smash-热饮
1
高考语法讲义
+
练习题
PART 1
词法
第一讲
名词
（一）
名词的种类
专有名词：
Confucius
，
Bibles
，
London
普通名词：一些人、物、地的通称，如
teacher
，
dog
，
chur
ch
等
集体名词：某类人、动物或东西的集体名称，如
mankind
，
family
，<
/p>
army
，
flock
< br>，
swarm
多数集体名词是可数名词如
a
family
，
each
class
，
all
parties
，有个别集
体名词也用作不可数名称，
如
police
，
< br>cattle
，
vegetation
< br>，
clothing
，
furn
iture
，
pottery
物质名
词：一种物质的名称，如
sugar
，
gold
，
rice
，
air
，
oil
，
oxygen
，
perfume
< br>，物质名
词一般不可数，如
milk
，
coffee
，
bee
。但有些也可用做可数名词，表示特殊意
义，如
an ice-cream
，
a light rain <
/p>
抽像名词：一种品质、
状态和动作概念的名称，
< br>如
goodness
，
hard
ness
，
poverty
，
quiet
，
arrival
< br>，
destruction
（二）
可数名词的特殊的复数形式
1.
单复数同形的名词
动物名词
deer
grouse
salmon
bison
sheep
－
ese
或－
ss
结尾
Chinese,
Japanese,
Portuguese,
Vietnamese
barracks
corps
crossroads
gallows
headquarters
means
series
species
works
horsepower,
hertz
kilohertz
li
mu
aircraft,
spacecraft,
craft,
offspring
hover
－
s
结尾
计量单位的名词
其他
trout carp
Swiss,
注意：谓语动词常根据句意和修饰语而定
练习：
There______
deer in abundance in these forests.(be)
The Chinese _____industrious and
brave.(be)
Its best minds
must double their ___________to overcome the
gravitational field
of tradition.
(horsepower)
Many species______ in
peril of extinction because of our destruction of
their
natural habitat. (be)
2
But what if
there _____ a means to store and search all the
information about
the movies in our
personal collection
Scientists are
working to devise ________ of storing this type of
power. (means)
答案
: are/ are / horsepower/
are/ was/ a means
2
，
以
s
结尾的单数名词
表示学科的名词
指疾病的名词
指游戏的名词：
其他
economics
linguistics
mechanics
statistics
electronics
logistics
physics
genetics
mathematics
civics
obstetrics
pediatrics
diabetes
mumps
measles
rabies
billiards
cards
bowls
Checkers
the United States
Philippines
注意：
Statistics
当译为“统计数据”时，是复数
;
当译为“
统计学”时，为单数。
Economics
< br>当译为“经济政策”时
,
是复数
;
当译为“经济学”时，是单数。
练习：
1. Statistics
_____ the collection, tabulation, and systematic
classification
of quantitative data.
2. The mortality statistics _____
changing.
3. Statistics _____sometimes
misleading.
4. A knowledge of economics
_______ fundamental to any understanding of this
problem.
5. Economics _____
easy after you learn the lingo
答案：
is/ are/ are / is/ is
3
可数名词复数的特殊变化
3
以下单词需要掌握复数的特殊变化
man foot goose child mouse
datum medium radius curriculum
phenomenon criterion analysis
basis crisis diagnosis fungus
syllabus
（三）不可数名词
1
、不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！如果要表示“一件
...
”
时，前面必须加上
a...
of
短语
a news a
cloth an equipment
练习：
a
__________ of furniture
a ___________ of advice
a
____________ of equipment
a _____________ of facial
tissue
a
_____________ of water
a _____________ of soup
a ____________ of gold
答案：<
/p>
piece/piece/piece/piece/drop/bowl/bar
2
、不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单
数形式。如：
Water is important.
<
/p>
Note
：如果不可数名词前面被
pie
ce,
drop,
set
等词修饰
时，谓语应该与
piece,
drop,
set
等的单复数形式保持一致
Few drops of water ______
needed to save the flower. (are)
water
is useful.
