vertical-自强
Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts:
Products
Liability
(Black Letters)
by The American Law
Institute
Product Defects at Time of
Sale
Topic
1
-
Liability Rules
Applicable to Products Generally
Caused by Defective
Products
《法律重述（第三版）
:
侵权法·产品责任编》
1
(
法律条文部分）
美国法学会
1998
年出版
Chapter
1
-
Liability
of
Commercial
Product
Sellers
2
Based
on
第一章
销售商对产品销售时既存的缺陷应承担的责任
第一节
适用于各类产品的通用规则
§
1.
Liability
of
Commercial
Seller
3
or
Distributor
4
for
Harm
第
1
条
销售等流通商
6
对缺陷产品所致损害的责任
One
engaged
in
the
business
of
selling
or
otherwise
distributing
出售或以其它方式流通
7
产品的商家
8
，其出售或者经手的产品存有缺陷
product
s
who
sells
or
distributes
a
defective
product
is
subject
to
的，应对由此造成的人身或者财产损害承担责任
?
liability for harm to persons or
property caused by the defect.
§
ries of Product
Defect
第
2
条
产品缺陷的分类
A
product
is
defective
when,
at
the
time
of
sale
or
distribution,
it
产品存有缺陷，
是指在出售或者发生流转
9
时，
产品存在制造或设计缺陷，
contains a
manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or
is defective
或者使用说明或危险警示不够充分
?
产品存在：
because of
inadequate instructions or warnings. A
product:
(a)
contains a
manufacturing defect when the product departs from
its
（
a
）
制造缺陷
，是指产品背离其目标设计，即便在产品的准备和上市
intended
design
even
though
all
possible
care
was
exercised
in
the
过程中克尽职责也在所不论；
preparation and marketing of the
product;
(b)
is defective
in design when the foreseeable risks of harm posed
by
（
b
）
设计缺陷
，是指产品的致害风险在可预见范围且本可通过合理的
the product could have been reduced or avoided by
the adoption of a
替代设计得以减少或者避免，然而因销售商、其
他流通商，或其商业流
reasonable
alternative
design
by
the
seller
or
other
distributor,
or
a
通环节的前手疏于采纳替代设计，致使产品缺乏合理的安全性；
predecessor in the commercial chain of
distribution, and the omission
of the alternative design renders the
product not reasonably safe;
(c)
is defective because of inadequate instructions or
warnings when
（
c
）
警示缺陷
，是指产品的致害风险在可预见范围且本可通过充分的
the foreseeable risks of harm posed by
the product could have been
使用说明或危险警示得以
减少或者避免，然而因销售商、其他流通商，
reduced
or
avoided
by
the
provision
of
reasonable
instructions
or
或其商业流通环节的前手疏于提供合理的说明或警示，致
使产品缺乏合
warnings
by
the
seller
or
other
distributor,
or
a
predecessor
in
the
理的安全性
?
commercial chain of distribution, and
the omission of the instructions
or warnings renders the product not
reasonably safe.
§
3.
Circumstantial
Evidence
Supporting
Inference
of
Product
第
3
条
推定产品缺陷存在的间接证据
Defect
It may be inferred that the harm
sustained by the plaintiff was caused
即
使缺乏某缺陷的证据，于下列条件满足时，也可以推定原告所遭损害
by a
product defect existing at the time of sale or
distribution, without
源自产品在销售或流通时既存的产品缺陷：
proof of a specific defect, when the
incident that harmed the plaintiff:
and
than product
defect existing at the time of sale or
distribution.
or
Regulations
instructions or
warnings:
的原因所致
?
