low-心灵
1
、区别
Lexeme Word
Morphemes
A
lexeme
is
the
smallest
unit
in
the
meaning
system
of
a
language.
The
lexeme
“give”
includes
as
members
“give”,
“gives”,
“given”, “giving”,
“gave”, but excludes “giver” and “givers”. A
lexeme
is
an
abstract
unit.
It
can
occur
in
many
different
forms
in
actual
spoken and written sentences.
A
word
is
a
minimal
meaningful
unit
of
a
language
that
can
function
independently.
Morphemes
are
known
as
minimal
meaningful
units
of
a
language
.
2
、组合形式
A
combining
form
is
a
bound
root
that
can
form
a
new
word by
combining with
another combining form, a word, or sometimes an
affix,
for example
techno-
and
-phobe
in technophobe.
3
、区别
Root
base
sterm
?
A
root
is
the
basic
form
of
a
word
which
cannot
the
further
analyzed
without total loss of identity.
e.g.
international
?
A base is a
form to which affixes of any kind (both
derivational
and inflectional) can be added.
e.g.
grace ----
graceful ---- ungraceful
?
The stem is
used only when we deal with
inflectional affixes,
so any
form to which an
inflectional affix is
attached is a stem.
e.g.
works, workers, workshops
4
、转化法定义
Conversion
is the formation
of new words by converting words of
one
class to another class. Since words that are made
do not change in
morphological
structure but in function, this process is also
known as
functional
shift
.
Words
produced
by
conversion
are
primarily
nouns,
adjectives, and verbs.
N---V
bottle
to bottle
Adj----V dry
to
dry
V------N look
have a look
5
、截短法定义及分类
Clipping/shorte
ning(
截短法
)
is
the
formation
of
new
words
by
cutting
a
part
off
the
original
and
using
what
remains
instead.
Words
formed in this way are
called “clipped words”.
There
are
four
common
types
of
clipping:
apocope/back
clipping,
aphaeresis/front
clipping,
front
and
back
clipping,
syncope.
例
子
exam---
examination
phone---
telephone
tec----detective pacifist----
pacificist
6
、关联意义的定义与分类
Associative
meaning
is the secondary meaning
supplemented to
the conceptual meaning.
It differs from the conceptual meaning in that
it is open-ended and indeterminate.
1.
Connotative
meaning
refers
to
the
overtones(
弦外之音
)
or
associations
suggested
by
the
conceptual
--frail,cowardly,emotional
2.
Affective
meaning
expresses
the
speaker’s
attitude
towards
the
person or thing in
hello
3.
Collocative meaning
is that
part of the word meaning suggested
by
the words with which it co-occurs. pretty
handsome
4.
Stylistic
meaning:
daddy male parent
7
、同形异义词的定义及分类
?
Concretely speaking,
homonyms
are words different
in meaning,
but
either
identical
both
in
sound
and
spelling
or
identical
only
in
sound or spelling.
?
Homonyms fall into three types:
absolute homonyms
, which are
words identical both in sound and
spelling;
date base .
homophones
,
which
are
words
identical
only
in
sound
but
different
in
spelling
and
meaning;
night/knight
leak/leek
homographs
,
which
are
words
identical only in spelling but
different in sound and sow
8
、区分歧义与含混
Ambiguity
refers
to
the
phenomenon
that
a
word,
phrase
or
sentence has more than one meaning.
Are you
engaged?
Vagueness
is
caused by the indistinction and
unclearness of language. A vague word
is one that has an indefinite
denotation(
外延概念
).forest wood
city
town
9
、同义词及其分类
A
synonym
is a
word or expression that has the same or nearly the
same
meaning
as
another
in
the
same
language.
Synonyms
can
be
classified
into
two
groups:
perfect
synonyms
,
which
are
words
identical
in
grammatical
meaning
and
lexical
meaning
including
conceeptual
and
associative
meaning,
compounding/composition
and
partial synonyms
, which are
similar in essential meaning, but embrace
different
shades
of
meaning
or
different
degrees
of
a
give
/pair
10
、上义词和下义词
The relationship in which
the meaning of a more specific word is
included in that of another more
general word is called
hyponymy
. For
example, the words
animal
and
dog
are related in this way.
The specific
term
dog
is called a
hyponym
, and the general
term
animal
is called a
superordinate
term
.
11
、词义变化
Extension
of
meaning
,
also
known
as
generalization
,
is
a
process
by
which
a
word
which originally
had
a
specialized
meaning
has
now
become
generalized
or
has
extended
to
cover
a
broader
and
often
less definite concept.
Narrowing
of
meaning
,
also
called
specialization
,
is
a
process
by
which
a
word
of
wide
meaning
acquires
a
narrower
or
specialized
sense.
Elevation
or
amelioration
refers
to
the
process
by
which
words
rise
from
humble beginnings to positions of importance.
Degadation
or
pejoration
of meaning is a
process by which words of
good origin
or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation
or come to be
used in a derogatory
sense.
12
、为什么英语谚语具有结构固定性
Characteristics of idioms:
1) Semantic unity :
Each idiom is a
semantic unity. The meaning of an idiom
is very often not the total sum
of
the
meanings
of
the
constituent
parts.
In
other
words,
an
idiom