2017-1995年英语专业八级改错真题及答案 持续更新(部分详解)文字答案校对版

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英语专业八级改错真题及答案（部分详解）文字

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1995-2017

年英语专业八级改错真题及答案

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2017

年改错真题

The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes human

beings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which

1.________

distinguishes one individual from another.

The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs to

be equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is

2.________

what will make one a happy and successful social being.

In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledge

the fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.

They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction

3.________

in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constant

in life is change, th

e more one accepts one’s strengths and works

4._______

towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of

5.________

communication skills, the better will be their interactions and

the more their social popularity.

The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve

6.________

communication skills? The answer is simple. One can find

plenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conduct

workshops and seminars based on communication skills of men

and women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing in

trainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to

7.________

help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.

Today effective communication skills have become a predominant

factor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,

most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.

They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.________

communicate well is important, as every employee becomes the

representing face of the company.

There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made

9._______

programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitate

better communication skills in the workplace, but also look into

the problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______

2016

年改错真题

All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,

a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships,

1._________

for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,

language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special

2._________

character

—

a character that differs it in various ways from

3._________

other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,

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songs, or events that come to have a unique and

important symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any

4._________

social unit

—

whether a relationship, group, organization, or

society

—

develops a culture with the passage of time.

While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,

all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between

5.__________

communication and culture is a very complex intimate one.

6.__________

Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is

the means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics

7.__________

are created and shared.

It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture

when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,

but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________

In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication.

Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to

have and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________

another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped,

10._________

transmitted, and learned through communication.

2015

年改错真题

When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show

on ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the

1. ________

rink, my

friend’s

mother remarked on the

“plush”

seats we had been

given. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________

vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context.

“Plush”

was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ________

much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ________

started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and

so are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters,

aren’t

they? My

friend’s

mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________

expression that I had not got the word quite right.

Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly

means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ________

new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________

own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have

asked for

plush

, and this is particularly true in the

8.________

aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9________

speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,

but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.

So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _________

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2014

年改错真题

There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language

acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to

early 1960s.

There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________

have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area:

2.__________

◆

Is it possible to acquire an additional language in the

same sense one acquires a first language?

3.__________

◆

What is the explanation for the fact adults have

4.__________

more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?

◆

What motivates people to acquire additional languages?

◆

What is the role of the language teaching in the

5.___________

acquisition of an additional language?

◆

What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying the

learning of additional languages?

From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________

the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have

one thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiring

of an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do

7.___________

so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring”

an additional

language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________

focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an

individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are

involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________

or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the

classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers.

10.___________

2013

年改错真题

Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes

involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,

production and remembering language, and hence are concerned

1.__________

with

listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.

One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually

2.__________

happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately.

3.__________

Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________

you normally cannot help but understand it.

It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of 5._________

the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot

remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has

6._________

influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language;

7._________

if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we

are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else

8._________

who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called

“language

in exceptional

circumstances”

reveal a great deal about the

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processes evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But

9.__________

given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also

10.__________

need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.

2012

年改错真题

The central problem of translating has always been whether to

translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least

1.__________

the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many

writers favored certain kind of

“free”

translation: the spirit, not the

2.__________

letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter

3.__________

not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who

4.___________

wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of

5.___________

19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that

the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was

6.__________

entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible

7.__________

gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must

8.__________

be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the

9._________

extreme

“literalists”

Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.

The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,

the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.

Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each

other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains.

10. _________

2011

年改错真题

From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I

knew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages

1._____________

of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this

idea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my

2._____________

true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down

3._____________

and write books.

I was the child of three, but there was a gap of

five years on either side, and I barely saw my father

4._____________

before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat

lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which

5._____________

made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had the

lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding

conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the

6._____________

very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling

7._____________

of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility

with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I

8._____________

felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get

9._____________

my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the

10.____________

volume of serious

—

i.e. seriously intended

—

writing which

I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not

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amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem

at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.

2010

年改错真题

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally

complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,

every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1____________

the things their speakers want to say. 2____________

There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________

peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all

groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or

psychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4____________

fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak about

snow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________

English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those

sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and

subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6____________

in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is

simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7___________

environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________

for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which

Englishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9___________

Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language

could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture

or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________

For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century

could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination

which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.

But they had a host of terms for horse- drawn vehicles

which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we

are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish

between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig,

a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?

2009

年改错真题

The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from

one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference 1.__________

between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt in

early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener

2.__________

has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild

3.___________

The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may

be something from twenty to seventy the playground lore,

4.__________

therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is 5._________

learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, 6.___________

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or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between

playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme

can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just 7.___________

for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very

8.___________

possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred young

hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________

handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10.___________

2008

年改错真题

The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a

very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1.__________

part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.__________

a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.__________

race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States

4.__________

split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that

independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________

different language from those of Britain. There was even one

6.__________

proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured

the adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things would

certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7.__________

and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone

8.__________

knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory

solution of carrying with the same language as before.