10
(a)
was of a kind that ordinarily occurs as a result
of product defect;
（
a
）该类伤害事件通常是由产品缺陷引起的；并且
(b)
was
not,
in
the
particular
case,
solely
the
result
of
causes
other
（
b
）就特定个案而言，并非单纯的由产品销售或流通时既存缺陷以外
§
pliance and Compliance with Product Safety
Statutes
第
4
条
符合或不符合产品安全法律或规范
In
connection
with
liability
for
defective
design
or
inadequate
针对设计缺陷、警示缺陷所致产品责任，
(a)
a
product's
noncompliance
with
an
applicable
product
safety
（<
/p>
a
）如果适用的产品安全法律或规范旨在减小某些风险，那么在违
反
statute or administrative regulation
renders the product defective with
这些法律或规范并引发该等风险时，即可认定产品存在缺陷；
相反，
1
2
说明：本译本仅为学习、研究侵权责任法的目的。英文文本来自王竹翻译的《侵权法重述·第
三次·产品责任编》。
本法使用
Commercial Product
Seller
及
Commercial Seller
两种表述。考虑本法的大前提是产品责任，即针对的是
Product<
/p>
，因此，这两种表述实为同一个意思。
3
Commercial Sell
er
指以买卖商品为业的人，在汉语中等同于“商人”的概念。中国古代有士农工商的职
业区分，而“商”正是专指以贩卖为生的人，后泛指做买卖的
人，亦用以指从事私营工商
业的人。“商”区分于非以为业的一般的物品出售人（
casual
seller
），比如老农上集市出售自家产的鸡蛋。
在本法来说，
Commercial Seller
包括产品的制造商（第一手的销售商）、批发商、零售商。制造商也是销售商之一，只是中英文在表 述重点上有所不同，中文称“制造
商”着重的是“制造”这一点，英文将其包含在
Commercial
Seller
是从“出售”的角度进行指代。
4
从惯用含义来说，
distributor
是只面向单位出售商品的批发商（
A
distributor
is a company
that supplies goods to shops or other businesses
）。但这个批发商
（
distributo
r
）
又和
wholesaler
（
someone who buys large
quantities of goods and resells to merchants
rather than to the ultimate customers
）<
/p>
有所区分。
有说
distributor
是
manufacturer
和
wholesaler
中间的一层，
whol
esaler
则面对的是零售商（
retailer
）。此外，从广义来说，
distributor
可以指代生产商和消费者之间的所有流通环节，
包括各层次的批发商和零售商。但是，本
法对
distributor
有特别定义，在前述广义的范围内
，刨除了销售商，是指以销售之外的形式在生产端和消费端从事商品流通的流
通商，翻译
时应遵其原意。
第
1
页
共
6
页
respect to the risks sought to be
reduced by the statute or regulation;
and
(b) a product's compliance with an
applicable product safety statute or
（<
/p>
b
）即使产品符合适用的产品安全法律或规范，于法律或规范旨在
减
administrative
regulation
is
properly
considered
in
determining
小的风险而言，虽可以在认定产品缺
陷时予以适当考虑，但这并不必然
whether the product is
defective with respect to the risks sought to be
排除对产品缺陷作出法律上的认定
?
reduced
by
the
statute
or
regulation,
but
such
compliance
does
not
preclude as a matter of
law
5
a finding of
product defect.
Markets
Topic
2
-
Liability Rules
Applicable to Special Products or Product
第二节
适用于特定产品或市场的责任规则
§
ity
of
Commercial
Seller
or
Distributor
of
Product
第
5
条
零部件销售等流通商对集成产品所致损害的责任
Components
for
Harm
Caused
by
Products
Into
Which
Components
Are Integrated
One
engaged
in
the
business
of
selling
or
otherwise
distributing
销售或以其它方式流通产品零部件的商家，应对集成该零部件的产品所
pr
oduct components who sells or distributes a
component is subject to
致的人身或财产损害承担责任，如果：
liability for harm to persons or
property caused by a product into which
the component is integrated
if:
(a) the
component is defective in itself, as defined in
this Chapter, and
（
a
< br>）该零部件本身存在如本章所定义的缺陷，且由该缺陷导致了损害；
the
defect causes the harm; or
或者，
(b)(1)
the
seller
or
distributor
of
the
component
substantially
（
b<
/p>
）
(1)
销售或其他流通商实质性地参与
了应用该零部件的产品集成设
participates in the
integration of the component into the design of
the
计；并且，
product; and
defective, as defined in this Chapter;
and
(3) the defect in the
product causes the harm.
by Defective Prescription Drugs and
Medical Devices
(3)
产品的该项缺陷造成了损害<
/p>
?
