水处理的一些英文

约法治水处理效率。根据日处理量，我们设计的沉淀池容积为

1 60m3

，为了提高沉淀效率，在沉淀池内安

装了斜管沉降器，

以确保出水质量，

在沉淀池底部的泥浆则通过泥浆泵或自流形式将泥浆送到污泥浓缩

池，同时为便 于察看沉淀效果，在沉淀池的上面设计了走道。

沉淀池的底部 设计为漏斗状，便于泥浆集中于斗底，有利于排出。沉淀池的溢流槽采用三角堰出水，

以 消除流水造成的纹流，防止沉淀在斜管上的泥被带出，造成水质不清。沉淀池的深度则根据沉淀的四个

可防止排水口水的流动带起斜管沉淀上的污泥。斜管沉降区则依据选择的斜管长度， 斜管沉降器选用非常

重要，斜管沉降器是根据浅池沉淀原理；过渡区是进水分布区，该区 设计时要尽量使进水分布均匀，防止

水流短路，可在进水口加装导流板，尽量延长水运动 路径，污泥区应根据污泥量的排泥间隙，同时在设计

时，尽量让污泥朝排泥口移动，以便 排泥。

2.6

污泥浓缩池的设计：

污泥浓缩有效溶 积为

16m3

。

2.7

污泥压滤：

污泥压滤采用板筐式压滤机，它属于标准设备，购买后安装即可使用。压滤机的使用能使污泥的体积

头少到原来的

5%

，而且经压滤空气吹干， 储存和运输都很方便，原污水处理系统无法正常运行，很关键

的一条就是没有采用污泥干 化技术，造成大量泥浆无法处理，压干的泥块存放到一定数量后送砖厂烧砖，

从而彻底消 除二次污染。

2.8

管道系统：

车间来水通过原水的排水 沟直接流到储水池，储水池的水经过地下管道￠

300

陶管（或 水泥管），通

过两个阴井到反应池，第一个阴井在管道转向时防止堵塞，第二个阴井到两 个反应池有两路管道，分别引

向两个反应池，采用￠

200

钢管并加装阀门控制，以便轮流将废水排入反应池，从反应池到沉淀池通过￠

80-100

管道连接，

并用污水泵提升，

25m3/

小时，

< br>扬程

20m

。

沉淀池到污泥浓缩 池的污泥管

道采用￠

100-120

管 道连接，并通过污泥泵抽吸，污泥泵采用

15m3/

小时，扬程

15m

。从污泥浓缩到压滤

机所用的泵 及管道规格和板筐式压滤机相配套。

压缩空气来源于小功率的 空压机，其规格为

1

–

1.2m3/m in

，

管道采用￠

30

的钢管，使用压缩空气的点

有压滤机、反应池、及污泥浓缩池。

2.9

控制电路：

电源控制柜置于站房内，总功率为

50kw

，给三台水泵电机，

一台油压电机，一台空压机电机及照明供

电 。

一、

Basis and Target of the Plan

Basis:

The average daily treatment capacity shall be 140 Mt and the design capacity 200 Mt per day.

It is required to treat the waste water constantly, and the operation must be convenient.

Equipment life time ≥ 15 years

Target:

It is required that in the treated waste water

Overall chrome content < 1.5mg/L

Hexavalent chrome content < 0.5mg/L

PH value: 6-9

Phosphate (P) < 0.5mg/L

Chemical oxygen demand < 150 mg/L

Copper content < 0.5mg/L

Zinc content < 5mg/L

二、

Plan Design

General:

We adopted the method of oxidation reduction to treat the hexavalent chrome, transform it to

trivalent chrome, and remove the heavy metal ions by means of chemical precipitation method. This

process features in its stable performance, high efficiency, simple operation and low operative costs. In

the DongFeng Auto Corporation there are quite a few surface treatment workshops where this method

has been put into production for years and its practical effect has been proven to be good.

This project has also been awarded as a Class-3 Advanced Industrial Technology of China Auto.

Principle: Add reducer when the waste water in the reaction tank is controlled as PH < 6, transform the

hexavalent chrome into trivalent chrome

。

Regulate the PH value to 8-8.5; transform the trivalent chrome,

copper, zinc, manganese and iron ions into hydroxid to let them settle. After that add flocculating agent to

make the small grain flocculation become large grain flocculation,Meanwhile ,settle other substances

which are forbidden to te the mud and water in the settling basin, the mud is transferred

to the mud condensing pool through the pipes, and then pressed into blocks by the pressing and filtering

machine. Finally the secondary pollution of the mud is removed after burning it into brick.