注意：两个不可数名词表达一种意
思
+
单数名词
:
如：
Bread and
butter is delicious.
两个以上的不可数名词表达多种意思
+
复数名词
:
如：
The bread and butter are
needed.
面包和奶油都需要。
4
3
、
常见的不可数名词
air,smok
e,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,s
oup,juice,ink,rain,sn
ow,ice,tea,coffee,
wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,d
arkness,hea
t,light,electricity,energy,p
ower,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,d
i
rt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggag
e,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit
,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass ,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,mach
inery,we
aponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honest
y,friendship,attentio
n,wisdom,success,c
ourage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,eas
e,luck,laug
hter,love,peace,news,informa
tion,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertain
m
ent,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,pr
ogress,room,work,homework,population,perc
ent,mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology, anthropology,architecture,physi
cs,photo
graphy,ethics,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,
geography,chemistry,p
hilosophy,biology,
history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malar
ia,pediatri
cs,
注意下列词
poet
machine scene photograph
poem machinery scenery
photography
Poetry
改错：
1. Many machinery has been installed.
2. There are some pretty scenery in the
park.
3. Each year, we spend our
vacation in the mountains and enjoy the sceneries.
解析：
1. machinery
是不可数名词，所以
many
改成
much
2. scenery
是不可数名词，所以
are
改成
is
3.
同
2
（四）单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词
air(
空气
)---airs(
气派
)
arm(
手臂
)---arms(
武
器
)
ash(
灰
)---ashes(
骨灰；废墟
)
authority(
权利
)--
-authorities(
当局
)
cloth(
织物
)---clothes(
衣服
)
content(
含量
)---contents(
目录
)
custom(
习惯
)
---customs(
海关；关税
)
< br>damage(
损害
)---damages(
赔偿金
)
force(
力量
)---forces(
武装部队
)
glass(
玻璃
)-
--glasses(
眼镜
)
5
good(
利益
)---goods(
货物
)
green(
绿色
)---green
s(
青菜
)
letter(
字母
)---letters(
文学
)
manner(
方式<
/p>
)---manners(
举止，仪态
)
minute(
分钟
)---minu
tes(
记录
)
pain(
痛苦
)---pains(
劳苦
)
paper(
纸
)---papers(
文件
)
quarter(1/4)---quarters(
营房
)
spectacle(
光景
)---s
pectacles(
眼镜
)
spirit(
精神
)---
spirits(
烈性酒
)
time(
时间
)---times(
时代
)
water(
水
)---waters(
水域
)
wood(
木头
)---woods(
森林
)
w
ork(
工作
)---works(
作
品，工厂
)
（五）修饰名词的量词
修饰单数可数名词
one,
each,
many a
修饰复数可数名词的词
不可数名词的词
much,
little,
a litter,
a great deal of,
piece of,
an article of
既可修饰不可数又
能修饰可数的词
anther,
hundred,
every,
million,
several,
many,
few,
a few,
a
number of,
the number of,
numbers of,
numerous,
various,
diverse,
a series of,
a wide range
of,
a collection of
练习：
1. The number
of pages in this book ____-two hundred.
2. A number of students in our school
_______ listening to music. (enjoy)
答案：
is/ enjoy
All,
a
lot
of
some (of)
lots of
plenty of
most (of)
half (of)
a
wealth
of
(a)
part of
enough (of)
the
other
such
a
variety of
rest
of
a/an, this,
that,
thousand,
either,
such
a,
both,
a great amount of, a
any (of)
6
（六）集体名词的词性和词义
①
大多数
集合名词只有单数形式，使用时，如果表整体，谓语动词用单数
;
表成员，
则用复数。
audience, band, board, committee, class, club,
company, congress,crowd, couple,
crew,
family, firm, flock, government, group, herd,
jury, majority,management, part
y,
school, team, union
②
有的集合名词
如
people, police, folk, public, cattle,
militia, poultry, livestock, youth,vermin, folk,
mankind
等常作复数使用，谓语动词用复数。如：
The police
are searching for a tall
dark man with
a beard.
