existence-古韵
SHIPPING
GLOSSARY
AMS
Automated
Manifest
System.
An
application
that
expedites
the
clearance
of
cargo
for the subsequent
release of containers when imported to U.S.A.
through electronic
submission of cargo
manifests in lieu of bulk paper manifests.
Arrival Notice
An
advice
that
the
carrier
or
forwarder
sends
to
the
consignee
advising
of
goods
coming
forward
for
delivery.
Pertinent
information
such
as
bill
of
lading
number,
container number and total charges due
from consignee etc, are included and sent to
consignee prior to vessel arrival. This
is done gratuitously by the carrier or forwarder
to ensure smooth delivery but there is
no obligation by the carrier or the forwarder to
do
so.
The
responsibility
to
monitor
the
transit
and
present
himself
to
take
timely
delivery still rests with the
consignee.
Awkward Cargo
Cargo
of
irregular
size
that
can
either
be
containerized
(packed
in
container)
or
non-containerized
(without
equipment
associated
with)
during
transportation.
It
requires prior approval on a case-by-
case basis before confirmation of booking.
Axle Load
Maximum load permitted to be carried on
each axle of a motor vehicle.
Bill of Lading (B/L)
The
official
legal
document
representing
ownership
of
cargo.
It
is
a
negotiable
document
confirming
the
receipt
of
cargoes,
and
the
contract
for
the
carriage
of
cargoes between the shipper and the
carrier.
Block
Train
Railcars grouped in a train by
destination so that segments (blocks) can be
uncoupled
and routed to different
destinations as the train moves through various
junctions. This
eliminates the need to
break up a train and sort individual railcars at
each junction.
Bona fide
In good faith.
Booking Number
A reference number for bookings
registered with a carrier. It should be unique
without
duplication for a three-year
period.
Bow
The front of a vessel.
Box
Common term
for an ocean-going freight container.
Break-bulk Cargo
Goods shipped loose in the vessel hold
and not in a container.
Broken Stowage
The spare
volume of a container or the cargo hold of a
vessel where no cargoes are
stowed.
It is a reflection of the
bad stowage of the container or the vessel.
Bulk Carriers
A
vessel
carrying
dry,
liquid,
grain,
not
packaged,
bundled
or
bottled
cargo,
and
is
loaded
without marks and number or count.
Bull Rings
Cargo-securing devices
mounted in
the floor of
containers which allow lashing
and
securing of cargoes.
Bunker
Surcharge (BAF, BSC)
Bunker
Adjustment
Factor
(BAF),
or
Bunker
Surcharge
(BSC)
are
surcharges
assessed by the carrier to freight
rates to reflect current cost of bunker.
Bunkers
Heavy oil used as fuel for ocean
vessels.
C & F
Cost
and
Freight.
It
is
a
term
of
trading
in
which
the
buyer
of
the
goods
pays
an
amount
which
covers
the
cost
of
the
goods
plus
the
cost
of
transporting
the
goods
from
origin to the port of discharge or final
destination.
C.B.M. (C.M.)
Cubic metre.
C.C.A.
Connecting
Carrier
Agreement.
An
Agreement
of
freight
rates
for
connections
between feeder ports and the ports of
call of vessels.
C.I.F.
Cost, Insurance and Freight.
A term of trading in which
the buyer of the goods pay
for the cost
of the goods, the cost of transporting the goods
from origin to the port of
discharge
or
final
destination
and
the
insurance
premium
for
a
maritime
insurance
policy for the value of the order.
C.K.D.
Abbreviation
for
“
Cars
Knocked
Down
“.
Automobile
parts
and
subassemblies
manufactured abroad and transported to
a designated assembly plant.
C.O.D.
Collect (cash) on
Delivery; Carried on Docket (pricing); Change of
Destination.
Cargo Manifest
A manifest
that lists only cargoes, without freight and
charges.
Carrier
Any individual,
company or corporation engaged in transporting
cargoes.
Carriers Owned
Containers (COC)
The containers used
for the transportation of cargoes belonging to the
property of the
carriers.