(2)
the
integration
of
the
component
causes
the
product
to
be
(2)
该零部件的集成造成产品如本章所定义的缺陷；并且，
§
6. Liability of
Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused
第
6
条
销售等流通商对存缺陷的处方药或医疗设备所致损害的责任
(a)
A manufacturer of a
prescription drug or medical device who sells
（
a
）销售或以其它方式流通有缺陷的处方药或
处方医疗设备的制造
or otherwise distributes a
defective drug or medical device is subject to
商，应对该缺陷造成的人身伤害承担责任
?
所
谓处方药或处方医疗设备，
liability for harm to
persons caused by the defect. A prescription drug
是指必须凭医疗服务人员的处方才能合法地出售或者以其它方式流通
or
medical
device
is
one
that
may
be
legally
sold
or
otherwise
的药品或设备
?
distributed only pursuant to a
health
-
care provider's
prescription.
(b)
For purposes
of liability under Subsection (a), a prescription
drug
（
b
）为第
a
款所定责任的目的，如果在销售或以其它方式流通时具有
or medical device is defective if at the time of sale or other distribution
下列情形之一的，则认定处方药或医疗设备存在缺陷：
the drug or medical device:
(1) contains a manufacturing defect as
defined in 2(a); or
Subsection (c); or
(1)
存在如第
2
条第
a
款所定义的制造缺陷；或
(2)
is
not
reasonably
safe
due
to
defective
design
as
defined
in
(2)
因存在如本条第
c
款所定义的设计缺陷而缺乏合理的安全性；或
(3)
is not reasonably safe due to inadequate
instructions or warnings
(3)
因存在如本条第
d
款所定义的说明或警示不充分而缺乏合理的安
全
as defined in Subsection
(d).
性
?
(c)
A
prescription drug or medical device is not
reasonably safe due to
（
c
）所谓因存在设计缺陷而缺乏合理的安全性，是指相较于其所可预
de
fective design if the foreseeable risks of harm
posed by the drug or
见的治疗效果，某一药品或医疗设备所能
预见的伴生风险之巨
11
足以使
med
ical
device
are
sufficiently
great
in
relation
to
its
foreseeable
理
智的医疗服务人员，在了解这些风险和治疗效果的情况下，拒绝给任
therapeut
ic benefits that reasonable
health
-
care providers,
knowing of
何一类患者开具该药品或医疗设备的处方。
such foreseeable risks and therapeutic
benefits, would not prescribe
the drug or medical device for any
class of patients.
