selection-群聊
高级语法（独立主格结构，虚拟语气，否定，强调）
独立主格结构
一
、独立结构的构成：
只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，
我们才能用独立结构。
独立结构只
用做状语，多用
于书面语言。常见的独立结构有以下几种：
(
一
)
名词
/<
/p>
代词
+
分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）
：
1 The boy ran
quickly, his father following.
(
表示伴随情况
)
2 He lay
on his back, his hands acrossed under his head.
(
表示伴随情况
)
（二）名词
/
代词
+
形容词：<
/p>
1
、
They started
home, their minds full of plans for increasing
production. (
表示伴随情况
)
2
、
He
was silent for a moment, his lips tight.
(
表示伴随情况
)
（三）名词
/
代词
+
副词：
1
、
He put on his socks, wrong side out.
(
表示补充说明
)
2
、
The war over, all the
Chinese people’s volunteers came back
to China. (
表示补充说明
)
（四）名词
/
代词
+
介词（短语）
1
、
She came in, a baby in her
arms. (
表示伴随情况
)
2
、
He went off,
gun in hand. (
表示伴随情况
)
二
独立结构在句子中的作用。
独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：
（一）表示时间：
His homework done, Jim decided to go
and see the play.
(=After his homework was done, he
decided to go and see the play.)
（二）表示原因：
The last bus having gone, we had to
walk home.
(=Because the
last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )
（三）表示条件：
Weather permi
tting, we’ll go
for an outing tomorrow.
(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for
an outing tomorrow.)
（四）表示伴随情况或伴随状况：
They walked through the forest, an old
hunter leading the way.
（五）表示补充说明：
He lived in a wooden house with two
rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an
office.
(=He lived in a wooden house with two
rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an
office.)
三
独立变格的变化
在带有
逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加
”with”
1
、
——
Why are they talking all
the equipment away?
——
The job (
),
they are packing up to leave.
A it to done
B did
C
was did
D done
2
、
Other
things
being
equal,
a
man
who
expresses
himself
effectively
is
sure
to
succeed
more
0
rapidly than the man whose
command of language is poor.
虚拟语气
1. if
引导的虚拟语气
2.
倒装形式
Were I you
(=if I were you) , I would get up early in the
morning.
Had
you
arrived
at
the
station
ten
minutes
earlier
yesterday(=If
you
had
arrived…),
you
could
have
caught the train.
Should it rain (=If
it should rain), the crops would be saved.
【
2
】馒头面条原理
【
3
】固定句型
It is time that ...
Would
rather that .....
(1).I
would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not
gone to the party yesterday evening.
(4).I would rather everything hadn' t
happened in the past.
“It is (was)+
形容词（或过去分词）
+that……”
结构中的虚拟语气
1.
It is
necessary that we (should
可省略
,
下同）
have a walk now.
was necessary that we (should) make
everything ready ahead of time.
3. It
is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
4. It is important that every pupil
(should) be able to understand the rule of school.
练习
1.
He’ll be busy
this afternoon. If he ___ free, he ___ to the
cinema with you.
to be;
might go
B. am
going to be;
will go
be;
might have gone
D. is;
will go
2. When Edison
died, it was proposed that the American people
_____ all power in their homes,
streets, and factories for several
minutes in honor of this great man.
A. turn off
B. turned off
C. would turn off
D. had turned off
3.
Had I known her name, _____.
A.
or does she
know mine?
B. and where does she live?
C. I would have invited her to
lunch
D. she would be beautiful
4. I’d rather
you ______ by train, because I can't bear the idea
of your being in an airplane in
such
bad weather.
A. would go
B. should go
C.
went
D. had gone
1
1
5. The victim
________ (
本来会有机会活下来
) if he
had been taken to hospital in time.
would have a chance to survive
< br>（
06.12
翻译）
6. The professor required
that ________ (
我们交研究报告
)
。
we hand in our
research report(s)
(06.6
翻译
)
7. If Sept. 11 had never
happened, the airport workers would not have been
arrested and could
have gone on quietly
living in America, probably indefinitely.