Cells
The construction
system employed in container vessels which permits
containers to be
stowed in
a
vertical
line with
each
container supporting the one above it inside the
cargo hold.
Cellular Vessel
A vessel
designed with internal ribbing to permit the
support of stacked containers.
Certificate of Origin
Document
certifying
the
country
of
origin
of
goods
which
is
normally
issued
or
signed
by
a
the
relevant
Government
Department
of
the
exporting
country,
or
Chamber of Commerce or
Embassy.
CFS/CFS
A kind of cargo
movement by container. Delivered loose at origin
point with vanning
by carrier, devanned
by carrier at destination, and picked up loose at
destination.
Chassis
A wheeled flat-bed
constructed to accommodate containers moved over
the road. Also
termed as
“
Trailers
”
.
Closing
The published deadline for export
cargoes or containers to be accepted for a sailing
of
the
carrier.
CY
Closing
is
applicable
to
FCLs
and
CFS
Closing
is
applicable
to
LCLs.
Normally,
CFS Closing is around 24 hours ahead of CY
Closing, depending
of
the
complexities
of
export
customs
clearance
formalities
at
the
country.
See
“
Late-Come
“
.
Consolidated Cargo
Cargo
containing shipments of two or more shippers,
usually shipped by a firm called
a
consolidator. The consolidator takes advantage of
lower FCL rates, and savings are
passed
on to shippers.
Consolidation
The
combination of many small shipments into one
container.
Consolidator
A
person
or
firm
performing
a
consolidation
service
of
small
lots
of
cargoes
for
shippers.
Consortium
A group of
carriers pooling resources, normally container
vessels, in a trade lane to
maximize
their resources efficiently.
Container
A
receptacle designed to transport cargo of many
types in continuous transportation.
Container
Freight Station (CFS or C.F.S.)
Consolidation depots where parcels of
cargo are grouped and loaded into containers.
Alternatively,
inbound
cargoes
in
a
container
are
devanned
for
deliveries
to
consignees as LCLs.
Container Gross Weight
Refer
to “Gross Weight”.
Container Load Plan (CLP)
A
document prepared to show all details of cargoes
loaded in a container, e.g. weight
(individual
and
total),
measurement,
markings,
shippers,
consignees,
the
origin
and
destination of goods, and location of
cargo within the container.
A Container Load
Plan is
either prepared by the cargo consolidator or the
shipper which ships its cargoes
on FCL
terms.
Container Number
The unique identification of a
container.
Container Seal Number
A
number embossed on high-security seals for closing
up containers which will serve
identification purposes.
Container Size
The length of a container i.e. 20', 40'
and 45' (feet).
Containership
An ocean
vessel specifically designed to carry ocean cargo
containers. It is fitted with
vertical
cells for maximum capacity.
Container Terminal
A
facility
which
allows
container
vessels
to
berth
alongside
for
the
operations
of
loading and unloading of containers.
Shippers deliver their
export containers to the
Container
Terminal awaiting for loading onto container
vessels whilst consignees at
ports take
delivery of containers from the Container Terminal
after they are unloaded
from the
container vessels.
Container Type
Containers
are
classified
under
different
types,
e.g.,
dry
cargo,
reefer,
open
top,
flat-rack, open-side, etc.
Container Yard (CY or C.Y. )
A
facility
inside
or
outside
the
Container
Terminal
which
accepts
laden
export
containers from shippers or laden
import containers for delivery to consignees.
Controlled Atmosphere (CA)
An
atmosphere
in
which
oxygen,
carbon
dioxide
and
nitrogen
concentrations
are
regulated, as well as temperature and
humidity.
Cu.
Cubic. A unit of volume
meansurement.
Cubic Foot
1,728 cubic inches.
Currency Adjustment Factor
( CAF )
A
surcharge
percentage
applied
to
freight
rates
to
reflect
currency
fluctuations
between s and
other currencies.
Customs Bonded Warehouse
A
public
or
privately
owned
warehouse
where
dutiable
goods
are
stored
pending
payment of duty or
removal under bond. The storage or delivery of
goods are under
the supervision of
customs officers and if the warehouse is privately
owned the keeper
has to enter into a
bond as indemnity in respect of the goods
deposited, which may not
be delivered
without a release from the customs.
Customs House
A
Government office where import duties, etc., on
foreign shipments are handled.
Cut-off Time
Lastest
possible
time
the
cargo
or
container
may
be
delivered
to
the
vessel
or
designated point. See
“Closing”.
Cwt.
Hundredweight (100 pounds in U.S.A.;
112 pounds in the U.K.).
CY/CFS
Cargo loaded in a
full container by a shipper at origin, delivered
to a CFS facility at
destination, and
then devanned by the carrier for loose pick-up.
CY/CY
Cargo loaded by the shipper in a full
container at origin and delivered to the carrier's
terminal at destination for pick-up
intact by consignee.
D & H
Dangerous and
Hazardous. Also see
DDU
(Delivered Duty Unpaid)
In DDU, shipper
clears the goods for export and is responsible for
making them
available to the buyer at
the named place of destination, not cleared for
import.
DDP (Delivered Duty
Paid)
In DDP, shipper clears the goods
for export and is responsible for making them
available to the buyer at the named
place of destination, cleared for import, paid
duty
and tax
Dangerous Goods
The
term
used
by
I.M.C.O.
for
hazardous
materials
which
are
capable
of
posing
a
significant risk to health, safety or
property while being transported.
Dead Space
Space
in a car, truck, vessel, etc., that is not
utilized.
Deadweight (D.W.)
The number
of tons of cargoes, stores and bunker fuel a ship
can carry and transport.
Also see
Deadweight Tonnage (D/W)
The
number of total weight tons of cargoes, stores and
bunker fuel that a vessel can
carry and
transport. It is the difference between the number
of tons of water a vessel
displaces
and
the
number
of
tons
it
displaces
when
submerged
to
the
line.
Dedicated Unit Train
An unit
train operated by various railroads for exclusive
usage.
Delivery
Order
A document authorizing delivery
to a nominated party of cargoes in the care of a
third
party.
The
document
is
issued
by
a
carrier
or
a
forwarder
on
surrender
of
a
bill
of
lading
and then used by the merchant to transfer title by
endorsement.
Destination
The place where
the carrier or the forwarder actually turns over
the cargo or container
to
consignee or his agent. It may also be termed
“
Final
Destination
”
.
Destination Delivery Charge (DDC)
A charge assessed by the carrier for
the handling of a full container at destinations.
The term is more commonly
used in the U.S.A. trade.
Detention (Demurrage )
Charges
raised
by
the
carrier
or
the
forwarder
for
detaining
container/trailer
at
customer premises for a
period longer than that provided in the Tariff of
the carrier or
the forwarder.
Detention
Charge
See
Devanning
The
removal
of
cargo
from
a
container.
Also
known
as
unstuffing,
unloading
or
stripping.
Differential Rate
An amount added or deducted from base
rate to make a rate to or from
some
other
point or via another route.
Diversion
A change made in the route of a
shipment in transit.
Divert
The route of a
shipment changed
in
transit
from that shown on the original
billing.
Used
interchangeably with reconsign.
Dock
(a)
The
water
alongside
a
pier
or
wharf.
(b)
Loading
or
unloading
platform
at
an
industrial
location or carrier terminal.
Dock Receipt
A
document used to acknowledge receipt of cargo or
container at a CFS or a CY or a
Container
Terminal.
When
delivery
of
an
expert
shipment
is
completed,
the
dock
receipt
is
surrendered
to
the
vessel
operator
or
the
operator's
agent
in
exchange
for
the ocean or house bill of
lading.
Door-to-Door
Through
transportation
of
a
container
and
its
cargoes
from
consignor's
premises
to
consignee's premises.
Double-deck
Load
A second tier of cargo placed on
top of the first tier.
Double Stack Train (DST)
Rail or train capable of carrying two
40' containers, one on top of the other.
Dray
A truck or other equipment designed to
haul heavy loads.
Drayage
Charge made for
local hauling by dray or truck.
Dry Cargo
Cargo
that does not require temperature control.