(d) A
prescription drug or medical device is not
reasonably safe due to
(d)
所
谓因说明或警示不充分而缺乏合理的安全性，是指未能向以下对
inadequate
instructions
or
warnings
if
reasonable
instructions
or
象针对可预见的风险提供合理的说明或者警示：
warnings regarding foreseeable risks of
harm are not provided to:
(1) prescribing and other
health
-
care providers who
are in a position to
(1)
本可依
说明或警示降低损害风险的开具处方或者其它环节的医疗服
6
7
由于流通方式本身包括“销售”，根据对“
selling
or otherwise distributing products
”的定义，
兼考虑翻译简洁的目的，作此翻译。
“
distribute
”是产品从生产端到消费端的流通过程，其含义比“销售”和“
经销”要广，还包含了销售以外的商品流通形式，比如商业租赁。根据第
20
条的定义，笔
者将“
otherwise dis
tributes
”翻译为“以其它方式流通产品”，意在避免使用“分销”、“批发”
、“经销”等带有“销售”意味的用语，并突出“
otherwise
< br>”所表明
的“别的方式”，以区别于并列在前的“
sel
l
”。根据第
20
条第
b
款，
distributor
是指以销售以外的方式流通商品的经营者。
8
“商”一字，本身就体现了从业者（
engaged in
the business
）的含义，故不再赘译。在本文适当之处，首以“商”指代，
次选“商家”。
9
对于
distribution,
可以采用“流通”或
“流转”，“流通”更体现一个前后相继的过程，而“流转”可以指流通的某一环节，故在适当处采用“流转”的
译法。
10
按其表述，当伤害是
1
）产品缺陷以外因素，或者
2
）产品在出售后产生的缺陷引起的，则不能间接推定产品存在产品缺陷。
在可能由前述因素之一与产品缺陷共同引
发伤害时，也可以间接推定产品缺陷。
5
法律上的认定，区别于
as a matter of a
fact
（事实上的认定）。
11
“
sufficiently great in
relation to
”是具有相比但不是以比较大小的结果作为判断标准的表达
,
即可预见的风险相对于可预见的医疗效果相比
,
具有绝对意义上的“十分巨
大”即可
,
不以可预见的风险在相对意义上大于可预见的医疗效果为前提。根据
restatement
中的
comment
部分的解释
,
需要比较风险和治疗效果。如
果对任何病人来说
,
风险大于治疗效果
,
则该产品不能用。如果对某些病人来说
,
治疗效果大于风险
,
可以用
,
但需要厂家给予医疗人员足够的说明和警示。
第
2
页
共
6
页
reduce
the
risks
of
harm
in
accordance
with
the
instructions
or
务人员；或
warnings; or
(2) the patient when the manufacturer
knows or has reason to know
(2)
< br>病人，
若制造商知道或理应知道借助医疗服务人员无法降低损害风险
that health
-
care
providers will not be in a position to reduce the
risks of
?
harm
in accordance with the instructions or
warnings.
(e) A retail seller or
other distributor of a prescription drug or
medical
(e)
零售或其它方式流通处方药或医疗设备
的商家应对该药品或设备所
device is subject to
liability for harm caused by the drug or device
if:
contains a manufacturing
defect as defined in 2(a); or
致损害承担责任，如果：
或
(1) at the time
of sale or other distribution the drug or medical
device
(1)
该药品或设备在销售或流通时存在第
2
条第
a
款所定义
的制造缺陷；
(2)
at
or
before
the
time
of
sale
or
other
distribution
of
the
drug
or
(2)
该药品或设备在销售或流
通时或之前，
零售商或其他流通商未尽合理
medical
device
the
retail
seller
or
other
distributor
fails
to
exercise
注意，并因此导致了人身伤害
?
reasonable care and such failure causes
harm to persons.
by Defective Food Products
§
7. Liability of Commercial
Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused
第
7
条
销售等流通商对存缺陷的食品所致损害的责任
One engaged in the business of selling
or otherwise distributing food
销售或以其它方式
流通食品，存有如第
2
?
3
?
4
条定义的缺陷的，商家应
products who sells or distributes a food product that is defective under
对由此造成的人身或财产损害承担
责任
?
如果食品中含有普通消费者不
§
2,
§
3, or
§
4 is subject to liability
for harm to persons or property
能预见的有害成
分，则该有害成分构成第
2
条第
a
款的制造缺陷
?
caused by the defect. Under
§
2(a), a
harm
-
causing ingredient of
the
food product
constitutes a defect if a reasonable consumer
would not
expect the food
product to contain that ingredient.
Used Products
§
8.
