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1.
This
will
be
particularly
true
since
energy
pinch
will
make
it
difficult
to
continue
agriculture
in
the
high-
energy
American
fashion
that
makes
it
possible
to
combine
few
farmers with high yields.
<
/p>
结构分析
:
句子的主干是
This will be particularly true
…。
since
引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套
嵌一个由关系代词
that
引导的定语从句,修饰
the high-energy American fashion
。在
定语从句
中,
that
做主语,
makes
做谓语,
it
做形式宾语,不定式短语
to combine few farmers
with high
yields
则是真正的宾语
(不定式短语内部
to
combine
是主干,
few
farmers
是宾语,
with high yields<
/p>
是状语)
,
possible
做宾语补足语。
this
指代前句中提到的这种困
境。
energy pinch
译为“能源的
< br>匮乏”
;in
…
fashion
译为“用…方法、方式”
。
译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中
继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2. Now since
the assessment of intelligence is a comparative
matter
,
we must be sure that
the scale with which we are comparing
our subjects provides a
“
vali
d
”
or
“
f
air
”
comparison.
结构分析
:
句子的主干是
we
must
be
s
ure
…。
since
引导原因状语从
句
the
assessment
of
intelligence
is
a
comparative
matter
。主句中又有
that<
/p>
引导的宾语从句
that
the
scale
with
which
we are comparing our subjects provides a
“
valid
”
or
“
fair
”
compari
son
。此宾语从句
中又套嵌一个由介词
with+which
引导的定语从句
with
which
we
are
comparing
our
subjects
修饰先行词
the scale
。
scale
在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”
。
译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,
那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所
用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或
“公平的”比较。
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3. In general
,
the
tests work most effectively when the qualities to
be measured can be
most precisely
defined and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicted can
be not well
defined.
结构分析
:
句子的
框架是
the tests work most effectively
when
…
and least effectively w
hen
…。
and
连接两个并列分句,
每个并列分句中皆有一个
when
引导
的时间状语从句分别说明
work most
effecti
vely
和
and
(
< br>work
)
least
eff
ectively
。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句
w
hat
…
predicted
。
the
tests
是主句的主语,
work
为动词做谓语。
qualities<
/p>
在此处是可数名词,不译为
“质量”
,而
译为“特征”
。
defined
不能直
译为“被定义为”
,而应译为主动语态“界定”
。
译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效
p>
;
而当所测定或预测的东西不
能被明确界定
时,测试效果最差。
4. For
example
,
they do not
compensate for gross social
inequality
,
and thus do not
tell
how
able
an
underprivileged youngster
might have
been
had
he
grown
up
under
more
favorable
circumstances.
结构分析
< br>:
句子的框架是
they do not
compensate
…,
and thus do not
tell how
…。
and
连接两个
并列分句,第二个并列分句中由
how
引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,其中
had he grown
up
…
(
=If he had
grown up
…)
是省略了连词
i
f
的非真实条件句。
主句主语的
the
y
,
在此代指上文提到的
tests;
able
在句中作
might have been
的表语。
underprivileged
在此不
能译
为“没有特权的”
,而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差
的”
。
译文:例如,测试并不能弥补
明显的社会不公
;
因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人
,如果
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在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。
leads
the
discussion
to
extremes
at
the
outset
:
it
invites
you
to
think
that
animals
should be treated
either with the consideration humans extend to
other humans
,
or with
no consideration at all.
p>
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
< br>It
leads
the
discussion
to
extremes
at
the
outset:
it
invites
you
to
think
that
…。冒号后的复
合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中
that
引导宾语
从句,从句
中有
either
…
or
…引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语,修饰动词
< br>be treated
,其中第一个
with
介词
结构中还有一个省略了关系代词
that
p>
或
which
的定语从句
< br>humans extend to other humans
,
修
饰
the consideration
。
it
代指上文的观点,即如果对人权没有达成
一致看法,而谈论动物的权利是
徒劳的。介词短语
at the
outset
译为“从一开始”
。动词
invites
应转译为“使”
、
“让
”或“促使”
。
动宾结构
extend
consideration to
意为“给予关怀或关心”
,
consideration
不应译为“考虑”
。
译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使
人们认为应该这样对待动物
:
要么像对人类自身一
样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
6. But even more
important
,
it was the
farthest that scientists had been able to look
into
the past
,
for
what they were seeing were the patterns and
structures that existed 15 billion
years ago.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
it
was
the
farthest
that
…。但
It
was
…
that
…在本句中
不是强调句型。
it
是指上句中所提到的
150
亿年前形成的巨大云团(
a strip of
enormous cosmic clouds some 15
billion
light-years from earth
)
;that
引导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词
the farthes
t
。
for
引
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