(06.6
阅读
)
8. W: What would you do if you were in
my place?
M: If Paul were my son, I’d just
not worry. Now that his teacher is
giving him extra help and
he is working
hard himself, he’s sure to do well in the next
exam.
Q: What’s the man’s
suggestion to the woman?
13.
A) Teaching her son by herself.
C) Asking the teacher for
extra help.
B) Having
confidence in her son.
D)
Telling her son not to worry.
< br>（
07.12
）
1.
You’d better
take a sweater with you ________________
(
以防天气变冷
)
in case it (should) turn cold.
（
08.
12
）
10. If she had returned an hour earlier
, Mary
(
就不会被大雨淋湿了
). 09.6
. wouldn’t have been caught
by the rain
11.
You would not have failed if you _________________
_________(
按照我的指令去做
).
had followed my
instructions/orders
(09.12)
否定：
全部否定和部分否定
eg. All
the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly.
不是所有的鸟都会飞。
1.
部分否定
eg. All the
birds can not fly.
并非所有的鸟都会飞。
None of the birds can fly.
所有的鸟都不会飞。
代词或副词如
all,
both,every,everybody, every day, everyone,
everything, everywhere
等与
not<
/p>
搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为
“
并
非都是
等。
eg. All is not
gold that glitters.
发光的并非都是金子。
= Not all is gold
that glitters.
2.
全部否定
英语中常用
not, none, nobody,
nothing, nowhere, neither,
never
等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult
for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难
事，只怕有心人。
eg. W: Daddy, I 've decided to give up
science and go to business school.
M:
Well,
it
is
your
choice
as
long
as
pay
your
own
way,
but
I
should
warn
you
that
not
everyone with a business
degree will make a successful manager.
2
2
Q: What do we learn from
the conversation?
A. The
man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate
studies.
B. The man doesn't think his
daughter will get a business degree.
C.
The man insists that his daughter should pursue
her studies in science.
D. The man
advises his daughter to think carefully before
making her decision.
双重否定
1.
在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。
在一个句子中出现两个否定词：
not, never, hardly, scarcely,
rarely,
seldom, few, little,
none
等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。
eg. No one can command others who
cannot command himself.
A perpson can command others who
command himself.
正人先正己。
eg.
Without the ability to think critically, to defend
their ideas and understand the ideas of others,
they can not fully participate in our
democracy.
如果没有能力进行批判性思维，
维护
自己的观点，
并理解他人的观点，
他们就不能充分
的参与我们的民主政治中来。
2.
形式否定，意义肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties.
一个男人可以拥有很多的领带。
A woman
can never have too many
dresses.
一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。
eg. We can hardly praise his
achievement too much.
对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。
eg. A mother can never be patient
enough with her child.
一个母亲对她的孩子再怎
么耐心也不为过。
A teacher can never be strict enough
with his students.
一个老师对他的学生
再怎么严格也不为过。
这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。
3.
形式肯定，意义否定
①
more A than B
意思为
“
是
A
不是
B
；与其说是
B
，不如说是
A”
eg. The book seems to be more a
dictionary than a grammar.
这本书看起来与其说是
一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。
He is more a composer than a singer.
与其说他是一个歌唱家不如说他是一个创
作者。
②
anything but
意思
为
“
一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是
”
eg. I am anything but a
teacher.
我一定不是一个老师。
eg. I will do anything but that.
我决不干那件事。
③
no more ....
than
与
not more
....than
no more ...than
意为
“
两者都不
....”
eg. This book is no
more interesting than thay one.
这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。
not more....than
意为
“
两者都肯定，前者不如后者
”
eg. This book is not more interesting
than that one.
这本书不如那本书有趣。
eg. This boy is not
more honest than that one.
这
两男孩都很诚实，前面的男孩不如后面的男
孩诚实。
This boy is no
more honest than that one.
这两个男孩都不诚实。
④
no more
than
与
not more
than
3
3