Dry Dock
An enclosed basin into which a ship is
taken for underwater cleaning and repairing. It
is
fitted
with
watertight
entrance
gates
which
when
closed
permit
the
dock
to
be
pumped dry.
Dry-Bulk Container
A
container constructed to carry grain, powder and
other free-flowing solids in bulk.
Dunnage
Lumber or other material used to brace
materials in carrier's equipment or containers.
Dwell Time
It is expressed in terms of number of
days that a container changed from one status to
another, e.g., from inbound load to
empty available to outbound load. The shorter the
dwell time, the more efficient the
container utilization will be.
Empty Depot
A container yard used for the storage
of empty containers.
En
route
Along the route of movement.
ETA
Estimated time of arrival of carriers.
ETD
Estimated
time of departure of carriers.
Ex Works
An
INCOTERMS term of sale in which the buyer is
responsible for taking delivery of
the
goods at the premises of the factory
.
Also known as “F.C.A.”
Export
Shipment of goods to
another country.
Export Declaration
A
government
document
permitting
designated
goods
to
be
shipped
out
of
the
country.
F.A.K.
Freight
All Kind. A system whereby freight is charged per
container, irrespective of
the nature
of the cargoes, and not according to a Tariff.
F.A.S.
Free Alongside Ship.
An INCOTERMS term of sale in which the buyer is
responsible
for all charges of the
transportation of the cargoes after they arrive at
the side of the
ship.
It is not a commonly-used term of sale
in international trade today.
F.C.A.
Free Carrier.
See
“Ex
-
Works”
F.C.L.
Full
Container Load. It is an arrangement whereby the
shipper packs cargoes into a
container
provided by the carrier or the forwarder before
delivering to the
container
terminal.
F.I.O.
Free In and Out. It
is a term used in ship-chartering whereby the
owner of the ship is
not responsible
for any charges incurred in the ports of loading
or unloading.
F.O.B.
Free On Board.
It is an INCOTERMS term of sale where
the seller of the cargoes
are
responsible for all charges of the transportation
of the cargoes all the way up to
their
arrival on board the ship. It includes all charges
of carriers or forwarders levied
at the
port of loading.
FCL/FCL
See “CY/CY”.
FCL/LCL
See “CY/CFS”.
Feeder Vessel
A
vessel
employed
in
normally
short-sea
routes
to
fetch
or
carry
cargoes
and
containers to and from ocean-going
vessels from the principle port hubs in a region
to
the minor ports.
FEU
Forty-foot
Equivalent Unit (40' or 2 TEUs)
Final Destination
The place where
the carrier or the forwarder actually turns over
the container or cargo
to the consignee
of its agent.
It is the end
of liability of carriers or forwarders.
Flash Point
A
temperature that when certain inflammable cargo
reaches will trigger spontaneous
ignition. It is an IMCO standard
information requirement for dangerous goods.
FMC
Federal Maritime Commission. US
Government Agency responsible for the regulation
of all maritime activities.
Force Majeure
Force of nature. Accidents or incidents
caused by the force of nature which are
beyond the power of people to control.
Free Storage Period (FSP)
A carrier offers a period of time,
normally three to five days, at destinations
whereby
imported containers or cargoes
are allowed to be taken delivery by consignees
free of
any storage charge.
After the FSP, there will be an
overtime storage charge or
demurrage
levied by the carriers to the consignee.
When bulk shipments are
involved, the carriers are prepared to
negotiate a longer FSP with the consignees.
Freight
(a) The price paid to the carrier for
the transportation of goods or merchandise by sea
or air from one place to another. (b)
Freight is also used to denote goods which are in
the process of being transported from
one place to another.
Freight Collect
The freight
and charges agreed by the shipper and carrier is
payable at destination.
Freight Prepaid
Freight
and
charges
are
required
to
be
paid
by
a
shipper
before
an
original
bill
of
lading is released.
