妹妹语言学名词解释总结

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Define the following terms:

1.

design

feature:are

features

that

define

our

human

languages,such

as

arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cul tural transmission,etc.

2.

function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,ge functions

inclucle

imformative

function,interpersonal

function,performative

function,interpersonal

function,performative

function,emotive

function,phatic

communion,recreational function and metalingual function.

3.

etic:

a

term

in

contrast

with

emic

which

originates

from

American

linguist

Pike’s distinction of phonetics and etic mans making far too many,

as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with

phonetic ic analysis in linguistics proper.

4.

emic:

a

term

in

contrast

with

etic

which

originates

from

American

linguist

Pike’s distinction of phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events

must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members

of

a

speech

communith

rather

than

via

qppeal

to

the

investigator’s

ingenuith

or

intuition alone.

5.

synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not

necessarily,the present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.

6.

diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

7.

prescriptive:

the

study

of

a

language

is

carried

through

the

course

of

its

history.

8.

prescriptive:

a

kind

of

linguistic

study

in

which

things

are

prescribed

how

ought to be, down rules for language use.

9.

descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.

10.

arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face

that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

11.

duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property

of having two levels of are composed of elements of the and each of

the two levels has its own principles of organization.

12.

displacement:

one

design

feature

of

human

language,which

means

human

language

enable their users to

symbolize objects,events

and

concepts

which are not

present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.

13.

phatic

communion:

one

function

of

human

language,which

refers

to

the

social interaction of language.

14.

metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and

description of particular studies.

15.

macrolinguistics:

he

interacting

study

between

language

and

language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law

and

artificial

intelligence

es

of

macrolinguistics

include

psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,

anthropological linguistics,et

16.

competence:

language

user’s

underlying

knowledge

about

the

system

of

rules.

17.

performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.

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18.

langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19.

parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).

20

．

Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.

21

．

Coarticulation:

a

kind

of

phonetic

process

in

which

simultaneous

or

overlapping

articulations

are

involved..Coarticulation

can

be

further

divided

into

anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.

22

．

Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by

vibrating the vocal cords.

23

．

Broad

and

narrow

transcription:

the

use

of

a

simple

set

of

symbols

in

transcription

is

called

broad

transcription;the

use

of

a

simple

set

of

symbols

in

transcription

is

called

broad

transcription;while,the

use

of

more

specific

symbols

to

show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

24

．

Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the

vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the

oral cavity.

25

．

Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a

particular language.

26

．

Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone

of

/t/in

/t/occurs

in

words

like

step,it

is

unaspirated.Bothand

are allophones of the phoneme/t/.

27

．

Vowl:are

sound

segments

produced

without

such

obstruction,so

no

turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

28

．

Manner

of

articulation;

in

the

production

of

consonants,manner

of

articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way

in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.

29

．

Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation

refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction

of air.

30

．

Distinctive

features:

a

term

of

phonology,i.e.a

property

which

distinguishes one phoneme from another.

胡壮麟语言学术语解释

2

31

．

Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that

never occur in the same ones of the same phoneme are usually in

complementary distribution.

32

．

IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised

by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of

is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman

small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.

33

．

Suprasegmental:suprasegmental

featuresare

those

aspects

of

speech

that

involve

more

than

single

sound

principal

supra- segmental

features

aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.

34

．

Suprasegmental:aspects

of

speech

that

involve

more

than

single

sound

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principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.

35.

morpheme:the

smallest

unit

of

language

in

terms

of

relationship

between

expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without

destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36.

compound

oly

morphemic

words

which

consist

wholly

of

free

morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.

inflection:

the

manifestation

of

grammatical

relationship

through

the

addition

of

inflectional

affixes,such

as

number,person,finiteness,aspect

and

case,which

do

not

change

the

grammatical

class

of

the

stems

to

which

they

are

attached.

38.

affix:

the

collective

term

for

the

type

of

formative

that

can

be

used

only

when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

39.

derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between

roots and affixes.

40.

root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total

lass of identity.

41.

allomorph:; any of the different form of a example,in English

the

plural

mortheme

is

but

it

is

pronounced

differently

in

different

environments

as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in /s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the

plural morpheme.

42.

Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional

affix can be added.

43.

bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on

the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

44.

free

morpheme:

an

element

of

meaning

which

takes

the

form

of

an

independent word.

45.

lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.

”dog in

the manger”)

46.

lexicon:

a

list

of

all

the

words

in

a

language

assigned

to

various

lexical

categories and provided with semantic interpretation.

47.

grammatical

word:

word

expressing

grammatical

meanings,such

conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.

48.

lexical

word:

word

having

lexical

meanings,that

is

,those

which

refer

to

substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.

49.

open-class:

a

word

whose

membership

is

in

principle

infinite

or

unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.

50.

blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are

blended by joining the initial

part of the first

word and the final

part of the second

word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

51.

loanvoord:

a

process

in

which

both

form

and

meaning

are

borrowed

with

only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language

that they enter.

52.

loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed,