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妹妹语言学名词解释总结

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2021-01-28 16:56
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妹妹-抚摸

2021年1月28日发(作者:摒弃前嫌)


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Define the following terms:


1.



design


feature:are


features


that


define


our


human


languages,such


as


arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cul tural transmission,etc.


2.



function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,ge functions


inclucle


imformative


function,interpersonal


function,performative


function,interpersonal


function,performative


function,emotive


function,phatic


communion,recreational function and metalingual function.


3.



etic:


a


term


in


contrast


with


emic


which


originates


from


American


linguist


Pike’s distinction of phonetics and etic mans making far too many,


as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with


phonetic ic analysis in linguistics proper.


4.



emic:


a


term


in


contrast


with


etic


which


originates


from


American


linguist


Pike’s distinction of phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events


must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members


of


a


speech


communith


rather


than


via


qppeal


to


the


investigator’s


ingenuith


or


intuition alone.


5.



synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not


necessarily,the present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.


6.



diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.


7.



prescriptive:


the


study


of


a


language


is


carried


through


the


course


of


its


history.


8.



prescriptive:


a


kind


of


linguistic


study


in


which


things


are


prescribed


how


ought to be, down rules for language use.


9.



descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.


10.



arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face


that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.


11.



duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property


of having two levels of are composed of elements of the and each of


the two levels has its own principles of organization.


12.



displacement:


one


design


feature


of


human


language,which


means


human


language


enable their users to


symbolize objects,events


and


concepts


which are not


present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.


13.



phatic


communion:


one


function


of


human


language,which


refers


to


the


social interaction of language.


14.



metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and


description of particular studies.


15.



macrolinguistics:


he


interacting


study


between


language


and


language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law


and


artificial


intelligence


es


of


macrolinguistics


include


psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,























anthropological linguistics,et


16.




competence:


language


user’s


underlying


knowledge


about


the


system


of


rules.


17.



performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.


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18.



langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.


19.



parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).



20





Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.


21





Coarticulation:


a


kind


of


phonetic


process


in


which


simultaneous


or


overlapping


articulations


are


involved..Coarticulation


can


be


further


divided


into


anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.


22





Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by


vibrating the vocal cords.


23





Broad


and


narrow


transcription:


the


use


of


a


simple


set


of


symbols


in


transcription


is


called


broad


transcription;the


use


of


a


simple


set


of


symbols


in


transcription


is


called


broad


transcription;while,the


use


of


more


specific


symbols


to


show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.


24





Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the


vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the


oral cavity.


25





Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a


particular language.


26





Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone


of


/t/in



/t/occurs


in


words


like


step,it


is


unaspirated.Bothand


are allophones of the phoneme/t/.


27





Vowl:are


sound


segments


produced


without


such


obstruction,so


no


turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.


28





Manner


of


articulation;


in


the


production


of


consonants,manner


of


articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way


in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.


29





Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation


refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction


of air.


30





Distinctive


features:


a


term


of


phonology,i.e.a


property


which


distinguishes one phoneme from another.



胡壮麟语言学术语解释


2


31





Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that


never occur in the same ones of the same phoneme are usually in


complementary distribution.


32





IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised


by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of


is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman


small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.


33





Suprasegmental:suprasegmental


featuresare


those


aspects


of


speech


that


involve


more


than


single


sound



principal


supra- segmental


features


aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.


34





Suprasegmental:aspects


of


speech


that


involve


more


than


single


sound


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principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.



35.



morpheme:the


smallest


unit


of


language


in


terms


of


relationship


between


expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without


destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.


36.



compound


oly


morphemic


words


which


consist


wholly


of


free


morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.


37.



inflection:


the


manifestation


of


grammatical


relationship


through


the


addition


of


inflectional


affixes,such


as


number,person,finiteness,aspect


and


case,which


do


not


change


the


grammatical


class


of


the


stems


to


which


they


are


attached.


38.



affix:


the


collective


term


for


the


type


of


formative


that


can


be


used


only


when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).


39.



derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between


roots and affixes.


40.



root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total


lass of identity.


41.



allomorph:; any of the different form of a example,in English


the


plural


mortheme


is


but


it


is


pronounced


differently


in


different


environments


as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in /s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the


plural morpheme.


42.



Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional


affix can be added.


43.



bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on


the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.



44.



free


morpheme:


an


element


of


meaning


which


takes


the


form


of


an


independent word.


45.



lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.


”dog in


the manger”)



46.



lexicon:


a


list


of


all


the


words


in


a


language


assigned


to


various


lexical


categories and provided with semantic interpretation.


47.



grammatical


word:


word


expressing


grammatical


meanings,such


conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.


48.



lexical


word:


word


having


lexical


meanings,that


is


,those


which


refer


to


substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.


49.



open-class:


a


word


whose


membership


is


in


principle


infinite


or


unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.


50.



blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are


blended by joining the initial


part of the first


word and the final


part of the second


word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.


51.



loanvoord:


a


process


in


which


both


form


and


meaning


are


borrowed


with


only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language


that they enter.


52.



loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed,

妹妹-抚摸


妹妹-抚摸


妹妹-抚摸


妹妹-抚摸


妹妹-抚摸


妹妹-抚摸


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