之意
。
crucial
意为决定性的、<
/p>
极重要的，
指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求，
或需求紧急
情况或危急转折关头。例如：
*We must pay attention to this crucial
test.
我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。
critical
意为决定性的
,
< br>与
crucial
相似，但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计
。在转折关头时
比
crucial
表现
出更大的严重性。例如：
*
The
patient’s condition
is critical.
病人情况危急。
decisive
意思是决定性的、
果断的，只有重要、特殊或决定性效果。例如：
* Our
air forces were decisive in winning the war.
我们的空军对打赢这场战争有
决定性的贡献。
10. (L 30) take a gamble:
take a risk
*
The company took a gamble by cutting the price of
their products, and it paid off.
（
=
I think she’s
taking a gamble investing all her money in
stocks.
）
11. (L 30) press on/ahead:
continue doing sth. in a determined way
(used in the
pattern:
press on/ahead (with
sth.)
)
*Our
school authorities are keen to press on with
educational reform.
*Organizers of the strike
are determined to press on.
12. (L 39) bide
one’s time:
wait patiently for a chance
* His political rivals are
biding their time for an attack on his policies.
*He bided his time until Harvard
University offered him a professorship.
13. (L 46)minus:
prep.
below zero; made less
by; slightly lower than the mark stated
* Tomorrow’s temperature
will be as low as minus ten degrees
centigrade.
* 20 minus 10 is
10.
我在期末考试中得了
B
减。<
/p>
5
Unit 1 Book 4
(=
I got B minus in the final examination.)
NB:
1) minus
的反义词是
plu
s
（加上）
。例如：
3 plus 6
is 9.
2) minus
还
可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”
”
。例如：
a minus quantity
负数；
minus electricity
负电。此外，
minus
还可作名词，意为“负号，减号；负数”
。
14. (L 50) drag on:
move
slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and
tediously
*These compensation cases
have already dragged on for one year.
这个会还要拖多久？
(=How
much longer is the meeting going to drag on?)
15. (L 55) at the cost
of:
with the loss of
*The local government developed its
economy but at the cost of environment.
比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。
(= Bill saved John at the cost of his
own life.)
Collocation:
at any cost
不惜任何代价
at all costs
不惜一切代价
at no cost
不需花代价
16. (L 56) limp:
1. vi.
walk with difficulty,
esp. when one foot or leg is hurt
*That dog must
be hurt
–
it’s
limping.
*I injured my ankle
and had to limp.
他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。
(=He
limped off the football field.)
2.
adj.
lacking or having lost rigidity,
as of structure or substance; lacking strength or
firmness; weak or
spiritless
a limp handshake
（无力的握手）
limp
opposition
（微弱的反抗）
17. (L 71) catch sb. off
guard:
take sb. by surprise
*The invitation to his
wedding caught me off guard.
(=The manager didn’t know
what to say. It was clear that my question had
caught him off guard.)
18. (L 71) instruct: vt.
1)
give orders or directions
to (sb.)
*The family has instructed
solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation.
*The professor instructed us that we
had one month to conduct the project.
我奉命在这里等老师来。
(=
I’ve been inst
ructed to wait here until
the teacher arrives.)
Pattern:
instruct sb. to do
sth.
;
6
Unit 1 Book 4
instruct sb. that;
instruct sb. with quote
2)
teach (sb.)
*He instructed
family members in nursing techniques.
他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。
(= They instructed me in the best ways
of doing the job.)
Pattern:
instruct sb. in/on sth
CF:
instruct,
direct & order
这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐，命令”之意。
instruct
指向人下命令或指示，指导等，还可指交待。例如：
* He was instructed to
represent the Government.
他奉命代表政府。
*
He hasn’t instructed us where to
go.
他还没指示我们去哪里。
direct
一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，须采取
的行动有准确说明。例如：
*
The owners directed that the factory be
closed.
厂主下令关厂。
* The officer directed them
to advance.
军官命令他们前进。
order
是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。
例如：
*
He ordered the enemy to lay down their
arms.
他命令敌人放下武器。
* The policeman ordered the
motorist to stop.
警察命令摩托车手停车。
19. (L 73) render:
vt. cause
(sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as
make
)
*The drug
will render the tiger harmless for up to two
hours.
*He was rendered unconscious by
a blow on the back of the neck.
地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。
(=Hundreds of people were rendered
homeless by the earthquake.)
Collocation:
render into
译成
(
某种语言
)
render up
做
(
祷告
);
放弃
,
交出
render blow for blow
以牙还牙
render good
for evil
以德报怨
20. (L 75) casualty: n.
a
person who is killed or injured in war or in an
accident
*First reports of
the traffic accident tell of more than 50
casualties.
(=
The precise number of
casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not
known.
)
21. (L
91) bring to a halt:
stop
completely
*Air traffic in
Poland had
been brought to a halt by an
air traffic controllers’
strike.
我们的旅行因风暴而终止。
（
=Our journey was brought to
a halt by a storm.
）
22. (L 91)
offensive:
1. n.
aggressive action, attack
*The Red Army brought its winter
offensive to a successful conclusion.
7