练习：
1.
Economics, several courses of which I have taken
thus far, ______ to be difficult
but
useful for almost all students.
A.
prove
B.
proves
C.
have been proved
D.
are proved
2. A
thousand miles no longer _______ much to us today,
for modern jets can easily
get us to a
great distance within a matter of a few hours.
A. meant
B.
means
C.
mean
D.
will mean
3. The secretary
and treasurer of our company
______
the
meeting.
A. were to
attend
4. Cattle ______
to graze on the
village common.
A. are
allowed
B.
is allowed
C.
allows
D.
allow
5. Mathematics as well
as other subjects ____ a science.
A.
was
B.
is
C.
are
D.
belong to
B.
are to attend
C.
is attend
D.
is to attend
7
6. Either of these young
ladies ____ perfectly qualified to teach Greek,
Latin and
French.
A. were
B.
are
C.
is
D.
have been
7. Large quantities of water
______
cooling purposes.
A. are needed for
B.
is needed to
C.
are needed to
D.
is needed
for
8.
Copper as well as most metals____.
A. is a good conductor
B.
is a good insulator
C.
are good conductors
D.
are good
insulators
9. There used to be some
trees by the lake, ____
？
A. was there
B.
were there
C.
weren't there
D.
wasn't there
10.
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories
is ---- clearly understood.
(A) none
(B) no
(C) not
(D) nor
改错练习
11. Flower
have long been cultivated
and bred for their beauty and their
fragrance.
12. Doctor are
discovering that there is a strong psychological
component to
chronic pain.
8
13. Like some other running
birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a
three-
toed feet.
14.
Not woman
held a presidential cabinet position in the United
States until 1933,
when Frances Perkins
became secretary of labor.
15.
A liquid is
similar to a gas because has molecules are not
fixed to each other in
any specific
way.
16.
At
birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of
motor response.
答案：
1-5 B B D A B
6-10 C A A C C
10. flower-
flowers
11. doctor- doctors
12. feet-foot
13. Not-No
14. has-its
15. reponse-
responses
9
第二讲
代词
（一）基本概念
< br>代词是替代上下文中出现的名词或名词属性短语及从句。
英语中的代词，
按其意义、
特征及
在句中的作用分为：人称代词
（
I
，
me
，
we
，
them
）
、物主代词（
my
，
your
，
their
）<
/p>
、指示代词
（
this
< br>，
those
，
some
，
any
，
all<
/p>
）
、反身代词（
myself
，
yourself
，
t
hemselves
）
指示代词
（
this
，
those
，
some
，
any
，
all
）关系代词（
who
< br>，
which
，
that
）
I.
代词可以分为以下八大类
1
人称代
词主格
I
，
you
，
he
，
she
，
it
，
we
，
you
，
they
宾格
me
，
you
，
him
，
her
，
it
，
us
，
you
，
them
形容词性物主代词
my
，
your
，
his
，
her
，
its
，
our
，
their
名词性物主代词
mine
，
yours
，
his
，
hers
，
its
，
ours
，
theirs
2
反身代词
myself
，
yourself
，
himself
，
herself
，
itself
，
ourselves
，
yourselves
，
themselves
3
指示代词
this
，
that
，
these
，
those
，
such
，
some
4
疑问代词
who
，
whom
，
whose
，
which
，
what
，
whoever
，
whichever
，
whatever
5
关系代词
/
连接代词
that
，
which
，
who
，
whom
，
whose
，
as
6
不定代词
one/ some/
any
，
each/
every
，
none/
no
，
many/
much
，
few/
little/ a few/
a little
other/
another
，
all/
both
，
neither/
either
7
相互代词
each
other
，
one another
II.
不定代词用法注意点
类
别
区
别
例
句
one
，
some
，
any
和
it one
可以泛指人或者事
(
东西
)<
/p>
，其复数为
ones
①
We
’
ve
been looking at the houses but
haven
’
t found ___ we like
yet.
