关于滑坡的一些专业术语概念(英文)

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Landslide & Slope Instability Geohazards

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Landslide classification

Many systems have been proposed for the classification of landslides, however, the most

commonly adopted systems are those of Varnes (1978) and Hutchinson (1988). In 1991 a

European classification was developed from the EPOCH (1991-1993) project (The Temporal

Occurrence and Forecasting of Landslides in the European Community, Contract no. 90 0025).

The EPOCH classification was simple and suitable for European conditions. Dikau et al (1996)

produced a classification of landslide mechanisms, compatible with Hutchinson (1988) and

EPOCH (1993).

The International Geotechnical Societies' UNESCO Working Party on World Landslide

Inventory (WP/ WLI) was formed for the International decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

(1990 to 2000). The WP/ WLI (1990) report

uses Varnes' (1978) classification and reports that it is the most widely used. The World Road

Association ( PIARC) report

et al

.,

1997) also presents a classification based on Varnes.

The landslide classification based on

Varnes'

(1978) system has two terms: the first term

describes the material type and the second term describes the type of movement. The material

types used by the various schemes are

Rock, Earth, Soil, Mud and Debris

, being classified as

follows:

Rock:

is “a hard or firm mass that was intact and in its natural place before the initiation of

movement”.

Soil:

is “an aggregate of solid particles, generally of minerals and rocks, that either was

transported or was formed by the weathering of rock in place. Gases or liquids filling the pores of

the soil form part of the soil”.

Earth:

“describes material in which 80% or more of the particles are smaller than 2mm, the

upper limit of sand sized particles”.

Mud:

“describes material in which 80% or more of the par

ticles are smaller than 0.06mm, the

upper limit of silt sized particles”.

Debris:

“contains a significant proportion of coarse material; 20% to 80% of the particles are

larger than 2mm, and the remainder are less than 2mm”.

The terms used should describe the displaced material in the landslide before it was displaced.

The types of movement describe how the landslide movement is distributed through the displaced

mass.

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The five kinematically distinct types of movement are described in the sequence

fall, topple, slide,

spread and flow

.

Combining the two terms gives classifications such as Rock fall, Rock topple, Debris slide,

Debris flow, Earth slide, Earth spread etc.

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Multilingual landslide glossary

The following provides a summary of landslide terminology which should (for uniformity of

practice) be adopted when classifying and describing a landslide. It has been based on Cruden &

Varnes (1996) and the reader is recommended to refer to the original documents for a more

detailed discussion, other terminology and further examples of landslide types and processes.

Terminology of landslides used in The Multilingual Landslide Glossary; profile and plan views.

See below for explanation of numbers. After WP/WLI (1993).

(Image Source: Cooper, R.G. (2007) Mass Movements in Great Britain, Geological Conservation

Review Series, No. 33, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 348 pp.)

1.

Crown

: The practically undisplaced material still in place and adjacent to the highest parts of

the main scarp.

2.

Main Scarp

: A steep surface on the undisturbed ground at the upper edge of the landslide,

caused by movement of the displaced material away from the undisturbed ground. It is the visible

part if the surface of rupture.

3.

Top

: The highest point of contact between the displaced material and the main scarp.

4.

Head

: The upper parts of the landslide along the contact between the displaced material and

the main scarp.

5.

Minor Scarp

: A steep surface on the displaced material of the landslide produced by

differential movements within the displaced material.

6.

Main Body

: The part of the displaced material of the landslide that overlies the surface of

rupture between the main scarp and the toe of the surface of rupture.

7.

Foot

: The portion of the landslide that has moved beyond the toe of the surface of rupture and

overlies the original ground surface.

8.

Tip

: The point of the toe farthest from the top of the landslide.

9.

Toe

: The lower, usually curved margin of the displaced material of a landslide, it is the most

distant from the main scarp.

10.

Surface of Rupture

: The surface which forms (or which has formed) the lower boundary of

the displaced material below the original ground surface.

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11.

Toe of the Surface of Rupture

: The intersection (usually buried) between the lower part of

the surface of rupture of a landslide and the original ground surface.

12.

Surface of Separation

: The part of the original ground surface overlain by the foot of the

landslide.

13.

Displaced Material

: Material displaced from its original position on the slope by movement

in the landslide.

It forms both the depleted mass and the accumulation

.

14.

Zone of Depletion

: The area of the landslide within which the displaced material lies below

the original ground surface.

15.

Zone of Accumulation

: The area of the landslide within which the displaced material lies

above the original ground surface.

16.

Depletion

: The volume bounded by the main scarp, the depleted mass and the original ground

surface.

17.

Depleted Mass

: The volume of the displaced material, which overlies the rupture surface but

underlies the original ground surface.

18.

Accumulation

: The volume of the displaced material, which lies above the original ground

surface.

19.

Flank

: The undisplaced material adjacent to the sides of the rupture surface. Compass

directions are preferable in describing the flanks but if left and right are used, they refer to the

flanks as viewed from the crown.

20.

Original Ground Surface

: The surface of the slope that existed before the landslide took

place.

Landslide dimensions recommended in The Multilingual Landslide Glossary. See below for

explanation of numbers. Based on WP/WLI (1993) and Cruden et al. (1994).

(Image Source: Cooper, R.G. (2007) Mass Movements in Great Britain, Geological Conservation

Review Series, No. 33, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 348 pp.)

1. Width of the Displaced Mass: The width of the displaced mass, Wd, is the maximum breadth

of the displaced mass perpendicular to the length of the displaced mass, Ld.

2. Width of the Rupture Surface: The width of the rupture surface, Wr, is the maximum width

between the flanks of the landslide, perpendicular to the length of the rupture surface, Lr.

3. Total length: The total length, L, is the minimum from the tip of the landslide to the crown.

4. Length of the Displaced Mass: The length of the displaced mass, Ld, is the minimum distance

from the tip to the top.