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文献信息：
文献标题：
Personal
Income
Tax
Structure
In
India:
An
Evaluat
ion
（印
度个人所得税结构评估）
文献作者：
Ashish
Mishra
，
Brijesh Kumar Yadav <
/p>
文
献
出
处
：
《
International
Journal
of
Current
Research
》
,2017,
9(01):45902-45905
字数统计：
英文
2634
单词，
13
381
字符；中文
3859
汉字
外文文献：
Personal Income Tax Structure In India:
An Evaluation
Abstract
In
the
present
paper
an
attempt
has
been
made
to
throw
light
on
prevailing
personal
income
tax
structure
in
India.
The
paper
briefly
analyses
the
issues
relating
to
high
tax
burden
on
people
falling
under
low
and
medium
income
groups.
Researcher
concludes
that
their
is
still
a
need
to
bring
more
reforms
in
the
personal
income
tax
structure
in
the
form
of
broadening
the
exemption
limits,
lowering the tax rates, reorganizing
the different income tax slabs and simplify
overall
tax procedure so that people
could be encouraged for compliance of tax laws.
Keywords:
Structure, Slabs,
Reorganizing, Exemptions, Broadening.
INTRODUCTION
As
per
Income
Tax
Act
1961,
every
person
(Individuals,
Companies,
Hindu
undivided
families,
Firms,
Cooperative
Societies
and
all
other
artificial
judicial
persons)
whose
total
income
exceeds
maximum
exemption
limit
is
liable
to
pay
income
tax
at
the
rates
prescribed
in
the
act.
It
is
not
a
voluntary
payment
but
an
enforced contribution that is why tax
is known as financial charge or levy. Despite the
fact
that
money
provided
by
taxation
is
used
to
carry
out
many
functions
for
the
welfare
of the society, it usually gives a feeling of
displeasure to tax payee. Actually,
tax
payer does not want that his hard core earned
money should be taken away from
him.
History
is
witness
that
there
is
always
a
struggle
between
tax
payer
and
tax
collector. This may be due to the
irrational structure of Personal Income tax. The
tax
rates, tax base and tax slabs in
Personal Income Tax schedule were exorbitantly
higher
by any standards during the
period under review. The need for rationalization
of tax
structure was felt long back but
very little reform has been seen so for.
Review of literature
It
is
a
matter
of
general
belief
that
taxes
on
income
and
wealth
are
of
recent
origin but there is enough evidence to
show that taxes on income in some form or the
other were levied even in primitive and
ancient communities.(IT circular, 2010). India
has a tax charter with three-tier
federal structure (Union, state governments. &
local
bodies) (Bernardi, 2005). The
rapid changes in administration of direct taxes,
during
the last decades, reflect the
history of socio-economic thinking in India (CBDT
report,
2009). Governments use
different kinds of taxes and vary tax rates
because taxes are
one of the
significant sources of revenue (Asia trade hub
.com). Quite apart from its
role of
raising revenue, the personal income tax has long
been regarded as a potent
weapon of
effecting distributive justice (Nayak, 1989).
Secondly, it is an instrument of
equity,
social
justice
and
income
distribution.(Sahota,1961).
Another
common
and
most empirically used
way to understand its role is the ratio of
personal income tax to
total
tax
revenue
and
national
income
(Agarwal,1991).
A
good
tax
system
is
characterized by a high
responsiveness of tax revenue to changes in income
of public
bodies or national income;
the technique of measuring this response is tax
elasticity
and
tax
buoyancy.
Tax
policy
forms
an
important
part
of
development
process
in
a
developing
economy. The total tax revenue is dependent upon
three variables viz., tax
rate,
tax
base,
and
national
income(Ankita,
2009).
Tax
reforms
sometime
bring
changes
in
taxation
system.
A
tax
payer
sometime
finds
it
difficult
to
understand
whether change in
tax liability is due to legislative change in the
federal tax code or
shift in his or her
own circumstance (Troy et all). There has been
change in Personal
income
tax
rates,
tax
brackets
and
rate
of
surcharges
from
time
to
time.
As
rates
remained
stable
since
1997
–
98,
at
10,
20,
and
30%,
with
some
changes
in
the
associated tax brackets.
A surcharge of 5 % of the income tax payable was
imposed in
2002
–
03 in
the wake of the Kargil war
and was discontinued the following
year.
It
was
replaced, however, with a separate 10 % surcharge
imposed on all taxpayers with
taxable
incomes above ` 850,000; the level was
raised to
` 1million in the
2005
–
06
budgets.
Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
?To measure the trend of personal
income tax structure in India.
?To determine the present scenario and
future prospects of prevailing income tax
structure.
?To suggest
suitable measures for rational personal income tax
scheme.
Scope of the study
Personal
income
tax
in
India
may
be
said
to
consist
of
taxes
on
the
non-agricultural
incomes
of
three
types
of
assesses:
Individuals,
Hindu
Undivided
families,
unregistered firms and other associations of
persons. However, present study
is
confined only to general tax payers. Hence, there
is further scope of study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Present study is descriptive and
exploratory in nature. Here researcher has taken
11 financial years (2006-2007 to 2016-
2017) personal income tax rate and calculated
tax burden accordingly. Various books
on direct taxes, indirect taxes, public finance,
circulars of CBDT, reports in
newspapers, research papers in journals and
magazines,
statistics
based
on
different
issues
of
economic
survey
of
government
of
India,
various
internet
sites,
and
other
relevant
literature
were
consulted.