Design of Water-storing Tank

The size of tank is determined according to the water runoff in the workshops, the treatment time in

the reaction tank, and any possible interruption and disturbance. As required by the Project Entrusting

Documents, the average daily waste water output is 120 Mt. In our design the tank capacity is 80Mt, in

addition to the two reaction tanks; the overall water storage capacity reaches 120Mt. That means under

normal production conditions the waste water system may have a One-day maintenance tank

design must be suitable for the fully mixing of waste water. Taking account of the separation of large

suspended matter blocking the pipes, we have designed an oil- separation plate. Except the function of

storing the water from the workshops, the tank may also play a regulating role to enable the waste water

thickness keep a relatively balanced level that will avoid large thickness difference of the waste water in

the reaction tank. For the location of tank, we have taken advantage of the altitude difference in the

plant area to form automatic flow and therefore save power. Also for the purpose of the landscaping, we

have designed the tank below the ground and covered by lawn. The tank structure is as follows:

Design of Reaction Tank

The reaction tank is formed of two tanks, each has a 15 Mt storing capacity and they are utilized

alternatively. When one is performing oxidation reduction treatment, the other may receive the waste

water from the water- storing tank so as to keep a constant waste water treatment. The tank is designed

below the ground and enables the water automatically flows to the tank, saving either power consumption

or pump maintenance costs, and material feeding becomes simpler also.

In order to enable quick and balanced chemical reaction and shorten the treatment time, there is air mixer

installed in the tank. Material feeding and PH regulating are controlled the reaction is

finished, the waste water pump transfers the treated and qualified waster water to the settling resin to

separate it.

Design of Settling Besin

This is a key point, because if the settling substances resulted from the reaction is not separated

immediately, then the discharge will not meet the standard and the treatment efficiency will be restricted

also. Based on the daily treatment volume, we have designed a 160m3 settling resin. In order to increase

the settling efficiency we have installed an oblique pipe settling device in the tank to ensure the outlet

water quality. In the tank bottom the mud is transferred to the mud condensing pool by the mud pump or

automatic flow. Meanwhile, for the purpose of watching the effect we have designed walkway above the

settling resin.

The resin bottom is a funnel shape which allows the mud comes to bottom and therefore is

convenient to be transferred out. The overflow port of the resin is a triangle weir to avoid watermark flow

that means the mud on the oblique pipe will not be taken out and the water will remain clean. The depth

of the resin is determined according to the four areas of settling: Clean water area, Oblique pipe settling

area, Transition area and Mud area. Most of time, the depth of the clean water area must be at a

reasonable level, that will avoid the water flow to take away the mud on the oblique pipe

。

The settling

area’s depth is determined by the length of the

pipe; as a result, the selection of the settling device is

important. This device is based on a shallow resin settling principle. The transition area is for inlet water;

here the water must be balanced to avoid water flow short- current. It is recommended to install a

diversion plate to extend the water movement. For the mud area, we should consider the time interval of

mud removal

。

Try to lead the mud to move to the mud outlet. The settling resin structure is as follows:

Design of Mud Condensing Tank

Available capacity: 16m3

Mud Press and Filtration

We use basket filter press; it is standard equipment which may be utilized immediately after

installation. The filter press may decrease the mud cubage to 5%. And once it is dried the storage and

transportation will be much more convenient. The reason why the original waste water treatment system

could not function normally is that this technology is missed and large amount of mud could not be treated

on time. In our design, the dried mud block will be burned to brick and comb-out the secondary pollution.

Pipe System

。

The water from the workshop flows to the storing tank from the outlet channel directly

，

The water in

the tank then flows to the reaction tank through

￠

300 underground pottery pipes (or concrete

pipes)

。

Through two water-transit wells, one is located in the pipe corner to avoid blocking and the other

has two pipes connecting the two reaction are

￠

200 steel pipes and controlled by valves,

which enable alternatively transfer the waste water to the reaction tank. The pipes connecting the

reaction tank and the settling resin are

￠

80-100 water is pumped with a runoff of 25m3/hr,

and the pump lift is mud pipe from the settling resin to the mud condensing tank is

￠

100-120

and supported by a mud pump which is 15m3/hr. (Runoff) and15m (pump lift). The spec. of the pump

and pipes from the mud condensing to the filter press must match the basket filter press.

