breadth10年英语二真题及答案

2010

全国硕士研究生考试英语二真题及答案

2010

年

01

月

13

日

16:29

来源：跨考教育

Txet3

over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors

—

habits

—

among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,

apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of

daily cues.

“

There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only

because we can

’

t figure out how to change people

’

s habits,

”

Dr. Curtis said.

“

We wanted to learn from

private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.

”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to

—

Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever

—

had

invested

hundreds

of

millions

of

dollars

finding

the

subtle

cues

in

consumers

’

lives

that

corporations

could

use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you

’

ll find that many of the products we use every day

—

chewing gums, skin

moisturizers,

disinfecting

wipes,

air

fresheners,

water

purifiers,

health

snacks,

antiperspirants,

colognes,

teeth

whiteners,

fabric

softeners,

vitamins

—

are

results

of

manufactured

habits.

A

century

ago,

few

people

regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health

campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often

with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn

’

t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started

bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day

long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath

freshener

and

teeth

cleanser

for

use

after

a

meal.

Skin

moisturizers

are

advertised

as

part

of

morning

beauty

rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“

Our

products

succeed

when

they

become

part

of

daily

or

weekly

patterns,

”

said

Carol

Berning,

a

consumer

psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $$76 billion of Tide, Crest

and

other products

last

year.

“

Creating

positive

habits is

a huge

part

of improving our

consumers

’

lives,

and it

’

s essential to making new products commercially viable.

”

Through

experiments

and

observation,

social

scientists

like

Dr.

Berning

have

learned

that

there

is

power

in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit

has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams

or unhealthy foods.

ing to ,habits like hand washing with soap________.

[A] should be further cultivated

[B] should be changed gradually

[C] are deepiy rooted in history

[D] are basically private concerns

d water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____

[A] reveal their impact on people

’

habits

[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities

[C]indicate their effect on people

’

buying power

[D]manifest the significant role of good habits

of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people

’

s habits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

the text wekonw that some of consumer

’

s habits are developed due to _____

[A]perfected art of products

[B]automatic behavior creation

[C]commercial promotions

[D]scientific experiments

author

’

sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people

’

s habits is____

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

Text4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including

the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent

to

serve

on

juries;

that

jurors

should

be

selected

randomly

from

a

representative

cross

section

of

the

community;

that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national

origin;

that

defendants

are

entitled

to

trial

by

their

peers;

and

that

verdicts

should

represent

the

conscience

of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example

of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing

themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some

states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and

moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial

discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of

selecting so-called elite or blue- ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other

antidiscrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women

first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women

eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they

personlly

asked

to have

their names

included on

the

jury

list.

This

practice was

justified by

the

claim

that

women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new

era

of

democratic

reforms

for

the

law

abolished

special

educational

requirements

for

federal

jurors

and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark

1975

decision

Taylor v.

Louisiana,

the

Supreme

Court

extended

the

requirement that juries be

representative

of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in

jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and

female jurors.

the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______

[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries

[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers

[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service

[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public