-堡
作文必备
一．评分标准
2
分
—
条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破
碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5
分
—
基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯
性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8
分
—
基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够
清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有
一些是严重错误。
11
分—
切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14
分—
切
题。
表达思想清楚，
文字通顺，
连贯性
较好，
基本上无语言错误，
仅有个别小错。
字数不足应酌情扣分
(
注
:
白卷
/
作文与题目毫不相关
/
或只有几个孤立的词汇而无法表达思想
,
则给
0
分
)
字数不足应酌情扣分
:
字
数
扣
分
110-119
1
100-109
2
90-99
3
80-89
4
70-79
5
60-69
6
50-59
7
＜
49
9
(
注
: 1.
如题目中给出主题句
,
起始句
,
结束句
,
均不计入所写字数
2.
规定的内容没写全者
,
按比列扣分
3.
如果扣为
0
分
< br>,
要慎重处理
)
二．写作思路
三．段落特点
英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构
成：主题句
+
扩展句
+
结尾句
四．写作原则
（一）长短句原则
第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要
< br>意思，
然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，
定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！
文
章结尾一般用一长一短就可以
了。
（
二）主题句原则
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To
begin
with
，
you
must
work
hard
at
your
lessons
and
be
fully
prepared
before
the
exam
（主题句）
。
Without sufficient
preparation
，
you can hardly
expect to answer
all the questions
correctly.
（
三）一二三原则
1
）
to start
with
，
next
，
in
addition
，
finally
（强烈推荐）
2
）
to begin
with
，
then
，
furthermore
，
finally
（强烈推荐）
3
）
first and
foremost
，
besides
，
last but not
least
（强烈推荐）
4
）
on the one
hand
，
on the other
hand
（适用于两点的情况）
5
）
for one
thing
，
for another
thing
（适用于两点的情况）
（四）短语优先原则
其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点
其二
、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：
I cannot put up with
it.
I want it.
可以用短语表达：
I am looking forward
to it.
（
五）多实少虚原则
比如我们说一个很好的时候，
不应该
之说
nice
这样空洞的词，
应该使用
一些诸如
generous
，
humo
rous
，
interesting
，
smart
，
gentle
，
warm-
hearted
，
hospital
之类的形象词。
再比如：
走出房间，的词是：
walk out of the
room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：
slip out
of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：
dance
out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：
stagger out of the
room
（
六）多变句式原则
1
）加法（串联）
2
）转折（拐弯抹角）
The car was quite
old
，
yet it was in excellent
condition.
The coat was
thin
，
but it was warm.
3
）因果（
so
，
so
，
so
）
更多短语：
then
，
therefore
，
consequently
，
accordingly
，
hence
，
as
a
result
，
for
this
，
reason
，
so that
4
）失衡句（
头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
举例：
This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not
sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
When to go
，
Why
he goes away
?
5
）插入语（多此一举）
The man whom you met yesterday is a
friend of mine.
6
）排比（排山倒海句）
We have got to study
hard
，
to enlarge our scope
of knowledge
，
to realize our
potentials and to pay for our life.
（七）挑战极限原则
特殊句式和结构的运用
The
weather being fine
，
a large
number of people went to climb the Western
Hills.
五．写后修改
在学习写作段落和篇章
之前，
首先应该学习如何写好句子。
一篇文章写好之后也要着重
看看语法是否正确，句式是否完整，表达是否简洁。
2
下面从句子层面看看写好文章之后该如何修改。
（
1
）语法
知识
a. There be
结构
考生病句：
1. There are many people
like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of
vegetables can be bought on the market by
people.
正确表达：
1. There are many people
who like to go to the movies.
2.
There
are
different
kinds
of vegetables
that
people
can
buy
on the
market.
这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，
因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用<
/p>
there
be
这一最常用的句式。
在这种结构中，
there
是引导词，没有实际意
义。
be
在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。
< br>
b.
比较结构
考生病句：
1. Comparing with the bike,
the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than
other cities.