10
②
Cars
do cause
us
some health
problems
—
in
fact
far
more
serious _______
than mobile
phones do.
some
可用于疑问句中，表示盼望
得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等
①—
Your coffee
smells great
！
—
It
’
s
from you like ________
？
D.1ittle
some
和<
/p>
any
修饰可数名词单数时，
some<
/p>
表示某个，
any
表示任何一个
②—
Which of the
three ways shall I take to the
village
？
—
________way as you please.
one
指同类中的一个，
it
指代同一种类的东西。此外
it
还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和
用于强调句型中。
—
There is still a copy of
the book in the library. Will you go and borrow
？
—
No
，
I
’
d rather buy in
the bookstore.
；
one
；
one
；
it
；
it
s
ome
多用于肯定句，
any
多用于疑
问句和否定句
①
< br>There
’
s ________cooking
oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store
and get ________.
A.1ittle
，
some
B.1ittle
，
any C.a
little
，
some D.a
little
，
any
②
We
had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to
have no use for ________.
③
He
doesn
’
t have _________
furniture in his room --just an old desk.
A.
any B. many C. some D. much
each
和
every
each
强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而
every
强调整体，所
11
指的数必须是三个或三个以上
①
Each student has a pocket
dictionary.
Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We
each have a dictionary.
②
Every student
has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has
strong and weak points.
none
和
no
no
等于
not any
，作定语。<
/p>
none
作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单
数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以
①
There is no
water in the bottle.
②
How much water
is there in the bottle
？
None.
③
None of the
students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
other
和
another
other
泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：
the
other day
，
every
other week
，
some other
reason
，
no other
way
，
the
other
特指两者中的另外一个，复数为
the
others
①
Both sides have accused of
breaking the contract.
A. another B. the other C.
neither D. each
②
Two students in
our class failed
，
but all the others passed the exam.
another
指“又一个，另一个
”无所指，复数形式是
others
，泛指“别的人或事”
①
We had a picnic last term
and it was a lot of fun
，
so
let
’
s have ______ one this
month.
other r
②
The trousers
are too long
，
please give me another pair / some
others.
③
Some like
football
，
while
others like basketball.
either
和
neither
前者意思为：两者都
(
两者中任何一方都<
/p>
)
；后者意思为：两者都
①—
Do
you want tea or coffee
？
—
______
，
I really don
‘
t
mind.
A. none B. neither C. either D. all
②
It was hard for him to
learn English in a family
，
in which _____ of the parents spoke the
language.
12
A.
none B. neither C. both D. each
英语写作中代词的错误用法
例句
1
：Jack’s bike
was broken, but he lied to his father that it was
still working.
错误解析：
he
指代不明确
例句
2
：
Noticing the
error on his electric bill, the young student knew
that they made a mistake.
错
误解析：
they
指代错误，前面的名词是单数
young student
例句
3
：
Different people have
different favorite colors. Someone like red best,
someone prefer green
to red.
错误解析：
someone
是单数，应该改成
some
例句
4
：We all don’t
think so.
错误解析：
all
用于否定句只否定一部分，比如
All that glitters is not gold.
例句
5
：There were
five toy guns on the table but he didn’t take
one.
错误解析：任何一个应该用
anyone
或者
none
例句
6
：
My parents all work hard to make money
to support me to finish my college studies.
错误解析：
all
只三者以上，
both
只两个人
例句
7
：
These boys, who works very hard, will
be rewarded.
错误解析：
who
指代前面的
boys
，所以
works
改成
work
第三讲
形容词与副词
基本概念
13
（一）修饰对象
< br>形容词修饰名词或名词性结构作定语或直接用在系动词后面作表语；
a
beautiful
girl,
something interesting
形容词修饰名词或名词性结构作定语或直接用在系动词后面作表语；
a
beautiful
girl,
something interesting
一
,
按意义
连系动词可分为以下几类
:
1.
