妹妹-抚摸
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Define the
following terms:
1.
design
feature:are
features
that
define
our
human
languages,such
as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cul
tural transmission,etc.
2.
function: the use of language
tocommunicate,to think ,ge functions
inclucle
imformative
function,interpersonal
function,performative
function,interpersonal
function,performative
function,emotive
function,phatic
communion,recreational function and
metalingual function.
3.
etic:
a
term
in
contrast
with
emic
which
originates
from
American
linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and
etic mans making far too many,
as well
as behaviously
inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter
the case with
phonetic ic analysis in
linguistics proper.
4.
emic:
a
term
in
contrast
with
etic
which
originates
from
American
linguist
Pike’s distinction of phonetics and
emic set of speech acts and events
must
be one that is validated as meaningful via final
resource to the native members
of
a
speech
communith
rather
than
via
qppeal
to
the
investigator’s
ingenuith
or
intuition alone.
5.
synchronic: a kind of description which takes a
fixed instant(usually,but not
necessarily,the present),as its point
of grammars are of this kind.
6.
diachronic:study of a
language is carried through the course of its
history.
7.
prescriptive:
the
study
of
a
language
is
carried
through
the
course
of
its
history.
8.
prescriptive:
a
kind
of
linguistic
study
in
which
things
are
prescribed
how
ought to be, down rules
for language use.
9.
descriptive: a kind of linguistic
study in which things are just described.
10.
arbitrariness: one design feature of human
language,which refers to the face
that
the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural
relationship to their meaning.
11.
duality: one design
feature of human language,which refers to the
property
of having two levels of are
composed of elements of the and each of
the two levels has its own principles
of organization.
12.
displacement:
one
design
feature
of
human
language,which
means
human
language
enable their users
to
symbolize objects,events
and
concepts
which are not
present c in
time and space,at the moment of communication.
13.
phatic
communion:
one
function
of
human
language,which
refers
to
the
social
interaction of language.
14.
metalanguage: certain
kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the
analysis and
description of particular
studies.
15.
macrolinguistics:
he
interacting
study
between
language
and
language-related
disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law
and
artificial
intelligence
es
of
macrolinguistics
include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,
anthropological linguistics,et
16.
competence:
language
user’s
underlying
knowledge
about
the
system
of
rules.
17.
performance: the actual use of
language in concrete situation.
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18.
langue: the linguistic
competence of the speaker.
19.
parole: the actual
phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
20
.
Articulatory
phonetics: the study of production of
speechsounds.
21
.
Coarticulation:
a
kind
of
phonetic
process
in
which
simultaneous
or
overlapping
articulations
are
involved..Coarticulation
can
be
further
divided
into
anticipatory coarticulation and
perseverative coarticulation.
22
.
Voicing: pronouncing a sound
(usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by
vibrating the vocal cords.
23
.
Broad
and
narrow
transcription:
the
use
of
a
simple
set
of
symbols
in
transcription
is
called
broad
transcription;the
use
of
a
simple
set
of
symbols
in
transcription
is
called
broad
transcription;while,the
use
of
more
specific
symbols
to
show
more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow
transcription.
24
.
Consonant: are sound segments
produced by constricting or obstructing the
vocal tract at some place to
divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of
air in the
oral cavity.
25
.
Phoneme: the abstract element of
sound, identified as being distinctive in a
particular language.
26
.
Allophone:any of the different forms
of a phoneme(eg.
of
/t/in
/t/occurs
in
words
like
step,it
is
1.关于爱心和尊严的作文八百字 我们不必怀疑富翁的捐助,毕竟普施爱心,善莫大焉,它是一 种美;我们也不必指责苛求受捐者的冷漠的拒绝,因为人总是有尊 严的,这也是一种美。 1.关于爱心和尊严的作文八百字 我们不必怀疑富翁的捐助,毕竟普施爱心,善莫大焉,它是一 种美;我们也不必指责苛求受捐者的冷漠的拒绝,因为人总是有尊 严的,这也是一种美。 1.作文关爱与尊重议论文 如果说没有爱就没有教育的话,那么离开了尊重同样也谈不上教育。 因为每一位孩子都渴望得到他人的尊重,尤其是教师的尊重。可是在现实生活中,不时会有 1.有关爱心,坚持,责任的作文题库各三个 一则150字左右 (要事例) “胜不骄,败不馁”这句话我常听外婆说起。 这句名言的意思是说胜利了抄不骄傲,失败了不气馁。我真正体会到它 1.有关爱心,坚持,责任的作文题库各三个 一则150字左右 (要事例) “胜不骄,败不馁”这句话我常听外婆说起。 这句名言的意思是说胜利了抄不骄傲,失败了不气馁。我真正体会到它
unaspiratedand
27
.
