perpendicular-麦浪
2015
年
12
月英语
六级真题（第
3
套）
Part I Writing(30 minutes)
Directions:
For this part,
you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay
based
on the should focus on the
harm caused by misleading information
online
.You arerequired to
write at least
150
words but
no more than
200
words.
Part
IIListening Comprehension(30 minutes)
说
明
：
2015
年
12
月六级真题全国共考了两套听力。本套（即第三套）的听力内容与第二套
的完全一样，只是选项的顺序不一样而已，故在本套中不再重复给出。
Part III Reading
Comprehension(40 minutes)
Section A
Directions:
In this section,
there is a passage with ten blanks. You are
required
to select one wordfor each
blank from a list of choices given in a word
bank following the passage. Read
thepassage through carefully before
making your choices. Each choice in the
bank isidentified by a letter.
Please
mark
the
corresponding
letter
for
each
item
on
AnswerSheet
2
with
a single line through the centre. You
may not use any of the words in
thebank
more than once
.
Questions 36
to 45 are based on the following passage.
As it is, sleep is so undervalued that
getting by on fewer hours has become a
badge
of
,
we
live
in
a
culture
that
36
to
the
late-nighter,
from
24-hour
grocery stores to
onlineshopping sites that never ’s no surprise,
then,
that
more
than
half
of
American
adults
don’t
getthe
7
to
9
hours
of
shut-eye
every
night as 37by sleep experts.
Whether
or
not
we
can
catch
up
on
sleep
—
on
the
weekend,
say
—
is
a
hotly
38topic
amongsleep latest evidence suggests
that while it isn’t
39, it
might
Liu,
theUCLA
sleep
researcher
and
professor
of
medicine,
brought40sleep-
restricted people into the labfor a weekend of
sleep during which
they logged about 10
hours per night, they showed41in theability of
insulin
(
胰
岛素
)
to
process
blood
suggests
that
catch-up
sleep
may
undo
somebut
not
all of the damage that
sleep42causes, which is encouraging, given how
many adults
don’tget the hours they
need each , Liu isn’t
43to endorse the
habit
of sleeping less andmaking up for
it later.
Sleeping
pills,
while
helpful
for
some,
are
not44
an
effective
remedy
either.“A
sleeping pillwill45
one
area of
the brain, but
there’s never going to be a perfect
sleeping
pill,
because
youcouldn’t
really
replicate
(
复制
)
the
different
chemicals
moving
in
and
out
of
different
parts
of
the
brainto
go
through
the
different
stages
of sleep,” says Collop, director of
the Emory UniversitySleep Center.
A) alternatively
B) caters
C) chronically
D) debated
E) deprivation
F) ideal
G) improvements
H)
necessarily
I) negotiated
J) pierce
K) presumption
L) ready
M) recommended
N) surpasses
O) target
Section B
Directions:
In this section,
you are going to read a passage with ten
statements
attached to it.
Eachstatement contains information given in one of
the
paragraphs.
Identify
the
paragraphfrom
which
the
information
is
derived.
You may choose a
paragraph more than paragraph is marked with
the
questions
by
marking
thecorresponding
letter
on
Answer
Sheet2.
Climate Change May Be Real,
But I
t’s
Still Not Easy
Being Green
How do we convince our
inner caveman to be greener? We ask some
outstanding social
scientists.
[A]
The
road
to
climate
hell
is
paved
with
our
good
cians
may
tackle
polluters whilescientists do battle
with carbon the most pervasive
problem
is
less
obvious:
ourown
get
distracted
before
we
can
turn
down
the
break
our
promise
notto
fly
after
hearing
about
a
neighbour’s
trip
to tely, we can’t be bothered to
c
hangeour ately for
the
planet,
social science and behavioural
economics may be able todo that for us.
[B]
Despite
mournful
polar
beats
and
charts
showing
carbon
emissions
soaring,
most
people
find
ithard
to
believe
that
global
warming
will
affect
them
polls by the Pew ResearchCentre in
Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of
participants regarded climate change as
animportant respondents ranked
it last
on a list of priorities.
[C] This inconsistency largely
stems from a feeling of
powerlessness.“When we
can’t actually
removethe source of our fear, we tend to adapt
psychologically by
adopting a range of
defencemechanisms,” says Tom Crompton, change
strategist for
the environmental
organisation WorldWide Fund for Nature.
[D] Part of the fault lies
with our inner ion has programmed humans
to pay mostattention to issues that
will have an immediate impact.“We worry most
about now because if wedon’t survive
for the next minute, we’re not going to be
a
round in ten years’ time,”
says ProfessorElke Weber of the Centre for
Research
on Environmental Decisions at
Columbia University in the Thames were
lapping around Big Ben, Londoners would
face up to the problem ofemissions pretty
in practice, our brain discounts the
risks
—
and
benefits
—
associated
with issues that lie some way ahead.
[E]
Matthew
Rushworth,
of
the
Department
of
Experimental
Psychology
at
the
University
of Oxford,sees this in his lab every day.“One of
the ways in which a
ll
agents
seem
to
make
decisions
is
thatthey
assign
a
lower
weighting
to
outcomes
that
are going to be further away in the
future,” hesays.“This is a very sensible way
for
an
animal
to
make
decisions
in
the
wild
and
would
havebeen
very
helpful
for
humans
f
or
thousands of years.”
[F] Not any the time we wake up to the
threat posed by climate change,
it
could well betoo i
f we’re not going to
make rational decisions about
the
future, others may have tohelp us to do so.
[G]
Few
political
libraries
are
without
a
copy
of
Nudge:
Improving Decisions About
Health,
Wealthand Happiness
, by Richard Thaler
and Cass argue that
governments
shouldpersuade
us
into
making
better
decisions
—
such
as
saving
more
in
our pension
plans
—
by changingthe default
sor Weber believes that
environmental
policy
can
make
use
of
,
for
example,
building
codes
included
green
construction
guidelines,
most
developerswould
be
too
lazy
to
challenge them.
[H] Defaults are certainly
part of the social scientists are most
concerned
about
craftingmessages
that
exploit
our
group
mentality
(
心态).“We
need
to understand what motivatespeople,
what it is that allows them to make change,”
says Professor Neil Adger, of the
TyndallCentre for Climate Change Research in
Norwich.“It
is
actually
about
what
their
peers
think
ofthem,
what
their
social
norm
s
are, what
is seen as desirable in society.” In other words,
ourinner caveman is
continually looking
over his shoulder to see what the rest of the
tribe are up to.
[I] The
passive attitude we have to climate change as
individuals can be altered
by counting
us in
—
and measuring us
against
—our peer group.“Social norms
are
primitive
and
elemental,”
says
Cialdini,
author
of
Influence:
The
Psychology of
Persuasion
.“Birds flock together,
fishschool together,
cattle herd
together...just
perceiving
norms
is
enough
to
cause
people
to
adjusttheir
behaviour
in the direction
of the crowd.”
[J] These norms can take us beyond good
ni conducted a study in
San Diego
inwhich coat hangers bearing messages about saving
energy were hung on
people’s
ofthe
messages
mentioned
the
environment,
some
financial
savings,
others
social
was
the
ones
that
mentioned
the
actions
of
neighbours that drove down power use.
[K]
Other
studies
show
that
simply
providing
the
facility
for
people
to
compare
their
energy
use
withthe
local
average
is
enough
to
cause
them
to
modify
their
Conservatives
plan
toadopt
this
strategy
by
making
utility
companies
print the average
local electricity and gas usage onpeople’s
bills.
[L]
Social
science
can
also
teach
politicians
how
to
avoid
our
collective
capacity
for
nmental
campaigns
that
tell
us
how
many
people
drive
SUVs
unwittingly
(
不经意地
)
imply
that
this
behaviour
is
widespread
and
thus
ni recommends
somecareful framing of the message.“Instead of
normalising the undesirable behaviour,
the messageneeds to marginalise it, for
example, by stating that if even one
person buys yet another SUV, itreduces our
ability to be
energy-
independent.”
[M]
Tapping
into
how
we
already
see
ourselves
is
most
successful
environmental
strategywill
marry
the
green
message
to
our
own
sense
of
your
average
trade
unionmember,
chances
are
they
will
be
politically
motivated
and
be
used
to
collective
action
—
muchlike
Erica
Gregory.A
retired
member
of
the
Public
and
Commercial
Services
Union,
she
is
settingup
one
of
1,100
action
groups
with
the
support of Climate Solidarity, a two-
year environmentalcampaign aimed at trade
unionists.
[N]
Erica is proof that a great-grandmother can help
to lead the revolution if you
get
the
psychologyright
—
in
this
case,
by
matching
her
enthusiasm
for
the
environment
with
a
fondness
for
or
ganisinggroups.“I
think
it’s
a
terrific
idea,”
she says of the campaign.“The union
backing it makesmembers think there must be
something
in
it.”
She
is
expecting
up
to
20
people
at
the
firstmeeting
she
has
called,
at
her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.
[O] Nick Perks, project
director for Climate Solidarity, believes this
sort of
activity is where the futureof
environmental action lies. “Using existing civil
society structures or networks is a
moreeffective way of creating change...and
obviou
sly trade unions are
one of the biggest civil societynetworks in the
UK,”
he says. The “Love Food, Hate
Waste” campaign entered into acollaboration last
year
with
another
such
network
—the
Women’s
er
Rachel
Taylorjoined
the campaign
with the aim of making new friends.A year on, the
meetings have
madelasting changes to
what she throws away in her kitchen.“It’s always
more of
an incentive if you’redoing it
with other people,” she says.“It motivates you
more if you know that you’ve got
toprovide
feedback to a
group.”