表示状态的连系动词有
: be
; appear seem keep remain continue stay
; prove
等
a . She appears very young
.
b. His
temperature seems to be all right .
c. He made a fire in the
room to keep warm .
d. The weather continued fine
.
e. This proved
very helpful .
2.
表示感觉的连系动词有
:
look feel smell sound taste
等
a.
A paper tiger looks terrible, but in fact it is
not .
b. The
medicine smells terrible.
c. Ann felt
very happy
d. That sounds interesting.
3.
表示转变的连系动词有
:become fall
get go grow turn
等
a. Beijing is becoming more
and more beautiful.
b. Soon they
fell asleep.
c. The trees turn green and
the flowers start to come out.
二
.
系动词的特点
:
1.
系动词不用于进行时和被动语态
2.
除
make
等个别词外
,
几乎所有的连系动词都能跟形容词作表语
,
但不能跟副词
.
跟名词作
表语的有
:become
get look make prove; remain seem turn
wear .
等
3.
appear , prove , seem
后面可以跟
to be + adj , to be
也可省略
.
副词修饰形容词或动词作状
语
阅读下列句子，找出错误
例
1
：
The patient recovered quick, although
he had been very ill earlier in the
week.
例
2
：
Because the man’s clothing seemed
oddly, he attracted a number of stares.
例
3
：
In this challenging economy, homebuyers
are hoping to find decent priced
houses.
(
二
)
形容词的识别
?
普通形容词，如“
quick
”
，
“
smooth
”之类
?
长相为副词而实际上是形容词
如下：
1.
一些表示人、
时间和地点的名词加
-ly
构成形容词。
如：
friendly,
manly, womanly, brotherly,
sisterly;
timely, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly; homely,
worldly
等。
EG:
It’s a homely meal.
2.
某些描述性的形容词或表示情感的动词加
-ly
构成形容词。如：
lovely, likely, lively, lonely,
14
sickly
等。
EG: The baby is so lovely.
3.
某些词尾为
-ly
的固有单词，如：
early, silly, ugly
< br>等。除
early
可作副词外，
silly,
ugly
只能
做形容词。
EG: We should take actions early in
order to achieve our goals in the shortest
time.
He's unlikely to
come.
?
分词（分词含有形容词的性质）
It
was a very tiring meeting.
There are broken toys all over the
floor.
I thought the film
was pretty boring.
You look
terribly frightened.
1.
表示情感的及物动词如
excite,
discourage,
disappoint,
encourage,
inspire,
interest,
move,
please, puzzle, surprise, worry
< br>等，加上后缀
-ing
或
-ed
作分词时，可用作表、定、状或补语。
它们的主要区别是：
①现在分词有主动意味，
含有
“具有令人……的特性”
的意思，
多表示事物或者
某人的特征，
以及事物或某人正在或将要做的事情。
②过去分词则含有被动意味，有“受到影响而感到……”的意思，多用来形容人。
试比较下面几组的句子：
I thought lesson was interesting.
我认为课程是很有趣的。
（形容课程的特征）
I was interested in the
lesson.
（
NOT I was
interesting in the lesson.
）我对课程很感兴趣。
（形容
人的感觉）
Sheila's party was pretty
boring.
希拉的聚会真的非常无聊。
I went home early because I felt
bored.
（
NOT...because I felt
boring.
）我回家很早，因为我感到
很累。
It was an exciting
story.
它是使人激动的故事。
When I read it I felt
excited.
当我读它的时候，我感到激动。
The explanation was
confusing,I got
confused.
这个讲解是令人费解的，我被弄糊涂了。
It was a tiring made me
tired.
真是累人的一天。它使我感到很累。
2.
一般来说，现在分词表示主动
、动作正在进行，过去分词则有两种情况：
①及物动词的过去分词表被动
②不及物动词的过去分词表动作已经完成
试比较：
fallen leaves
a falling leaf
boiled water
boiling water
the developing
countries
the developed
countries
a
retiring manager
a retired worker
15
the risen sun
the rising sun
3.