The compressed air is from a small power air compressor and its spec. is 1

–

1.2m3/min. The pipe

is

￠

30 steel. The filter press, reaction tank and the mud condensing tank all need the compressed air.

Controlling circuit

。

The electrical cabinet is in the station, with a full power of 50kw, it provides power to the three pumps,

one electric motor for oil pressure, one electric motor for air compressor and lighting.

活性炭生物转盘法处理化工废水外文摘要

Active

carbon

biodisk,a

new

biodisk,was

manufactured

by

fixing

granular

active

carbon

on

the

disk

with

ated

chemical

wastewater

was

treated

by

a

single

stage

biodisk

process.

The

treatment

effects

by

active

carbon

diodisk,quartzite

biodisk

and

polypropylene

biodisk

were

c

experimental

results

indicate

that

active

carbon

biodisk

has

better

COD

removal

tha

n

the

other

the

conditions

of

influent

COD

600mg/L,HRT

6h

and

rotary

speed

4r/min,th

e

COD

removal

rate

by

active

carbon

biodisk

is

71.3%.In

addition,active

carbon

biodisk

also

has

a

good

shock

load

the

process

of

wastewater

treatment,active

carbon

hs

adsorptive

ac

tion

only

during

the

first

7d

of

biofilm- forming,the

main

effect

is

biodegradation

after

biofilm

has

b

een

formed.

使用固定剂将颗粒状活性炭固定在盘片上，制成了一种新型生物转盘盘片——活性炭生物转盘盘片。采< /p>

用一级微型生物转盘法处理模拟化工废水，对比了活性炭、石英砂、聚丙烯

3

种生物转盘的处理效果。实

验结果表明，活性炭生物 转盘对

COD

的去除效果好于其他两种转盘。在进水

为

600

mg/ L

、水力停

留时间为

6

和、

盘片转速为

4

r/mi n

的条件下，

活性炭生物转盘对

COD

的去除率可达

71.3%

。此外，

活性

炭生物转盘还有较强的耐有机负荷冲击能力。在废水处理过程中 ，活性炭仅在挂膜的前

7

天起吸附作用，

挂膜成功后生物降解起主导作用。

Wastewater Treatment Process

Preliminary Treatment

The first stage of the treatment process uses screens to remove the larger solid inorganic material

such as paper and plastics. This is followed by the removal of particles such as grit and silt which are

abrasive to plant equipment.

Primary Treatment

Following preliminary treatment, wastewater is passed through a primary sedimentation tank where

solid particles of organic material are removed from the suspension by gravity settling.

The resultant settled primary sludge is raked to the centre of the tank where it is concentrated and

pumped away for further treatment.

Secondary Treatment

This next stage is a biological process which breaks down dissolved and suspended organic solids

by using naturally occurring micro-organisms. It is called the activated sludge process.

The settled wastewater enters aeration tanks where air is blown into the liquid to provide oxygen for

mixing and to promote the growth of micro-organisms.

The “active biomass” uses the oxygen and

consumes organic pollutants and nutrients in the wastewater to grow and reproduce.

From the aeration tanks, the mixture of wastewater and micro-organisms passes into a secondary

sedimentation tank (also known as a clarifier) where the biomass settles under gravity to the bottom of

the tank and is concentrated as sludge.

Some of this sludge is recycled to the inlet of the aeration tank to maintain the biomass, hence the

name for the process

–

activated sludge. The remainder is pumped to anaerobic digesters for further

treatment.

The clarified wastewater is discharged from the secondary clarifier and passes through for Tertiary

Treatment.

Tertiary Treatment

All wastewater treatment plants use disinfection for tertiary treatment to reduce pathogens, which

are micro-organisms which can pose a risk to human health.

Chlorine is usually dosed into the treated wastewater stream for disinfection. However, Bolivar uses

large ponds in which sunlight and other micro-organisms reduce the pathogens.

Additional treatment may be required if the treated wastewater is reused for purposes such as

irrigation of food crops or where close human contact may result.

Tertiary treatment, such as that provided at Bolivar through the Dissolved Air Flotation Filtration

(DAFF) plant, produces a much higher standard of treated wastewater suitable for these purposes.

The DAFF plant filters and disinfects the wastewater from the ponds allowing it to be used for direct

irrigation of crops through the Virginia Pipeline Scheme.

