-上尉
Introduction
0.1 The
Nature and Domain of English Lexicology
The definition of Lexicology: (P1)
Lexicology
is
a
branch
of
linguistics,
inquiring
into
the
origins
and
meanings
of
words
(WNWD),
the
morphological structures of English
words and word equivalents, their semantic
structures, relations, historical
development, formation and usages.
0.2 The Relation to Other
Disciplines
The definition of
Morphology: (P1)
Morphology is the
branch of grammar which studies the structure or
forms of words, primarily through the use
of morpheme construct.
The definition of Etymology: (P2)
Etymology is traditionally used for the
study of the origins and history of the form and
meaning of words.
The
definition of Semantics: (P2)
Semantics
is the study of meanings of different linguistic
levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
The definition of
Stylistics: (P2)
Stylistics is the
study of style.
The
definition of Lexicography: (P2)
Lexicography shares with lexicology the
same problems
: the form,
meaning, origins and usages of words.
The difference of Lexicography and
Lexicology: (P2)
A lexicographer’s task
is to record the language as it is used so as to
present the genuine picture of words
to
the reader, providing authoritative
reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to
acquire the knowledge
and information
of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness
and capacity of language use.
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts of
Words and Vocabulary
1.1
What is a Word
In visual terms, a word
can be defined as
a meaningful
group
; according to
semanticists
, a word is a
unit of
meaning. (P6)
选择、填空
The definition of Word: (P7)
名词解释
A word is
a minimal free form
of a
language that has a given sound and meaning and
syntactic function.
A word
comprises the following points:
1.
A minimal free form of a language;
2.
A sound unity;
3.
A unit of meaning;
4.
A form that can function
alone in a sentence.
1.2
Sound and Meaning
The connection of
Sound and Meaning
两者之间的关系
:
(P7)
选择、填空
The
symbolic connection is almost always
arbitrary
, and there is
no logical
relationship, the
relationship is
conventional
.
Woman, for example, becomes
‘
Frau
’
in German,
‘
Fremme
’
in French and
‘
Funu
’
in Chinese.
：
体现了
so
und
，
meaning
的关系
1.3 Sound and
Form
The reasons caused the
difference between Sound and Form:
读音和拼写不一致的原因
(P8-9
具体例子看书
本
)
简答题
1.
The internal reason
for this
is that the English alphabet was adopted from the
Romans, which does not
have a separate
letter to represent each sound in the language so
that some letters must do double duty
or work together in combination.
2.
Another reason is that
the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than
spelling over the years, and in
some
cases the two have drawn far apart.
3.
A third reason is that some of the
differences were created by the early
scribes
.
4.
Finally comes the borrowing, which do
not conform to the rules of English pronunciation
and spelling.
*Printing
印刷术
was established in the late 1500.
Sound and form is
imperfect: (P10)
The
written
form of English
is, therefore, an
imperfect representation of the spoken form.
1.5 Classification of Words
*
Three classifications of
words: (P11)
选择、填空
Words may fall into the basic word
stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use
frequency
, into content
words and
functional words by
notion
, and into native
words and borrowed words by
origin
.
1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic
Vocabulary
The difference between BW
and NBW: (P11)
BW is in use in a high
frequency; and NBW is not.
The features of Basic Word (P11-12)
简答题
?
?
?
?
?
All national character
全民通用性
Stability
相对稳定性
Productivity
多产性
Polysemy
一词多义
Collocability
搭配性
Therefore,
‘
all
national
character
’
is
the
most
important
of
all
features
that
may
differentiate
words
of
common use from all
others.
The definition of
Productivity: (P12)
They can each be
used alone, and at the same time can form new
words with other roots and affixes.
The definition of Polysemy: (P12)
Words belonging to the basic word stock
often possess more than one meaning because most
of them have
undergone semantic changes
in the course of use and become polysemous.
The definition of
Collocability: (P12)
Many words of the
basic word stock enter quite a number of set
expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial
sayings and the like.
The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary
(P13-15)
简答题
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
The
definition of Terminology: (P13)
It
consists of technical terms used in particular
disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.
?
The
definition of Jargon: (P13)
It refers
to the specialized vocabularies by which members
of particular
arts, sciences, trades
and professions
communicate
among themselves such as in business.
?
例子有：
bottom line, bargaining
chips
例子有：
mathematics, music,
education.
Terminology
专业术语
Jargon
行话
Slang
俚语
Argot
黑话
Dialectal words
方言
Archaisms
古词语
Neologisms
新词语
The
definition of Slang: (P14)
Slang
belongs
to
the
sub-standard
language
亚标准语言
,
a
category
that
seems
to
stand
between
the
standard general words including
informal ones available to everyone and in-group
words.
Slang is created by
changing or extending
the
meaning of existing words.