正确表达：
1. Compared with the bike,
the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than
that of other cities.
评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用
compare
或
than
表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。
在例
< br>1
中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为
Compared
with A, B...,
只能用
compare
的
过去分词，不能用现在分词，
因为
B
是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。
在例
2
中，
考生误将
天气
与
城市
进行比较，
而
二者没有可比性，只有将后
者改为
其他城市的天气
才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。
c.
含有
it
的结构
考生病句：
1. As is known
to all of us that science and technology play an
important role
in the
development of society.
2. It is known
to us, practice makes perfect.
正确表达：
1. It is known to all of us
that science and technology play an important role
in the
development of society.
(
或
:As is known to all of us,
science...)
2.
It is known to us that practice makes perfect.
(
或
:As is known to us,
practice...)
评议与分析：
很显然，两个考生混淆了
it
和
as
的用法。如果用
it
作形式主语，后面的主语从句必
须由
that
引起；如果用
as
，则后
面不能用
that
< br>，因为
as
是关系代词，代表
p
ractice makes perfect
。
（
2
）意思完整
英语中完整的句子通常必须具备两个基本条件
:1.
< br>表示一个完整的意思
;2.
至少包括主语和
谓语两个部分
(
祈使句除外
).
3
如果将句子的一部分当
作一个完整的句子
,
就会导致非完整句
.
非完整句缺少主语或谓语部
分
,
因而不能表示完整的意思
.
其错误通常有下面几种情况
:
a.
将从句当作句子
(
误
)I would never
forget the day. When my mother sent me to the
village school.
(
正
)I would never
forget the day When my mother sent me to the
village school.
(
误
)If
there
is
a
ball
game
on
television.
Dad
does
not
like
us
to
watch
our
programs.
(
正
)If
there
is
a
ball
game
on
television,
Dad
does
not
like
us
to
watch
our
programs.
b.
将同位语当作句子
(
误
)Do you want to
meet Alice? The smartest and pretest girl in our
school.
(
正
)Do
you want to meet Alice, the smartest and pretest
girl in our school.
(
误
)New problems
face the woman entering collage. Such as budgeting
her money and
time for study.
(
正
)New problems
face the woman entering collage, such as budgeting
her money and
time for study.
c.
将短语当作句子
(
误
)With 7000
undergraduates and nearly 1000 postgraduates. Our
university has
become rather crowded.
(
正
)With 7000
undergraduates and nearly 1000 postgraduates, our
university has
become rather crowded.
(
误
)Women and
small children in the hall.
(
正
)There are a
large number of women and small children in the
hall.
(
误
)His
ambition
was
to
graduate
at
head
of
his
class.
And
to
win
a
state
scholarship.
(
正
)His
ambition
was
to
graduate
at
head
of
his
class
and
to
win
a
state
scholarship.
(
误
)The
volume
grew
lower
and
lower.
Finally
becoming
so
slight
as
to
be
inaudible.
(
正
)The
volume
grew
lower
and
lower
finally,
becoming
so
slight
as
to
be
inaudible.
d.
将现在分词当作谓语
(
误
)The quantity
our products increasing steadily.
(
正
)The quantity
our products is increasing steadily.
(
误
)Thousands upon
thousands of people sitting in the bleachers
watching the ball
game.
(
正
)Thousands upon
thousands of people were sitting in the bleachers
watching the
ball game.
e.
从句中缺少主语
(
误
)After finished
college education, my brother found a job with a
construction
firm.
(
正
)After
he
finished
college
education,
my
brother
found
a
job
with
a
construction
firm.
(
误
)The women
talked to you just now is our English teacher.
(
正
)The women who
talked to you just now is our English teacher.
(3)
表达简洁
< br>在英语造句时
,
不应使用不必要的词
.
只要意思得到完全表达
,
那么所
用的词应该是越少越好
.
试比较下列一两组句子
:
A: It was blue in color.
It was small
in size.
4
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