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英语定语从句的汉译

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2021-01-29 04:39
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-想象

2021年1月29日发(作者:lynn是什么意思)


英语定语从句的汉译



英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系,其差别很大,翻译起来有诸多困难,英语定语从句的汉

译便是困难之一。由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛,因此,我们必须想办法、找方法、

< br>寻规律,从而很好地解决它。





一、限制性定语从句





限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项 起限制作用,在意义上与先行项密切不可分。如被省


去,主句的意思就含糊不清,甚至变 得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。





(一)定语词组






I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided.




我只有一盏指路明灯。






It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she


saw in the river.




火车站广大的场地,河里鳞次梯比的船只,她也同样不能理解。






Before


following


her


in


her


round


of


seeking,let


us


look


at


the


sphare


in


which


her future was to lie.




我们暂且把她找寻工作的事搁下来不谈,先看一看她的前途所 寄托的这个世界。







and


the


thread


which


bound


her


so


lightly


to


girlhood


and


home


were


irretrievably broken


……




< /p>


而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝,不得不就此断绝了。




翻译这类从句,常常是将关 系词省去,在句未加“的”字,放在被修饰项之前。当然,


也可视其情况不用“的”字, 如①和②。这种译法用得普遍,尤其适用于译简短的定语从句





(二)并列从句





1


)省略英语的先行项






The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.




肺易受几种疾病的侵袭,但均可经手术治疗。






A little way on she saw a great door which,for some reason,attracted her


attention.




又走了一些路,她看见一个大门,不知怎的,引起了她的注意。






As


a


result,


a


hum


of


gossip


was


set


going


which


moved


about


the


house


in


that


secret manner common to gossip.




结果就造成一阵 闲话,暗中在公寓里流传,闲话一般都是如此的。






A


will


had


been


made


which


divide


the


small


tax



eaten


property


equally


among


the remaining four,so that it was really of no interest to any of them.



< /p>


遗嘱已立好,把这片快要给税吃光的薄产平分给四个孩子,但谁都对此不感兴趣。





上述定语从句例 句比


(一)


里的定语从句例句长些,


因 此,


就不宜译成定语词组成形式。


否则,译句就会显得太长且不 符合汉语的表达习惯。如④就不宜译成“把这片快要给税吃光


的薄产平分给四个孩子的中 遗嘱早已立好,


谁都对此不感兴趣。



这类从句不是长、


难复杂定


语从句,


一 般就按原文的顺序位置译。


上面译句的第二分句,


有的承前省略 了主语,


如③④,


有的借用第一分句的不定语作逻辑主语,如① ②





2


)重复英语的先行项






At dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly ,and a shy drab girl who


seemed even younger than the other.




席间,我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆乏味的女孩子中间;她看上去比其余人都


年轻。






A


writer


——


in


fact


every


one


of


us


in


life


——


needs


that


loving-mother


force


from which all creation flows






一个作家——实际上生活中的每个人——都需要慈母的力量, 它是创造一切的源泉。






Man


possesses


an


expressive


faculty


that


goes


far


beyond


gestures,


that


allows


and even compels him to express his thoughts, feedings,dreams, and inituitions.




人类 具有远远超过于手势的表达官能,这种官能不仅使人能够,而且使他要把思想、感


情、幻 梦、直觉表达出来。




< p>
这些先行项的重复,有时用的是代词如①②,有时用的是限定词如③。汉译时,需重复


先行项的地方,就要重复。否则会影响意思的连贯和清楚。





我们一般采用分述法将带定语从句 的英语复合句译成并列分词。分述法就将主句和从句


分开翻译的方法。此方法除了将定语 从句译为并列分句外,还译为状语从句。





(三)状语从句





让我们来看看下例该怎么译:





He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.




上例能译成


“他坚持再建一座他不用 的房子”



“他坚持再建一座房,


这房 他不用”


吗?


显然不能,因为这样的译文令读者莫名其妙。这两 种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而


译的,然而错了。





正确的译文是:他虽自己不用,但仍坚持再建一座房。





此句之所以这样译,是因为它含有 状语从句的意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性


定语从句——有时兼有状语从句的职 能,可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等


等关系。





兹再举几例说明限制性定语从句所表示的状语意思:






I think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land where there is a forest belt.