也有
一些特别的过去分词，它可以表示主动的含义，最常见的是：
fallen rocks
a retired army officer
a grown-up daughter
an escaped prisoner
（三）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化：
规则
1.
在
词
尾
后
直
接
加
-
er/est
3.
以
辅音字母加
y
结
尾的，把
y
变
i
再加
-
er/est
4.
重读闭音节，末尾
只有一个辅音字母，
双写这
个辅音字母，
再加
-er/est
原级
tall
比较级
taller
nicer
happier
最高级
tallest
nicest
happiest
2.
词尾是
e
，
只加
-r/st
nice
happy
thin
thinner
thinnest
2.
其他双音节词或多音节词
,
在该词前面加
-more/most
beautiful—more beautiful—(the) most
beautiful
3.
由形容词
加
ly
构成的双音节词和多音节词
,<
/p>
都是在该词前加
-more/most.
quickly—more quickly—(the) most
quickly
difficultly—more
difficultly—(the) most difficultly
4.
不规则变化
:
good/well
bad/badly
many/much
little
far
注意：①原级比较：
as+adj.+as;
the
same+n.+as
②
er
和
more
都可以表示比较级，但
二者不能同时出现
阅读下列句子找出其中的错误：
<
/p>
例句
1
：
Aft
er attending two colleges, I decided I liked the
first one best.
例句
2
：
It's absolute the best
museum I've ever seen in the country.
<
/p>
例句
3
：
Soc
ial scientists agree that a system for exchanging
goods and services is not only present
but also of necessity in all
societies.
例句
4
：
The boy is very cleverer than
the girl.
例句
5
：
When you learn a
foreign language, you'll find it not difficulty if
you practise a lot.
答案：
1. best-
better
2.
absolute—absolutely
better
worse
more
less
farther/further
best
worst
most
least
farthest/furthest
16
3. of
necessity-necessary
4.
very—much
5. difficulty-
difficult
第五讲
动词（
verb
）
（一）
基本概念
动词是用来描述各类动作、
状态以及关系的词类。任何语言，除少数语言外（如汉语）
，都
要求每个分句
(clause)
有且只有一个动词作谓语；在英
语中，动词具有最丰富的形式变化，
所以它不可避免地成为各种考试的重点；
十六种时态总结：
1.
一般现在时的用法
1)
经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：
every…,
sometimes,
at…,
on Sunday
I leave home for
school at 7 every morning.
2)
客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east
of China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.
骄者必败。
注意：
此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时
。
例：
Columbus
proved that the earth is round..
4)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good
English but does not speak well.
比较：
Now I put the sugar in
the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句
用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：<
/p>
Now watch me, I switch on the current
and stand back.
第二句中的
now
是进行时的标
志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在
时。
17
2.
一般过去时的用法
1
）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：
yesterday, last week,
an hour ago, the other day, in
1982
等。
Where did you go just now?
2
）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a
child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went
during their visit, they were given a warm
welcome.
3
）句型：
It is time for sb. to do
sth
到
……
时间了
该
……
了
It is
time sb. did sth.
时间已迟了
早该
……
了<
/p>
It is time for
you to go to bed.
你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.
你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did
sth.
表示
'
宁愿某人做某事
'
I'd
rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have
some.
我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid
all her life.
(
含义：她已不在人间。
)
Christine has been an invalid all her
life.
(
含义：她现在还活着
)
Mrs.
Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(
含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。
)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for
seven years.
(
含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去
)
注意：
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1
）动词
want, hope,
wonder, think, intend
等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if
you could help me.
2
）情态动词
could, would.
Could you lend me your
bike?
3. used to / be used
to
18
used to + do
：
过去常常
表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今
已不存在。
Mother used not to be so
forgetful.
Scarf used to
take a walk.
(
过去常常散步
)
be used to +
doing
：
对
……
已感到习惯，或
习惯于
，
to
是介词，后需加名词或动名
词。
He is used to
a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a
walk.(
现在习惯于散步
)
典型例题
---- Your phone number
again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's
69568442.