Fresh Air Exchange (FAE)
The
fresh
air
exchange
system
in
a
reefer
container
which
removes
harmful
gases
from reefers carrying
sensitive perishable commodities. The fresh air
vent is located
on the reefer machinery
at the end of the container. The fresh air vent is
adjustable to
accommodate a variety of
cargo and chilled load operating conditions. The
fresh air
vent should be tightly closed
when carrying frozen cargo.
Full Cellular
Ship
A
ship
fitted
for
container
carriage
in
all
available
space.
The
ship
is
fitted
with
vertical cells for container placement
both below and above deck. No provisions are
available for cargo other than
containers.
Fumigation
Treatment of cargoes with a pesticide-
active ingredient that is a gas under treatment
conditions. It is a process required by
many importing countries for the importation of
wood and related products.
G.R.I.
General Rate
Increase.
GATT
General
Agreement
on
Tariff
and
Trade.
An
international
multilateral
agreement
embodying a code
of practice for fair trading in international
commerce.
General Average
General
average
is
an
unwritten,
non-statutory,
international
maritime
law
which
is
universally
recognized
and
applied.
It
is
founded
on
the
principle
that
vessel
and
goods are parties to
the
same venture and share
exposure to
the same perils,
which
may require sacrifice or the incurring
of extraordinary expense on the part of one for
the benefit of the whole venture.
It is an arrangement which
will be applied when
the vessel is
encountering serious accidents caused by force
majeure.
Genset (Generator
Set)
A portable power generator, which
converts fuel into electrical power by mechanical
means, and from which a reefer draws
power. A clip-on generator set is mounted to
the
front
of
the
refrigeration
unit.
An
underslung
generator
set
is
mounted
to
the
chassis
upon which the reefer is mounted for handling and
transport. The underslung
generator set
can be either side-mounted or center-mounted on
the chassis.
Gooseneck
The front rails of
the chassis that raise above the plane of the
chassis and engage in
the tunnel of a
container.
Gross Tonnage
Applies to vessels, not to cargo.
Determined by dividing by 100 the contents, in
cubic
feet, of the vessel's closed-in
spaces. A vessel ton is 100 cubic feet.
Gross Weight
Entire weight of goods,
packaging and container, ready for shipment.
Hague Rules
1924
International
Convention
on
Carriage
of
Goods
by
Sea.
These
rules
govern
liability for loss or
damage to goods carried by sea under a bill of
lading.
Hague-
Visby Rules
1968 Revision
of Hague Rules.
Hamburg Rules
In
March
1978
an
international
conference
in
Hamburg
adopted
a
new
set
of
rules
(The
Hamburg
Rules),
which
radically
alter
the
liability
which
shipowners
have
to
bear for
loss or damage to goods in the courts of those
nations where the rules apply.
Harmonized Commodity
Description and Coding System
A
multi-purpose
international
goods-
classification
for
manufacturers.
Transporters,
exporters,
importers,
customs
officials,
statisticians,
and
others
in
classifying
goods
moving in
international
trade under a single commodity
code.
Developed under the
auspices
of
the
Customs
Cooperations
Council
(CCC),
an
international
customs
organization in Brussels, this code is
a hierarchically structured product nomenclature
containing
approximately
5,000
headings
and
subheadings
describing
the
articles
moving in
international trade. It is organized into 99
chapters arranged in 22 sections.
Sections
encompass
an
industry
[
(e.g.,
Section
XI,
Textiles
and
Textile
Articles);
chapters encompass the various
materials and products of the industry (e.g.:
Chapter
50, Silk; Chapter 55, Manmade
Staple Fibres; Chapter 57, Carpets).] The basic
code
contains four-digit headings and
six-digit subheadings. (The U.S. will add digits
for
tariff
and
statistical
purposes.
In
the
U.S.,
duty
rates
will
be
the
8-digit
level;
statistical suffixes
will be at the 10-digit level.
Hatch
The
opening in the deck of a vessel which gives access
to the cargo hold.
Haulier
The
participating carrier responsible for drayage of
containers.
Heavy Lift
Articles too heavy to be lifted by a
ship's tackle.
Heavy-Lift Charge
A charge made for lifting articles too
heavy to be lifted by a ship's tackle.