Guidance
of
the
experts in the field and view of public
is also considered for carrying out the study.
Present study has passed through the
following stages
?Composition and
comparative analysis
of income exempted
from tax.
?Composition of total tax
liability of general tax payer for period under
review.
?Composition of
growth rate of tax burden.
?Composition of tax liability on
different income slabs.
?Conclusion and suggestions.
Composition and comparative analysis of
income exempted from tax
reference
depicts tax free income of male, female and senior
citizen.
Study shows that exemption
limit remained constant for first six financial
years under
review,
despites
raising
cost
of
living
and
additional
requirement
for
better
life.
Although the increased proportion of
tax free income thereafter is significant but the
pace has not been in consonance with
raising prices all around.
As
we
shown
in
table
no
–
1,
before
financial
year
2011-12
there
was
consist
only
Male,
Female
and
senior
citizen
but
in
the
year
2011-12,
a
new
group
called
“Super
senior citizen” has been added for
people above 80 years. Now we have two
types of senior citizens “Senior
citizen” up to 60 years of age and
'Super
senior citizen
in the
age of 80 year or above. The entrance limit of
income exempted from tax for
newly
created
category
of
assesses
is
`
500,000,
thereafter
they
have
to
pay
tax
according
to
general
tax
rates.
Interesting
point
here
is
that
higher
the
amount
of
income
exempted from tax, lesser the number of individual
who will fall in the last
category.
Table 1. Tax free income for Male,
Female, Senior Citizen, Super senior citizen
Financial Year
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
Male
100,000
110,000
150,000
160,000
160,000
180000
2,00,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
Female
135,000
145,000
180,000
190,000
190,000
190000
2,00,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
2,50,000
Senior citizen
185,000
195,000
225,000
240,000
240,000
250,000
2,50,000
3,00,000
3,00,000
3,00,000
Super senior citizen
-
-
-
-
-
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
5,00,000
Composition
of
total
tax
liability
of
general
tax
payer
for
period
under
review
Composition
of
total
personal
income
tax
burden
(tax
on
all
the
three
slabs
in
each one financial year)
of individual tax payer from FY 2006-07 to 2016-17
is shown
in
table
2.
Here
taxable
income
up
to
Rs
12,
00,000
is
taken
into
concern
and
tax
weight
on
each
slab
is
calculated
so.
Tax
liability
on
first
income
bracket
varies
between
`5000
to
`
25000
for
whole
period
under
review.
In
case
of
2nd
income
bracket, it is Rs
20,000 in 2006-2007 and Rs 1, 00,000 in 2016-17.
Table 2. Trend of tax rates and tax
liability for general tax payers
Financial
year
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
Income
(Rs.)
1,00,001 to
1,50,000
1,10,001 to
1,50,000
1,50,001 to
3,00,000
1,60,001 to
3,00,000
1,60,001 to
5,00,000
1,80,001 to
5,00,000
2,00,001 to
5,00,000
2,00,001 to
5,00,000
2,00,001 to
5,00,000
2,50,001 to
5,00,000
2,50,001 to
5,00,000
2,50,001 to
5,00,000
Rate
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
Liability
(Rs.)
5,000
4,000
15,000
14,000
34,000
32,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
25,000
25,000
25,000
Income
(Rs.)
1,50,001 to
2,50,000
1,50,001 to
2,50,000
3,00,001 to
5,00,000
3,00,001 to
5,00,000
5,00,001 to
8,00,000
5,00,001 to
8,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
5,00,001 to
10,00,000
Liability
Income (Rs.)
Rate
(Rs.)
2,50,001 to
20%
20,000
30%
12,00,000
Rate
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20,000
40,000
40,000
60,000
60,000
2,50,001 to
12,00,000
5,00,001 to
12,00,000
5,00,001 to
12,00,00
8,00,001 to
12,00,000
8,00,001 to
12,00,000
30%
30%
30%
30%
30%
Liability
(Rs.)
2,85,000
2,85,000
2,10,000
2,10,000
1,20,000
1,20,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
20%
1,00,000
20%
1,00,000
20%
1,00,000
20%
1,00,000
20%
1,00,000
20%
1,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
10,00,001 to
30%
12,00,000
Unexpectedly,
in
case
of
3rd
income
bracket,
liability
is
maximum
in
the
commencement (Rs 2,
85,000) and minimum in the end (Rs. 60,000).
Though, total
tax load is show
declining trend but this is one side of the coin
because those who fall
in the third
income bracket are people with high income level.
Semi- increasing trend
of tax load in
case of first slab and increasing trend in second
slab during the period
under review
indicates that those who fall in the low and
medium income group are
extremely taxed
than their counterparts who are in the third
income bracket. Too, the
growth rate of
total tax load, which is given in table 3, varies
between 25.83% to15.41%
between 2006-07
to 2016-17. Keeping in view the growth rate of
taxes on first and
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