The definition of Argot
黑话
: (P15)
Argot
generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
The definition of Dialectal
words: (P15)
Dialectal words are words
used only by speakers of the dialect in question.
The definition
of Archaisms: (P15)
Archaisms are words
or forms that were
once in common
use
but are now restricted only to
specialized or
limited use.
The definition of Neologisms: (P15)
Neologisms are newly-created words or
expressions, or words that have taken on new
meanings.
1.5.2 Content
Words and Functional Words
The
difference between Content words and Functional
words: (P16)
简答题
?
?
Content words denote clear notions and
thus are known as
notional
words.
Functional words do
not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are
also called
empty
words. As
their
chief function is to express the
relation between notions, the relation between
words as well as between
sentences,
they are known as
form
words.
1.5.3 Native Words
and Borrowed Words
The definition of
Native Words: (P17)
Native words are
words brought to Britain in the fifth century by
the German tribes (
日耳曼部落
).
The 2 features of Native
Words: (P17)
1.
Neutral in
style
(French or Latin are literary and
in formal style)
文体中立，即任何场所可用
2.
Frequent in use
使用频繁
The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)
Words taken over from foreign languages
are known as
borrowed words
or
loan words
or
borrowing
in
simple terms.
三个黑体字同义
Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)
1.
Denizens
同化词
Denizens are
words borrowed early in the past and now well
assimilated into the English language.
2.
Aliens
非同化词
Aliens are
borrowed words which have retained their original
pronunciation and spelling.
3.
Translation-loans
译借词、外来词
Translation-loans are words and
expressions formed from the existing material in
the English language
but
modeled on the patterns taken from
another language
.
4.
Semantic-loans
借义词
Words of this category are not borrowed
with reference to the form.
Chapter 2
The Development of
the English vocabulary
2.1
The Indo-European Language Family
The
Indo-European
Language
has
approximately
3000
languages
and
group
into
roughly
300
language
families on the
basis of
Basic Word
and
Grammar
. It is made up of
most of language of
Europe, the Near
East, and
India
.
印欧三大语系
(P23)
Germanic
family = Scandinavian languages
斯堪的纳维亚语的
;
北北欧日耳曼语系
(P24)
The Germanic family consists of the
four
Northern European
languages:
Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish
and
Swedish
, which are
generally known as Scandinavian languages.
In western set, Greek is
the modern language derived from
Hellenic(
希腊语的
). (P24)
2.2.1 Old English
(
450
–
1150
) (P25)
The
Germanic tribes
are the
earliest.
The introduction of
Christianity had a great impact on the English
vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and
customs and also many
religious terms
such as
abbot, candle, alter, amen,
apostle
.
The common practice
was to
create new words by combining
two native words
, e.g.
handbook
. (P26)
Old English is a
highly
inflected
language.
Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp,
birth, they, their, them,
egg
, these words are from
Scandinavian
origin.
2.2.2 Middle
English (1150
–
1500)
(P26)
Norman
Conquest
started a continual flow of
French words into English
.
诺曼大帝带来了大量的法语词。
(P27)
三语共存的是
middle
English
-
The
situation
of
three
languages,
Latin,
French
&
English
existing
simultaneously
(
同时地
side by
side) continued for
over a
century.
(P27)
Examples of French origin:
pork, fry, roast.
Old
English was a language of full endings & highly
inflected, Middle English was one of
leveled endings.
(P28)
2.2.3 Modern English (1500
–
up to now)
(P28)
Modern English can be
subdivided into Early (1500-1700) and Late
(1700-up to the present).
In
the
early
period
of
Modern
English,
Europe
saw
a
new
upsurge
of
learning
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
classics
. This is known in
history as the
Renaissance
.
Why in modern
English, word endings were
mostly
lost
? (P29)
Because it can
be concluded that English has evolved from a
synthetic
language (Old
English) to the present
analytic
language.
2.3 Growth of Present-day
English Vocabulary
(P30)
Samples of Source 1:
green
revolution, space shuttle, moon walk
（
science
）
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary
Development
Three channels of modern
English vocabulary develops: (P31)
1.
Creation
Definition: Creation refers to the
formation of new words by using the existing
materials, namely roots,
affixes and
other elements.
This is
the most important way
of
vocabulary expansion.
2.
Semantic change
Definition:
Semantic change means an old form which takes on a
new meaning
to meet the new
need.
3.
Borrowing
Definition: The words from other
countries.
Borrowing has played a vital
role in the development of vocabulary,
particularly in earlier times.
In earlier stages of English,
French, Latin, Greek and
Scandinavian
were the
major
contributors
. (P32)
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-上尉
-
上一篇：剑桥雅思8雅思口语Test2Part1范文
下一篇：语言学教程 选择题