-想象
英语定语从句的汉译
英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系,其差别很大,翻译起来有诸多困难,英语定语从句的汉
译便是困难之一。由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛,因此,我们必须想办法、找方法、
< br>寻规律,从而很好地解决它。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项
起限制作用,在意义上与先行项密切不可分。如被省
去,主句的意思就含糊不清,甚至变
得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。
(一)定语词组
①
I
have but one lamp by which my feed are guided.
我只有一盏指路明灯。
②
It was so with
the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of
vessels she
saw in the river.
火车站广大的场地,河里鳞次梯比的船只,她也同样不能理解。
③
Before
following
her
in
her
round
of
seeking,let
us
look
at
the
sphare
in
which
her future was to lie.
我们暂且把她找寻工作的事搁下来不谈,先看一看她的前途所
寄托的这个世界。
④
…
and
the
thread
which
bound
her
so
lightly
to
girlhood
and
home
were
irretrievably broken
……
<
/p>
而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝,不得不就此断绝了。
翻译这类从句,常常是将关
系词省去,在句未加“的”字,放在被修饰项之前。当然,
也可视其情况不用“的”字,
如①和②。这种译法用得普遍,尤其适用于译简短的定语从句
(二)并列从句
1
)省略英语的先行项
①
The
lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are
treatable by surgery.
肺易受几种疾病的侵袭,但均可经手术治疗。
②
A
little way on she saw a great door which,for some
reason,attracted her
attention.
又走了一些路,她看见一个大门,不知怎的,引起了她的注意。
③
As
a
result,
a
hum
of
gossip
was
set
going
which
moved
about
the
house
in
that
secret manner common to
gossip.
结果就造成一阵
闲话,暗中在公寓里流传,闲话一般都是如此的。
④
A
will
had
been
made
which
divide
the
small
tax
–
eaten
property
equally
among
the
remaining four,so that it was really of no
interest to any of them.
<
/p>
遗嘱已立好,把这片快要给税吃光的薄产平分给四个孩子,但谁都对此不感兴趣。
上述定语从句例
句比
(一)
里的定语从句例句长些,
因
此,
就不宜译成定语词组成形式。
否则,译句就会显得太长且不
符合汉语的表达习惯。如④就不宜译成“把这片快要给税吃光
的薄产平分给四个孩子的中
遗嘱早已立好,
谁都对此不感兴趣。
”
这类从句不是长、
难复杂定
语从句,
一
般就按原文的顺序位置译。
上面译句的第二分句,
有的承前省略
了主语,
如③④,
有的借用第一分句的不定语作逻辑主语,如①
②
2
)重复英语的先行项
①
At
dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly
,and a shy drab girl who
seemed even
younger than the other.
p>
席间,我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆乏味的女孩子中间;她看上去比其余人都
年轻。
②
A
writer
——
in
fact
every
one
of
us
in
life
——
needs
that
loving-mother
force
from which all
creation flows
…
一个作家——实际上生活中的每个人——都需要慈母的力量,
它是创造一切的源泉。
③
Man
possesses
an
expressive
faculty
that
goes
far
beyond
gestures,
that
allows
and even compels him
to express his thoughts, feedings,dreams, and
inituitions.
人类
具有远远超过于手势的表达官能,这种官能不仅使人能够,而且使他要把思想、感
情、幻
梦、直觉表达出来。
这些先行项的重复,有时用的是代词如①②,有时用的是限定词如③。汉译时,需重复
先行项的地方,就要重复。否则会影响意思的连贯和清楚。
我们一般采用分述法将带定语从句
的英语复合句译成并列分词。分述法就将主句和从句
分开翻译的方法。此方法除了将定语
从句译为并列分句外,还译为状语从句。
(三)状语从句
让我们来看看下例该怎么译:
He insisted on building
another house which he had no use for.
上例能译成
“他坚持再建一座他不用
的房子”
或
“他坚持再建一座房,
这房
他不用”
吗?
显然不能,因为这样的译文令读者莫名其妙。这两
种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而
译的,然而错了。
正确的译文是:他虽自己不用,但仍坚持再建一座房。
此句之所以这样译,是因为它含有
状语从句的意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性
定语从句——有时兼有状语从句的职
能,可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等
等关系。
兹再举几例说明限制性定语从句所表示的状语意思:
①
I
think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land
where there is a forest belt.