9.__________

Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world

10.__________

that political independence and national identity can be complete

without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.

2007

年改错真题

From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can

make very positive statements about how language originated.

There is no material in any language today and in the earliest

1.__________

records of ancient languages show us language in a new and

2.__________

emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language

3._________

originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the

4.__________

necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote

tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of

a language with a large proportion of such cries

5.__________

than we find in English. It is true that the absence

of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds

6.___________

too the theory is not very attractive.

People of all races and languages make rather similar

noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that

7.___________

such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen

and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,

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serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference

8.___________

between these noises and language proper. We may

say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement

are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent,

9.____________

whereas language proper does not consist of signs

but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 10.___________

2006

年改错真题

We use language primarily as a means of communication with

other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we

live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1.________

to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________

message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________

set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________

thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________

speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively

and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows

old as a result of education and experience.

6._________

But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system

remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unless

he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________

member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a

concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________

common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our

vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are

9.___________

among most striking of human achievements.

10.___________

2005

年改错真题

The University as Busines

A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition

increases for next year

—

much steeper than the current, very low rate of

inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of

university endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______

A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,

irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of

2._________

universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of

3._________

business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic

4._________

uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of

being in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a

5._________

factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);

the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to

6.__________

reallocate time from the job market to education,

in order to make oneself more marketable.

The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________

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include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students

a governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions 8.____________

have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as

business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.___________

universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes

whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best

athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries

earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the

antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition

for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis

of merit rather than purely of need

—

just like business

firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer.

10 ___________

2004

年改错真题

One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress

is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated to

committees

—

either stading committees,

special committees set for a specific purpose,

1.___________

or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.

2.___________

Investigations are held to gather information on the need for

Future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,

to inquire into the qualification and performance of members and

officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the

3.___________

groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees

rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings

4.___________

and to make out detailed studies of issues.

5.____________

There are important corallaries to the investigative power.

One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.

6.___________

most committee hearings are open to public and are reported

7.___________

widely in the mass media. Congressional investigation

nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes

8.___________

to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________

Congressional committees also have the power to compel

testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contempt

of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury

these who give false testimony.

10.__________

2003

年改错真题

Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar

period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly

brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought

the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1.________

years of a steady decline, producing the

“baby

boom.”

These young 2.________

adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large

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families that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________

but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From

the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.__________

and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.

5.__________

Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._________

formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 7._________

divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to

a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well 8.__________

as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious

9.__________

distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the

temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 10._________

Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of

breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.

2002

年改错真题

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard

in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling

(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt

“naturally”

and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt

1.____________

deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,

remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what

2.____________

our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often

3.____________

comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.

4.____________

It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting

is something which we almost always know. We begin the

“natural”

5.___________

learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or

write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and

6.___________

practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours

per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult

7.__________

English spelling. This is

“natural”

therefore, that our speech-sounds

8.__________

should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,

speech operates as a means of holding a community and

9.__________

giving a sense

of “belonging”

. We learn quite early to recognize a

“stranger”

, someone who speaks with an accent of a different

Community

—

perhaps only a few miles far.

10.__________

2001

年改错真题

During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very

lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields

and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________

The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______

War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the

western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling

as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices

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were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for

3.____________

markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat

soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due,

4.____________

just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________

producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________

become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________

to run wild.

Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal

8.___________

government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries

from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,

and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________

1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,

with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices.

10.___________

2000

年改错真题

The grammatical words which play so large a part in English

?

grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different

?

from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may

?

seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less

?

1.___________

meaning”, but

in fact some grammarians have called them

2.___________

“empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary.

3.___

_______

But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction.

4.__________

Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,

?

it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp

5.__________

difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man is

?

vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this diff

erence in meaning.

6.___________

Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among

?

themselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the

7.___________

lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been

?

“little words”. But size is by no mean a g

ood criterion for

8.___________

distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we

?

consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart

9.___________

from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some

?

people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity

10.__________

when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry of

?

Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.

1999

年改错真题

The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric

1.____________

human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________

with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers,

including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one

half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on

fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds

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and more of the hunter-

gatherer’

s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________

studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of

London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food

than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100

4.___________

edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240.

5.__________

Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung

6.___________

diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if

they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary

aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care.

7.___________

They experience no obesity, no middle- aged spread, little dental

decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood

cholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average

8.__________

American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to

9.___________

an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habits

as a model for healthier diet.

1998

年改错真题

When a human infant is born into any community in any part

of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided

1.____________

neither of them have been damaged in any way either before

2.___________

or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children

are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to

pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing

3.___________

the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without

care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,

grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.

This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with

the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet

4.___________

within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few

hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes

5.___________

for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human

infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them.

6.__________

It is during this very long period in which the human infant

is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature

7.__________

which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a

capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest

that language be

8.__________

to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed

9._________

in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies

10.__________

that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and

just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are

designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-form

ed human beings.