gesture-黄羊
一．经不起推敲的类推（
false
analogy
）
This argument
relies
on
what might be a
false
analogy
between A and B
C.
（开头）
In order for BC
to
serve as models
that A
should
emulate
, the arguer
must assume
that all
relevant circumstances
involved are
essentially the same
.(
环境、
背景不同
)
However, this assumption is
unwarranted
.
（过渡）<
/p>
For example, the
argument
overlooks
the
possibility that
…
..
Perhaps
…
..
（列举各种可能性）
The arguer simply assumes that
…
.. but he does
not provide any evidence
that
……
are indeed
comparable
.
As we know, the
…
and
…
differ conspicuously
.
It is true that
both
…...
but even here exist
fundamental
differences
:
…
.
（两种东西
本身不同）
Therefore, even though
the
…
.proved effective
in
…
.., there is
no
guarantee
that it
will
work just as well for
…
..
（结尾）
二
将因果
关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（
confuse causal
relationship with correlation
）
The
argument concluded based on a
known
correlation
between A and B.
Yet the
correlation alone
is only a
scant evidence
of the
claimed
“
cause-and
–
effect
”
relationship.
Perhaps
…
..
Moreover, the argument
overlooks
the fact
that
…
.
The arguer
has not accounted
for
the possibility
that
…
.
If this is
the case
, than the
conclusion would
lack any
merit whatsoever
.
三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员
四．认为某条件是某结果的必要
和
/
或
充足条件
1.
要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做
2.
按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果
a)
The
recommendation d
epends on the
assumption
that no
alternative
means of
…
are
available.
Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this
assumption.
Admitittedly,
…
..
However, it is
entirely
possible
that means other than this
would also
achieve the
desired result
.
（指出替代选项的存在）
Perhaps the desired improvement could
be
achieved
if
…
..
（列举替代选项）
Without
considering and ruling out
these and other alternative means
of
…
., the
arguer
cannot
confidently
conclude
that
…
..must
do
…
in order to achieve the
goal.
（收尾）
b)
The recommendation
depends on the additional
unsubstantiated
assumption <
/p>
that
…
..would
by itself
improve
……
(
指出不一定能达到目标
)
Absent evidence that this
is the case
, it is
equally
possible
that
…
..
Thus, without better evidence
that
……
, the argument remains
unconvincing.
（列举可
能性一）
Even assuming
that
…
., the arguer provides
no clear evidence
that
…
.. The
mere
fact
that
…
.hardly suffices to
prove
……
.,
at
least not without more information
abou
t
…
.
（让步，列举可能性二）
Even if
…
..,perhaps
additional
measures
—
such as
…
..
—
would also be
required in
order to achieve
…
.objectives.(
列举可能附加的条件
)