Sludge Treatment

Sludge collected during the treatment process contains a large amount of biodegradable material

making it amenable to treatment by a different set of micro-organisms, called anaerobic bacteria, which

do not need oxygen for growth.

This takes place in special fully enclosed digesters heated to 35 degrees Celsius, where these

anaerobic micro-organisms thrive without any oxygen.

The gas produced during this anaerobic process contains a large amount of methane. At the

Christies Beach plant it is used to heat the digesting sludge to maintain the efficiency of the process.

Elsewhere the gas fuel is used to generate electricity, with the waste heat used to maintain the digestion

process. This electricity is used in the plant, reducing our use of non-renewable energy sources.

Once the micro-organisms have done their work water is removed from the digested sludge through

mechanical means such as centrifuging, or by natural solar evaporation in lagoons.

The liquid remaining at the end of the process is usually pumped back into the aeration tanks for

further treatment.

The stable, solid material remaining, or biosolids, looks, feels and smells like damp earth and

makes ideal conditioner for soil.

Wastewater Treatment Methods

Satisfactory

disposal

of

wastewater,

whether

by

surface,

subsurface

methods or dilution, is dependent on its treatment prior to

disposal. Adequate treatment is necessary to prevent contamination of

receiving waters to a degree which might interfere with their best or

intended use, whether it be for water supply, recreation, or any other

required purpose.

Wastewater

treatment

consists

of

applying

known

technology

to

improve

or upgrade the quality of a wastewater. Usually wastewater treatment

will

involve

collecting

the

wastewater

in

a

central,

segregated

location

(the

Wastewater

Treatment

Plant)

and

subjecting

the

wastewater

to

various

treatment processes. Most often, since large volumes of wastewater are

involved, treatment processes are carried out on continuously flowing

wastewaters (continuous flow or

or

a

series

of

periodic

treatment

processes

in

which

treatment

is

carried

out on parcels or

treatment processes are continuous flow, certain operations, such as

vacuum

filtration,

involving

as

it

does,

storage

of

sludge,

the

addition

of chemicals, filtration and removal or disposal of the treated sludge,

are routinely handled as periodic batch operations.

Wastewater treatment, however, can also be organized or categorized

by

the

nature

of

the

treatment

process

operation

being

used; for

example,

physical,

chemical

or

biological. Examples

of

these

treatment

steps

are

shown

below. A

complete

treatment

system

may

consist

of

the

application

of a number of physical, chemical and biological processes to the

wastewater.

Some Physical, Chemical and BiologicalWastewater Treatment Methods

Physical

Sedimentation (Clarification)

Screening

Aeration

Filtration

Flotation and Skimming

Degassification

Equalization

Chemical

Chlorination

Ozonation

Neutralization

Coagulation

Adsorption

Ion Exchange

Biological

Aerobic

Activated Sludge Treatment Methods

Trickling Filtration

Oxidation Ponds

Lagoons

Aerobic Digestion

Anaerobic

Anaerobic Digestion

Septic Tanks

Lagoons

Physical

methods

include

processes

where

no

gross

chemical

or

biological

changes are carried out and strictly physical phenomena are used to

improve or treat the wastewater.

Examples

would

be

coarse

screening

to

remove

larger

entrained

objects

and sedimentation (or clarification). In the process of sedimentation,

physical phenomena relating to the settling of solids by gravity are

allowed

to

operate. Usually

this

consists

of

simply

holding

a

wastewater

for

a

short

period

of

time

in

a

tank

under

quiescent

conditions,

allowing

the heavier solids to settle, and removing the

effluent. Sedimentation for solids separation is a very common process

operation

and

is

routinely

employed

at

the

beginning

and

end

of

wastewater

treatment sedimentation is one of the most common

physical treatment processes that is used to achieve treatment, another

physical treatment process consists of aeration -- that is, physically

adding air, usually to provide oxygen to the wastewater. Still other

physical phenomena used in treatment consists of filtration. Here

wastewater is passed through a filter medium to separate solids. An

example

would

be

the

use

of

sand

filters

to

further

remove

entrained

solids

from a treated wastewater. Certain phenomena will occur during the

sedimentation process and can be advantageously used to further improve

water

quality. Permitting

greases

or

oils,

for

example,

to

float

to

the

surface

and

skimming

or

physically

removing

them

from

the

wastewaters

is

often carried out as part of the overall treatment process.

