翻译理论中的术语

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Communication

Consecutive Interpreting

Creole

Dialect

Chuchotage

Discourse

Discourse Analysis

Discourse Markers

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Free Translation

Globalization

Honorifics

Idiolect

Inflection

Internationalization

Interpreting

Language

Language Family

Language Type

Legal Translation

Lexis

Liaison Interpreting

Localization

Liaison Interpreting

Machine Translation

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Machine-Aided Translation

Mediation

Morpheme

Morphology

Natural Language Processing

Pidgin

Register

Sem

antics

Simultaneous Interpreting

Source Text

Speech Act

Speech Community

Syllabary

Target Text

Telephone Interpreting

Tenor

Text Act

Tone Languages

Translation

Translation Memory

Unit Of Translation

Whistled Speech

Word Order

Word- For-Word Translation

World Knowledge

Bibliography

Communication:

Communication is the transfer of an intended message, and this is the purpose of

language itself. Obviously, this process can be divided into two broad stages:

transmission (speaking, writing) and reception (listening, reading).

But there are another two stages: before transmission, formulating the m

essage

accurately (coherence) and after reception, understanding the m

essage accurately

(assimilation). These sound like simple processes, yet in fact they are not: for

example, how often do we really have the patience to listen

closely to

what som

eone

else is telling us?

Consecutive Interpreting:

The interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her

utterance. Often used at sm

aller conferences etc., generally used in courtroom

settings, speeches. Just one interpreter is often enough.

Creole:

A m

other tongue form

ed from the contact of a European language (esp. English,

French, or Portuguese) with another (esp. African) language. (OED)

Dialect:

1. A form

of speech peculiar to a particular region.

2. A subordinate variety of a language with non-standard vocabulary, pronunciation,

or grammar. (OED)

Chuchotage:

The interpreter is posted beside the client and in real time disc

retely 'whispers'

his/her translation of the speech activity.

Discourse:

Modes of speaking and writing which involve participants in adopting a particular

attitude towards areas of socio- cultural activity (e.g. racist discourse, officialese,

etc.). (DaL)

TOP

Discourse Analysis:

In this context, the study of m

eaning using a large unit of translation, e.g.

paragraph or page level, and taking into account the widest possible context.

Discourse Markers:

Words such as 'good', 'but', uh-huh', 'well' that divide up (and also link) sections of

speech.

Effectiveness:

Optimum achievement of a communicative goal. (DaL)

Efficiency:

Achievem

ent of a communicative goal in the m

ost ec

onom

ic m

anner possible.

Language users normally counterbalance effectiveness and efficiency in order to

achieve m

aximum effect from

minimu

m

use of resources. (DaL)

Free Translation:

Translating loosely from

the original. Contrasted with word for word or literal

translation, this m

ay be the best m

ethod depending on the m

ost appropriate unit of

translation involved.

Globalization:

Globalization addresses the business issues associated with taking a product global.

In the globalization of high-tech products this involves integrating localization

throughout a com

pany, after proper internationalization and product design, as well

as m

arketing, sales, and support in the world market.

(PGL)

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Honorifics:

All languages have particular ways of showing politeness (e.g. French tu/vous,

Spanish tu/usted, Japanese yomu/yomi-

m

asu). (Aol)

Idiolect:

Features of language variation characteristic of an individual speaker: basically,

everyone has a unique way of talking.

Inflection:

A change in the form

of (a word) to express tense, gender, number, mood, etc.

(OED)

Internationalization:

Internationalization is the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle

multiple languages and cultural conventions without the need for re-design.

Internationalization takes place at the level of program design and document

development.

(PGL)

Interpreting:

Interpreting can be defined as the translation of speech orally, as opposed to

translation of written texts. (OED)

It requires special skills (note taking, summarizing, language skills), a good

memory, sheer mental stamina and, often, arduous training.

A number of national and international organizations govern the profession, while

the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights entitles every

defendant in a criminal trial to have the assistance of an interpreter, if necessary.

There are several types of interpreting: simultaneous, consecutive, liaison

Simultaneous interpreting:

The interpreter starts

to

translate before the speaker has finished his/her utterance.

Most often used at large events such as conferences and carried out by panels of at

least two interpreters using special equipment. As this type of work is particularly

tiring and stressful, the rule of thumb is that an interpreter should be able to take a

break after 45 minutes of continuous work.