A. didn't
B. couldn't
C.
don't
D. can't
答案
A.
本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看
< br>出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动
作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
4
.
一般将来时
1)
shall
用于第一人称，常被
will
所代替。
will
在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at
seven this evening?
2)
be going to
+
不定式，表示将来。
a.
主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b.
计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next
month
。
c.
有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going
to be a storm.
3)
be
+
不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We
are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4)
be
about to +
不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to
leave for Beijing.
注意：
be about to
不能与
tomorrow, next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5. be going to / will
19
用于条件句时，
be going
to
表将来
will
表意愿
If you are going to make a journey,
you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you
will take off your clothes, we will fit the new
clothes on you in front of the
mirro
r.
6. be
to
和
be going to
be
to
表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to
表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow
afternoon.
(
客观安排
)
I'm going to play football
tomorrow afternoon.
(
主观安排
)
7.
一般现在时表将来
1
）下列动词：
come, go,
arrive, leave, start, begin, return
的一般现
在时表将来。这主要用来
表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2
）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3
）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (
不是
will
come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to
you as soon as I arrive there.
4
）在动词
hope, take
care that, make sure that
等后。
I
hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that
the windows are closed before you leave the
room.
8.
用现在进行时表示将来
意为：
意图
、
打算
、
安排
、
常用于人。常用词
为
come,
go, start, arrive, leave,
stay
等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you
staying here till next week?
9.
现在完成时
20
现在完成时用来表示之前已发
生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动
作或状态发生在过去
,
但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构
成：
have (has)
+
过去分词。
10.
比较过去时与现在完成时
1
）过去时
表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；<
/p>
现在完成时
为
过去发生的，强调过去的事
情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2
）过去时常与具体的时间状语连
用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无
时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语
:
yesterday, last
week
，
…ago,
in1980, in October, just now,
具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语
:
this morning, tonight,this
April, now, once
，
before,
already,
recently
，
lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for,
since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till /
until, up to now, in past years,
always,
不确定的时间
状语
3<
/p>
）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如
< br>live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有
come, go,
leave, start, die, finish, become, get
married
等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you
get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
21
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from
Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League
for three years.
(
在团内的状态可延续
)
He
has been a League member for three years.
(
是团员的状态可持续
)
He
joined the League three years ago.
(
三
年前入团，
joined
为短暂行为。
)
I have finished my homework
now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent
for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如
yesterday, last, week, in 1960
）时，不能使用现在
完成
时，要用过去时。
（错）
Tom has
written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）
Tom wrote a letter to his
parents last night.
11.
用于现在完成时的句型
1
）
It is the first
/ second
time….
t
hat…
结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that
I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2
）
This is
the…
that…
结构，
that
从句要用现在完成时
.
This is the best film that
I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've
heard him sing.
这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1) ---Do
you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first
time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案
B. This is the
first time
后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选
B
。
22
(2) ---Have you ____ been
to our town before?
---No,
it's the first time I ___ here.
A.
even, come
B.
even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever, have come
答案
D. ever
意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为
never
，此两词常
用于完成
时。
This is
the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the
first time +that-clause
的句型中，
从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可
以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态
是可以持续的。
（错）
I have received his
letter for a month.
（对）
I
haven't received his letter for almost a
month.
12
.
比较
since
和
for
< br>
Since
用来说明动作起始时间
for
用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I
have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived
here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since
1949.
Some new oilfields have
been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a
little girl.
My brother has been in the
Youth League for two years.
I have not
heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有
for
作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here
for more than twenty years.
(
我现在已不在这里工作。
)
I have worked here for
many years.
(
现在我仍在这里工作。
)
小窍门：
当现在完成时
+
一段时间，这一结构中
，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能
排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1)
(
对
)
Tom has studied Russian for three years.
=
Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is
still studying it now.
2)
(
错
) Harry has got
married for six years.