Vowl:are
sound
segments
produced
without
such
obstruction,so
no
turbulence of a total stopping of the
air can be perceived.
28
.
Manner
of
articulation;
in
the
production
of
consonants,manner
of
articulation refers to the actual
relationship between the articulators and thus the
way
in which the air passes through
certain parts of the vocal tract.
29
.
Place of articulation: in the
production of consonants,place of articulation
refers to where in the vocal tract
there is approximation,narrowing,or the
obstruction
of air.
30
.
Distinctive
features:
a
term
of
phonology,i.e.a
property
which
distinguishes one
phoneme from another.
胡壮麟语言学术语解释
2
31
.
Complementary distribution: the
relation between tow speech sounds that
never occur in the same ones of the
same phoneme are usually in
complementary distribution.
32
.
IPA: the abbreviation of
International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised
by the International Phonetic
Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number
of
is a comprised system employing
symbols of all sources,such as Roman
small letters,italics
uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek
letters,diacritics,etc.
33
.
Suprasegmental:suprasegmental
featuresare
those
aspects
of
speech
that
involve
more
than
single
sound
principal
supra-
segmental
features
aresyllable,stress,tone,,and
intonation.
34
.
Suprasegmental:aspects
of
speech
that
involve
more
than
single
sound
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principle
suprasegmental features are
syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35.
morpheme:the
smallest
unit
of
language
in
terms
of
relationship
between
expression and content,a unit that
cannot be divided into further small units without
destroying or drastically altering the
meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36.
compound
oly
morphemic
words
which
consist
wholly
of
free
morphemes,such as
classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.
inflection:
the
manifestation
of
grammatical
relationship
through
the
addition
of
inflectional
affixes,such
as
number,person,finiteness,aspect
and
case,which
do
not
change
the
grammatical
class
of
the
stems
to
which
they
are
attached.
38.
affix:
the
collective
term
for
the
type
of
formative
that
can
be
used
only
when added to another
morpheme(the root or stem).
39.
derivation: different
from compounds,derivation shows the relation
between
roots and affixes.
40.
root:
the base from of a word that cannot further be
analyzed without total
lass of
identity.
41.
allomorph:; any of the different
form of a example,in English
the
plural
mortheme
is
but
it
is
pronounced
differently
in
different
environments
as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/
in /s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the
plural morpheme.
42.
Stem: any morpheme or
combination of morphemes to which an inflectional
affix can be added.
43.
bound morpheme: an
element of meaning which is structurally dependent
on
the world it is added to,e.g. the
plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
44.
free
morpheme:
an
element
of
meaning
which
takes
the
form
of
an
independent
word.
45.
lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the
form of a word(e.g.
”dog in
the manger”)
46.
lexicon:
a
list
of
all
the
words
in
a
language
assigned
to
various
lexical
categories and provided with semantic
interpretation.
47.
grammatical
word:
word
expressing
grammatical
meanings,such
conjunction,prepositions,articles and
pronouns.
48.
lexical
word:
word
having
lexical
meanings,that
is
,those
which
refer
to
substance,action and quality,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49.
open-class:
a
word
whose
membership
is
in
principle
infinite
or
unlimited,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50.
blending: a relatively complex form of
compounding,in which two words are
blended by joining the initial
part of the first
word and
the final
part of the second
word,or by joining the initial parts of
the two words.
51.
loanvoord:
a
process
in
which
both
form
and
meaning
are
borrowed
with
only a slight adaptation,in some
cases,to eh phonological system of the new
language
that they enter.
52.
loanblend: a process in which part of the form is
native and part is borrowed, 妹妹-抚摸
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