Liaison interpreting:

A generic nam

e for business interpreting; also just interpreting for trade

conventions and other general business situations. Usually refers to the activities of

a single interpreter who accom

panies an individual or delegation around.

Consecutive interpreting:

The interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her

utterance. Often used at sm

aller conferences etc., generally used in courtroom

settings, speeches. Just one interpreter is often enough.

TOP

Language:

1. The m

ethod of human communication, either spoken or written,

consisting of the

use of words in an agreed way. (OED)

2. The distinctive form

of speech of a particular community, m

ost or all of which is

unintelligible to outsiders.

Language Family:

A set of languages that can be shown to derive from

a common root. (AoL) (e.g.

Indo-European, Austronesian)

Language Type:

According to their word structure (m

orphology), languages can be divided into four

basic types:

1.

Isolating

: each elem

ent is an independent word without inflections (Chinese and

Vietnam

ese)

2.

Agglutinating

: elements combine without changing their form

to express

compound

ideas (Japanese, German)

3.

Inflectional

: the boundaries between morphemes are fuzzy, and morphemes can

express m

ore than one grammatical meaning at a tim

e (Latin, Russian) (AoL)

4.

Polysynthetic

: several m

orphemes are put together to

form

com

plex words which

can function as a whole sentence (Chukchi) (AoL)

TOP

Legal Translation:

Legal translation is a distinct specialty.

What skills does it need?

Done well, it requires a variety of advanced skills to be present in the translator:

first, com

plete m

astery of both source and target languages; second, a good

knowledge of the two legal system

s involved; third, knowledge of the relevant

sub-areas of law; fourth, an awareness of any other relevant disciplines and subject

matter, ( e.g. steel m

aking, if the docum

ents of a case

concern a steelworks); fifth,

training in the art of translation itself.

It's clear that it's not easy to find such a

com

bination of skills, especially as they are not acquired quickly

-- either on their

own or collectively.

All this reflects the unique nature of legal language.

As the noted language authority, David Crystal puts it:

shares with religion a respect for ritual and historical tradition

to be so phrased that we

can see the general applicability, yet be specific enough to

apply to individual circumstances. They have to be stable enough to stand the test

of time, so that cases will be treated consistently and fairly, yet flexible enough to

adapt to new social situations. Above all, they have to be expressed in such a way

that people can be certain about the intention of the law respecting their rights and

duties. No other variety of language has to carry such a responsibility.'

When referring to legal English, he states:

there is the language of legal documents, such as contracts, deeds, insurance

policies, wills and many kinds of regulation. There is the language of works of legal

reference, with the complex apparatus of footnotes and indexing. There is the

language of case law, made out of the spoken or written decisions which judges

make about individual cases. There is the spoken lan

guage of the courtroom, wi

th

the ritual courtesies of judges, counsel and court officials and constraints governing

what

counts as evidence and what may or may not be said. Legal language is unique

in the way utterances are subject to sanctions, such as a fine or imprisonment for

linguistic contempt of court.

A fundamental distinction separates the lang

uage of the Legislatureχwhich

institutes a legal text and the language of the judiciary which interprets and applies

that

text. A pivotal role is played by set of

constitutional statements statutes (Acts),

and other documents which come from the Legislature. In these cases, the words,

literally are law.

(CoL)

We do legal translation well!

TOP

Lexis:

1. Words, vocabulary.

2. The total stock of words in a language. (OED)

Liaison Interpreting:

A generic nam

e for business interpreting; also just interpreting for trade

conventions and other general business situations. Usually refers to the activities of

a single interpreter who accom

panies an individual or delegation around.

Localization:

Localization involves taking a product and m

aking it linguistically and culturally

appropriate to the

target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used

and sold.

Translation is only one of the activities in localization; in ad

dition to translation, a

localization project includes m

any other tasks such as project m

anagement,

software engineering, testing, and desktop publishing. (PGL)

More:

Download Localization Tools

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Intro on Localization

Buy Bert Esselink's excellent book on localization

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azon US

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azon UK

Machine Translation:

Machine translation (MT) is autom

atic translation, in which a com

puter takes over

all the work of translating. Obviously, a com

puter will work much faster (and is

cheaper) than a hum

an being. It can be a useful m

ethod if the purpose of the

translation is a limited one; for example, to gain a rough idea of what a text

contains

('gisting') and/or to process large numbers of docum

ents very rapidly.