In certain industrial wastewater treatment processes strong or

undesirable wastes are sometimes produced over short periods of

time. Since

such

or

periodic

inputs

of

such

wastes

would

damage

a biological treatment process, these wastes are sometimes held, mixed

with

other

wastewaters,

and

gradually

released,

thus

eliminating

to the treatment plant. This is call equalization. Another type of

can

be

used

to

even

out

wide

variations

in

flow

rates. For

example,

the

wet

well

of

a

pump

station

can

receive

widely

varying

amounts

of

wastewater

and,

in

turn,

pump

the

wastes

onward

at

more

uniform

rates.

Chemical

treatment

consists

of

using

some

chemical

reaction

or

reactions

to improve the water quality. Probably the most commonly used chemical

process

is

chlorination. Chlorine,

a

strong

oxidizing

chemical,

is

used

to kill bacteria and to slow down the rate of decomposition of the

wastewater. Bacterial

kill

is

achieved

when

vital

biological processes

are affected by the chlorine. Another strong oxidizing agent that has

also been used as an oxidizing disinfectant is ozone.

A

chemical

process

commonly

used

in

many

industrial

wastewater

treatment

operations is neutralization. Neutralization consists of the addition

of acid or base to adjust pH levels back to neutrality. Since lime is

a base it is sometimes used in the neutralization of acid wastes.

Coagulation consists of the addition of a chemical that, through a

chemical reaction, forms an insoluble end product that serves to remove

substances from the wastewater. Polyvalent metals are commonly used as

coagulating chemicals in wastewater treatment and typical coagulants

would

include

lime

(that

can

also

be

used

in

neutralization),

certain

iron

containing

compounds

(such

as

ferric

chloride

or

ferric

sulfate)

and

alum

(aluminum sulfate).

Certain processes may actually be physical and chemical in nature. The

use of activated carbon to

involves both chemical and physical processes. Processes such as ion

exchange,

which

involves

exchanging

certain

ions

for

others,

are

not

used

to any great extent in wastewater treatment.

Biological

treatment

methods

use

microorganisms,

mostly

bacteria,

in

the

biochemical decomposition of wastewaters to stable end products. More

microorganisms, or sludges, are formed and a portion of the waste is

converted to carbon dioxide, water and other end products. Generally,

biological treatment methods can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic

methods, based on availability of dissolved oxygen.

The purpose of wastewater treatment is generally to remove from the

wastewater enough solids to permit the remainder to be discharged to a

receiving water without interfering with its best or proper use. The

solids which are removed are primarily organic but may also include

inorganic solids. Treatment must also be provided for the solids and

liquids

which

are

removed

as

sludge. Finally,

treatment

to

control

odors,

to retard biological activity, or destroy pathogenic organisms may also

be needed.

While the devices used in wastewater treatment are numerous and will

probably

combine

physical,

chemical

and

biological

methods,

they

may

all

be generally grouped under six methods:

Preliminary Treatment

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Disinfection

Sludge Treatment

Tertiary Treatment

Degrees

of

treatment

are

sometimes

indicated

by

use

of

the

terms

primary,

secondary and tertiary treatment. Tertiary treatment, properly, would

be any treatment added onto or following secondary treatment.

Preliminary Treatment

At

most

plants

preliminary

treatment

is

used

to

protect

pumping

equipment

and

facilitate

subsequent

treatment

processes. Preliminary

devices

are

designed to remove or cut up the larger suspended and floating solids,

to

remove

the

heavy

inorganic

solids,

and

to

remove

excessive

amounts

of

oils or greases.

To

effect

the

objectives

of

preliminary

treatment,

the

following

devices

are commonly used:

1.

Screens -- rack, bar or fine

2.

Comminuting devices -- grinders, cutters, shredders

3.

Grit chambers

4.

Pre-aeration tanks

In addition to the above, chlorination may be used in preliminary

treatment. Since chlorination may be used at all stages in treatment,

it

is

considered

to

be

a

method

by

itself.

Preliminary

treatment

devices

require careful design and operation.

Primary Treatment

In this treatment, most of the settleable solids are separated or

removed from the wastewater by the physical process of

sedimentation. When certain chemicals are used with primary

sedimentation tanks, some of the colloidal solids are also

removed. Biological activity of the wastewater in primary treatment is

of negligible importance.

The purpose of primary treatment is to reduce the velocity of the

wastewater

sufficiently

to

permit

solids

to

settle

and

floatable

material