nickname-吸氧
英语分隔结构教学小札
----
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英语句子的分隔结构(
Split Structure
)是英语语序的独特现象之一。按照
一般语序规则,语法关系密切的两
个成分应该紧挨在一起,如定语与被修饰的
词,主语与谓语,谓语动词与宾语,等等,但
在实际行文中,为了使句子的结
构保持平衡,以避免头重脚轻,或为了使语义保持严密,
防止产生歧义,往往
打破这种语序的规则,在本应紧挨在一起的两个成分之间插入其他成
分,这就
形成本文要讨论的分隔结构。这种结构尤其在书面语中频繁出现。
例如:
(
1
)
I
am afraid there is nothing else in the world that
I can talk
about.
句中定语从句
that
I can talk about
是修饰
nothing
else
的,它与先
行词之间被
in
the world
分隔。如果按常规,把
that
从句理解成修饰它前面
的名词
the
world
就会产生文句上的混乱。
现拟英语句式分隔结构主要几种情况,作一概述:
1
.定语与被修饰词之间的分隔
这类分隔结构出现较多,容易产生理解上的困难。被分隔的
定语可能是介词
短语,从句,不定式短语,分词短语等。
(
2
)
In
the
first
two
chapters
a
short
sketch
will
be
given
of
the
origins
and evolution of
diplomatic practice and theory.(
介词短语作定语
,被谓
语分隔
)
(
3
)
I
fell that
.
.
.
the day is coming when the telegraph wire will be
laid on to house
just like water
or gas, and
friends will talk
with
each
other without leaving home.(
从句作定语
,
被谓语分隔
)
(4)Ask
any
lady
in
London
society
that
has
daughter,
and
she’ll
tell
you
the same. (
定语从句被介词短语定语分隔
)
(
5
)
I
feel
that
.. day
is
coming
when
the telegraph
wire
will
be laid
on
to
house
just
like
water
or
gas,
and
friends
will
talk
with
each
other
without leaving home.(
从句作定语,
被谓语分隔
)
。
(
6
)
Was
there anybody there that/who applauded him?
(
定语从句被状语分
隔
)
(
7
)
But
if
basic
discussion
can
go
on
based
on
concrete
practice,
then
the
world
’
s
progressive forces have much to gain. (
过去分词短语作定语,
被谓语动词
分隔
)
从上述各定语与被修饰词形成分隔结构的例句中,
我们可以
看到,
造成定语
和它修饰词分隔的原因有主要有两点:
A
)被修饰的词(主语)有较长的定语,
句子的
谓语是被动语态,后面没有或仅有很短的状语,这时定语移到句末,平
衡句子结构,如例
(
2
)
,
(<
/p>
4
)
。但是这种被动语态若变成主动,分
隔结构便自然
消除,例如(
2
)
,可以转变成:
In the first two
chapters I will give a short sketch
of
the
origins
and
evolution
of
diplomatic
practice
and
theory.
或被修饰的词
(主语)的定语较长,句子的谓语是不及物动词,后面没有
或仅有很短的状语,
如例(
5
)
,
(
7
)
。
B
)被修饰的词(主
语或其他成分)和后面接的成分在意义上
结合紧密,不宜分开,定语只能往上移,如例(
1
)
,
(
p>
5
)
,
(
6
)
,有时若把被修
饰
词和后接的成分分开,
会造成意义上的差别,
如果把例
(
4
)
改为
Ask any lady
that
has
daughter
in
London
society;
and
she
’
ll
tell
you
the
same.
这时,
in
London society
就可以理解为修饰
daughter
的了。
2
.同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔
同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔同定语从句与先行词之间的分隔相似,
< br>也是
为了平衡句子的结构和严瑾句子意义。
(
8
)
The
objection
is
bound
to
be
raised
that
such
a
conception
is
ate
compile travesty of the
whole idea of philosophy.
(同位语从句与先行词之间被<
/p>
谓语分隔)
(
9
)
The
prayer
that
has
been
mine
for
twenty
years,
that
I
might
be
permitted in
some way
or at some
time to
relieve human
suffering, has been
granted.
(同位语从句与先行词之间被定语从句分隔)
3
.主语与谓语之间的分隔
谓语的位置一般都紧接主语之后,但有时在主语和谓语之间会插进其他成
分,将它们彼此分隔。插进的成分有进一步说明主语的定语或同位语,修饰谓
语的状语,
以及各种插入语。
(10) Most of the
characteristics which are often thought to throw
doubt on
its legal character, are
familiar
features of early systoms,
…(
主谓之间被定语从
句分隔
)
(11) The paper, published here,
denounced the aggressors for their massacre
of the inocent
people.(
主谓之间被分词短语定语分隔
)
(12) The knowledge, even if apparently
sound, touches only the very surface
of
all
phenomena.
(主谓之间被让步状语从句分隔)
(13)
The
nucleus,
on
the
other
hand,
is
very
heavy
compared
with
the
electron
s.(
主谓之间被插入语分隔
)
4
、谓语两个组成部分之间的分隔
<
/p>
当谓语含有情态动词或助动词时,
常常会在情态动词或助动词与主
要动词之
间加入状语或插入语,使谓语两个组成部分之间形成分隔。