我想即使在没有灌溉的土地上,只要有一条树林带,苜蓿还是 会生长的。


(表条件)






In


a


personed


sense


,I


think


of


my


eldest


daughter


,


whose


birthday


is


today


.




就个人来讲,我想到我的大女儿,因为今天是她的生日。


(表原因)





(四)独立句






He


paid


that


peculiar


deferente


to


women


which


every


member


of


the


sex


appreciates.




他对女性殷勤令每个女人所赏识。






What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn


warriors?




是什么希望,什么目标,什么理想 使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士呢?





翻译英语


There be


句型和带定语从句的复合句时,常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句


的主 语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句的方法。溶合法要求改变句子的构造形式。具体


作 法是,将原主句的的词或词组用作独立句的主语,再将定语从句用作谓语,这样便译成独


立句,如①将


He paid that peculiar deference to women


压缩译为“他对女性的殷勤”


而定语从句“


which


every


member


of


the


sex


appreciates


”译 为谓语“令每个女人所常识”






(五)复合宾语






I also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which


were rulling grains of corn.




我还看见骆驼的脚印边有许多的蚂蚁在拖玉米粒。






He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see .




他认为家里没有人特别想知道的。





当主句的谓语动词是表示“感观”或“心理活动”等意义时, 修饰宾语的定语从句多译


为复合宾语。





二、非限制性定语从句





非限制性定语从句同其先行项之间的联系是松散的。它不是先 行项的必不可少的组成部


分,而仅是对先行项作些描写或补充说明。非限制性定语从句前 常有逗号将它与主语分开。


非限制性定语从句也主要是采用前面已说过的分译法和溶合法 来译。


它常驻被译为并列分句、


独立的和状语从句,偶尔还可译 为定语词组等。





(一)译成并列分句





1.


译成并列分句,省略先行项






Wait a minute,said the boss,and he opened the load and took out a ham,which


he started to bone and string up.




“等一会儿!



老板说道,


说罢便打开 火腿包,


拿出一只,


开始剔骨头,


并用 绳子缚起来。


(省主语)






Carrie reached home in high good spirits



which she could scarely conceal.



嘉莉兴高采烈地回到家,想掩饰也掩饰不住。


(省主语)





2.


译成并列分句,重复英语的先行项





①…


from


his


vest dangled a real


gold watch


chain ,from which was suspended the


secret insignia of the Order of Elks


……





背心上荡着一根精致的金表链,链上系着“共进会”的徽章。






He


came


within


the


meaning


of


a


still


newer


term


,which


had


sprung


into


general


use among Americans in 1880






他其实适合于一个更新的名词,那 个名词


1880


年在美国人中突然流行起来……





(二)译成独立句






It


has


long


been


my


wish


to


encounter


one


of


the


oldest


civilizations


in


earth


.I


have


come


amidst


you


from


Egypt


,On


the


banks


of


the


Nile


,which


also


has


a


most


ancient


civilization .




我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明,我正< /p>


是从那里来到你们中间。






You've


given


Feldstyn


,who


dislikes


me


any


how


,the


chance


he


was


waiting


for


.




费尔德丁反正讨厌我,你给他的机会正是他求之不得的。





(三)译成状语从句






These actions, which have aroused


universal and unreserved disapproval,


must


nevertheless give us a pause.




这些行动,虽已激起普遍而毫不掩 饰的反对,却也使我们举棋不定。


(表让步)






In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly,try not to get


involved.




在两国发生争端时,如与该两国皆 友好,则应避免卷入。


(表条件)







Copper,


which


is


used


so


widely


for


carrying


electricity


,


offers


very


little


resistance.




铜的电阻很小,因此被广泛用于输 电。


(表结果)



四)译成定语词组





As I came in, Gus Meyer, who owned the taxicad that used to stand at the corner


of our street ,waved to me from a table.




我进去时,那 个开出租汽车的古司.买耶坐在一张桌子那里向我招手,他的车子经常就


停在我们街角上 。


-想象


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-想象


-想象


-想象


-想象


-想象


-想象



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