High Cube (HC or HQ)
Any container which exceeds 8 feet 6
inches (102 inches) in height, usually 9 feet 6
inches.
Hold
It is the part of the
ship below decks where the cargo is stored.
House Bill of Lading (HB/L)
Bill of lading issued by a
forwarder or an NVOCC operator.
House-to-House
(H/H)
See “CY/CY”.
House-to-Pier
(H/P)
See “CY/CFS”.
Hull
The
body
of
a
vessel
exclusive
of
masts,
yards,
sails,
rigging,
machinery
and
equipment.
Hull Underwriter
The person with whom the ship hull,
machinery apparel, and tackle is insured.
I.M.C.O.
International
Maritime
Consultative
Organization.
A
forum
in
which
most
major
maritime nations participate and
through which recommendations for the carriage of
dangerous goods, bulk commodities and
maritime regulations become internationally
acceptable.
I.P.I.
Inland
Points
Intermodal.
Inland
carriage
by
another
mode
of
transportation
after
discharge.
IMDG Code
International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code. The IMCO recommendations for the
carriage of dangerous goods by sea.
Import
Shipment of goods from a
foreign country.
Import Licence
A
document
required
and
issued
by
some
national
governments
authorizing
the
importation of goods
into their individual countries.
Import Permit
Usually
required
for
items
that
might
affect
the
public
health,
morals,
animal
life,
vegetation, etc.
Examples include foodstuffs, feedstuffs,
pharmaceuticals (human and
veterinary),
medical equipment, seeds, plants and various
written material (including
tapes,
cassettes, movies, TV tapes or TV movies). In some
countries an import permit
is the same
as an import licence.
In Transit
In passage from one place to another.
Inbound
Inward
bound.
Direction
of
vessel
or
cargo
going
to
port
of
discharge
or
final
destination.
Incoterms
Incoterms
are
a
set
of
uniform
rules
codifying
the
interpretation
of
trade
terms
defining
the
rights
and
obligation
of
both
buyer
and
seller
in
an
international
transaction,
thereby
enabling
an
otherwise
complex
basis
for
a
sale
contract
to
be
accomplished in three letters.
Incoterms are drafted by the International Chamber
of
Commerce.
Inland Clearance Depot
A CFS with Customs
Clearance Facilities.
Insulated Container
A
container
insulated
on
the
walls,
roof,
floor
and
doors,
to
reduce
the
effect
of
external temperatures on the cargo.
Insulated Tank
Container
The frame of a
container constructed to hold one or more
thermally insulated tanks for
liquids.
Interchange
Transfer of a container
from one party to another.
Intermodal
Movements of cargoes or containers
between motor, rail or water carriers.
Intermodal Transport
Moving
ocean
freight
containers
by
various
transportation
modes.
The
fact
that
the
containers
are
of
the
same
size
and
have
common
handling
characteristics
permits
them to be
transferred from truck to railroad to air carrier
to ocean carrier.
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
ISO is a
worldwide federation of national standards bodies
from some 130 countries,
one from each
country. It is a non-governmental organization
established in 1947 to
promote
the
development
of
standardization
facilitating
international
trade.
ISO's
work
results
in
international
agreements
which
are
published
as
International
Standards.
Keel
The main center-line
structural
member, running fore and aft
along the bottom
of a
ship,
sometimes referred to as the backbone.
Knot
A unit of speed. The term
a
vessel or current.
One nautical
mile is roughly equivalent
to
1.15 statute miles or
1.85 kilometers.
L.C.L.
Less than Container Load. Cargo in
quantity less than required for the application of
a
container load rate.
LCL/FCL
See “CFS/CY”.
LCL/LCL
See
“CFS/CFS”.
Lashing
Support for cargoes
inside a container or a cargo hold to ensure that
they are secured
and will not be
subject to rolling during the voyage from origin
to destination.
Late-Come
It is a term used in the liner industry
when extensions are being given to the shippers
against
the
official
CY
or
CFS
Closing
date
and
time
which
carriers
publish
to
the
trade.
Letter of Indemnity
Guarantee from the shipper
or consignee to indemnify carriers or forwarders
for costs