我想即使在没有灌溉的土地上,只要有一条树林带,苜蓿还是
会生长的。
(表条件)
②
In
a
personed
sense
,I
think
of
my
eldest
daughter
,
whose
birthday
is
today
.
就个人来讲,我想到我的大女儿,因为今天是她的生日。
p>
(表原因)
(四)独立句
①
He
paid
that
peculiar
deferente
to
women
which
every
member
of
the
sex
appreciates.
他对女性殷勤令每个女人所赏识。
②
What were the
hopes and dreams that had made of them the
incredibly stubborn
warriors?
是什么希望,什么目标,什么理想
使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士呢?
翻译英语
There be
句型和带定语从句的复合句时,常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句
的主
语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句的方法。溶合法要求改变句子的构造形式。具体
作
法是,将原主句的的词或词组用作独立句的主语,再将定语从句用作谓语,这样便译成独
立句,如①将
He paid that peculiar deference
to women
压缩译为“他对女性的殷勤”
而定语从句“
which
every
member
of
the
sex
appreciates
”译
为谓语“令每个女人所常识”
。
(五)复合宾语
①
I
also found on the ground near the tracks of the
lamed groups of ants which
were rulling
grains of corn.
我还看见骆驼的脚印边有许多的蚂蚁在拖玉米粒。
②
He
did not find any one in the house who particularly
cared to see .
他认为家里没有人特别想知道的。
当主句的谓语动词是表示“感观”或“心理活动”等意义时,
修饰宾语的定语从句多译
为复合宾语。
二、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句同其先行项之间的联系是松散的。它不是先
行项的必不可少的组成部
分,而仅是对先行项作些描写或补充说明。非限制性定语从句前
常有逗号将它与主语分开。
非限制性定语从句也主要是采用前面已说过的分译法和溶合法
来译。
它常驻被译为并列分句、
独立的和状语从句,偶尔还可译
为定语词组等。
(一)译成并列分句
1.
译成并列分句,省略先行项
①
Wait a
minute,said the boss,and he opened the load and
took out a ham,which
he started to bone
and string up.
“等一会儿!
”
老板说道,
说罢便打开
火腿包,
拿出一只,
开始剔骨头,
并用
绳子缚起来。
(省主语)
②
Carrie reached
home in high good
spirits
,
which she could
scarely conceal.
嘉莉兴高采烈地回到家,想掩饰也掩饰不住。
(省主语)
2.
译成并列分句,重复英语的先行项
①…
from
his
vest dangled a real
gold watch
chain ,from which
was suspended the
secret insignia of
the Order of Elks
……
背心上荡着一根精致的金表链,链上系着“共进会”的徽章。
②
He
came
within
the
meaning
of
a
still
newer
term
,which
had
sprung
into
general
use
among Americans in 1880
…
他其实适合于一个更新的名词,那
个名词
1880
年在美国人中突然流行起来……
(二)译成独立句
①
It
has
long
been
my
wish
to
encounter
one
of
the
oldest
civilizations
in
earth
.I
have
come
amidst
you
from
Egypt
,On
the
banks
of
the
Nile
,which
also
has
a
most
ancient
civilization .
我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明,我正<
/p>
是从那里来到你们中间。
②
You've
given
Feldstyn
,who
dislikes
me
any
how
,the
chance
he
was
waiting
for
.
费尔德丁反正讨厌我,你给他的机会正是他求之不得的。
(三)译成状语从句
①
These actions,
which have aroused
universal and
unreserved disapproval,
must
nevertheless give us a pause.
这些行动,虽已激起普遍而毫不掩
饰的反对,却也使我们举棋不定。
(表让步)
②
In
a dispute between two states with which one is
friendly,try not to get
involved.
在两国发生争端时,如与该两国皆
友好,则应避免卷入。
(表条件)
。
③
Copper,
which
is
used
so
widely
for
carrying
electricity
,
offers
very
little
resistance.
铜的电阻很小,因此被广泛用于输
电。
(表结果)
四)译成定语词组
As I came in, Gus Meyer,
who owned the taxicad that used to stand at the
corner
of our street ,waved to me from
a table.
我进去时,那
个开出租汽车的古司.买耶坐在一张桌子那里向我招手,他的车子经常就
停在我们街角上
。
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