Liability
of
Commercial
Seller
or
Distributor
of
Defective
第
8
条
销售等流通商对存缺陷的旧货所致损害的责任
One engaged in the business of selling
or otherwise distributing used
销售或以其它方式
流通旧货，存有缺陷的，商家应对由此造成的人身或
products who
sells or distributes a defective used product is
subject to
财产损害承担责任，如果：
liability
for
harm
to
persons
or
property
caused
by
the
defect
if
the
defect:
(a) arises from the
seller's failure to exercise reasonable care;
or
（
a
）缺陷源于销售商未尽合理注意义务
12
；或者，
(b)
is
a
manufacturing
defect
under
§
2(a)
or
a
defect
that
may
be
（
b
）缺陷属第
2
条第
a
款所指制造缺陷，或第
3
条所指的推定缺陷，
inferred
under
§
3
and
the
seller's
marketing
of
the
product
would
并且销
售商对产品的市场营销使得处于购买者境地的普通人以为该旧
cause a
reasonable person in the position of the buyer to
expect the
货不会比同等全新产品具有更大的风险；或者，
used product to present no greater risk
of defect than if the product
were new; or
(c) is a defect under
§
2 or
§
3 in a used product
remanufactured by
（
c
< br>）经过销售商或其商业流通链上的前手再制造
13
的旧货
存有第
2
条
the seller
or a predecessor in the commercial chain of
distribution of
和第
3
条规定的缺陷；或者，
the used
product; or
product safety
statute or regulation applicable to the used
product.
(d)
arises
from
a
used
product's
noncompliance
under
§
4
with
a
（
d
）旧
货不符合第
4
条所指的可适用的旧货安全法律或规范
?
A
used
product
is
a
product
that,
prior
to
the
time
of
sale
or
other
所谓旧货，是指在本条所指的销售或者流通发生之前，产品已经经由商
distribution
referred
to
in
this
Section,
is
commercially
sold
or
业渠道出售或以其它
方式流通至商业链以外的购买者，并使用过一段时
otherwise
distributed
to
a
buyer
not
in
the
commercial
chain
of
间
?
distribution and used for some period
of time.
Product
Defects at Time of Sale
Caused by Misrepresentation
Chapter
2
-
Liability of Commercial
Product Sellers Not Based on
第二章
销售商非因产品缺陷
14
承担的责任
§
ity of Commercial Product
Seller or Distributor for Harm
第
9
条
销售等流通商对虚假陈述所致损害的责任
One
engaged
in
the
business
of
selling
or
otherwise
distributing
销售或以其它方式流通产品的商家，在产品的销售过程中，如就产品有
pr
oducts
who,
in
connection
with
the
sale
of
a
product,
makes
a
关的重要事实欺诈性地
?
过失地或者无意识地作出了虚假陈述，则应对
fraudulent,
negligent,
or
innocent
misrepresentation
of
material
fact
由此导致的人身或财产损害承担责任
?
concerning
the
product
is
subject
to
liability
for
harm
to
persons
or
property
caused by the misrepresentation.
12
本款
规定是一个过失侵权，
b
、
c
款属严格责任。
本《重述》及其官方评论并未
对“
remanufacture
”作出定义，根据官方评论使
用该词的上下文语境，应该是与“
recondition
”（
翻新）和“
rebuild
”（改造）等行为
< br>13
类似的旧货翻新。有文称，“再制造就是让旧的产
品重新焕发生命活力的过程。再制造和我们一般说的修复或者说二手货最大的区别还在于，通过专业化技术修复以
后，
再制造品在质量和性能上要和新品一样的，至少不低于新品。是要按照新品的要求来
进行管理的，同样的质量性能，同样的安全性能，同样的质保要求这是必须达到的，
如果
达不到就不能说是再制造。”另外，我国《循环经济促进法》第
2
条第
3
款规定：“本法所称再利用，是指将废物直接作为产品
或者经修复、翻新、再制造后继续
作为产品使用，或者将废物的全部或者部分作为其它产
品的部件予以使用。”结合以上观点，“
remanufacture
< br>”是高级形式的翻新，笔者采纳“再制造”的翻译。
14
根据第
2
条的定义，产品缺陷本身就包含“在销售或流通时存在的缺陷”的限定，而这一章规定
的产品责任不是因为“在销售或流通时存在”的产品缺陷所负责任，
因此，简洁作此翻译
。
第
3
页
共
6
页
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
vertical-自强
-
上一篇：英国大宪章原文及其中文译文
下一篇：选词填空10篇