lights-上卿
英美文学选读
复习资料
Chapter One
The Renaissance
Period
文艺复兴时期
埃德蒙·斯宾塞
Edmund
Spenser 1552-1599
1
、生平
出生在伦敦
受过良好的教育：泰勒商人学校、剑桥的潘布洛克学校
后来，在伊丽莎白女王一世的宠臣莱特伯爵的帮助下，渐渐走上高的地位，获得好的财富
在猖狂的爱尔兰民族起义后，被迫离开他的基尔格尔摩城堡
<
/p>
因饥饿与贫困，死于威斯敏特的一个酒馆中，被葬于乔叟（其导师）的墓旁
2
、创作生涯
（
1
）抒情诗
（
2
）传奇史诗《仙后》的构思、情节
、内容、主题
3
、选读《仙后》
The
Faerie Queen
代表作
,
传奇史诗
The
masterpiece
①创作意图：
通过创作“历史诗”<
/p>
，描绘出一个完美的典型的绅士
To present through a
“
historical
poem
”
, the example of a
perfect gentleman,
塑造遵守道德规范的绅士或贵族
To fashion a gentleman for noble person
in virtuous and gentle discipline.
②主题：残酷战争与忠贞爱情
The theme is Fierce wares
and faithful loves(romantic)
③线索：亚瑟与仙后格劳安娜
Arthur and Gloriana, the Fairy Queen
④该诗
充满了惊险情节，以及奇异之物：龙、女巫、施了魔法的树、巨人、城堡、以及角斗的骑士。
It
?
s
full
of
adventures
and
marvels,
dragons,
witches,
enchanted
trees,
giants,
jousting
Knights
and
castles.
⑤也是一篇寓言诗：红十字骑士—
—神圣的美德，自我节制的美德，英国国教圣公会
It
?
s
also
an
allegory:
the
Red-Cross
Knight
represents
Holiness,
represents
Temperance,
and
symbolizing the Anglican Church.
⑥其第一段在很大程度上是该诗的纲领缩影
It
?
s
in a way an epitome of the whole poem.
4
、斯宾塞诗节的构成及特点
The
main qualities of his poetry
完美的韵律、罕见的美感、奇妙的
想象、崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性、一种献身的理想主义
Perfect melody,
rare sense of beauty, lofty moral purity and
seriousness, splendid imagination, dedicated
idealism.
克里斯朵夫·马洛
Christopher Marlowe
1
、生平与创作生涯
出生在坎特伯雷鞋商之家
1
英美文学选读
复习资料
先后靠奖学金在王室学校和剑桥大学读书
在剑桥大学期间，创作了《帖木儿》
1584
年后，深受文艺复兴思潮影响，体现在《浮士德博士的悲剧》
< br>
具备了放荡不羁的热情和初入知识王国的青年所拥有的自负
死于一次在酒店与别人发生口角而引发的械斗中
2
、著名悲剧
（
1
）
《铁木耳大帝》
讲述一个普通牧民铁木耳如何登上
国王宝座，
成为一个野心勃勃、
残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事。
It
?
s a play about
an ambitious and pitiless Tarta conqueror in the
14
th
century who rose from a
shepherd
to an overpowering king.
通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期人们渴望
获得无穷力量与权势的心情。
By
depicting
a
great
hero
with
high
ambitious
an
sheer
brutal
force
in
conquering
one
enemy
after
another,
Marlowe
voiced
the
supreme
desire
of
the
man
of
the
Renaissance
for
infinite
power
and
authority.
(2)
《浮士德博士的悲剧》
Dr.
Faustus
马洛最伟大的代表作
The greatest of
Marlowe
?
s plays
讲
述了魔法师浮士德因为渴求知识而将自己的灵魂出卖给魔鬼的悲剧，
It
?
s
a
play
of
a
magician
aspiring for
knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a
result of selling his soul to the Devil.
赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱，
It celebrates the human passion for
knowledge, power and happiness.
揭示了人们在当
时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求要付出的代价。
It
also reveals man
?
s
frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a
hostile moral order.
选段是剧本的第一幕，是有关与魔鬼签协议的情节。
The selection is taken from Art
I
which is about the signing
of the bond.
(3)
《马耳他的犹太人》
3
、马洛的田园诗的主题与意象
典型代表作《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》
The
Passionate Shepherd to His Love
英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗
It
?
s considered
to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English
literature
继承了田园诗的风格
It derives from the pastoral tradition
诗中牧人享受着乡村生活，酝酿着对爱人纯洁的感情
The shepherd enjoys an ideal country
life, cheering a pastoral and pure affection for
his love.
通过描写恋人在无世事尘嚣干挠的山野怀抱中，作者传达了一种不
可言传的真情
Strong emotion is
conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers
are not disturbed by worldly concern.
4
、思想艺术成就
great achievement
完善了无韵诗体，使之成为英国戏剧中的主要文体形式。
It perfects the blank verse and made it
for the principle medium of English drama.
英雄任务形象的塑造——具有强烈个性和叛逆精神的主人公
His creation of the Renaissance hero
for English drama: full of ambition, facing
bravely the challenge from
gods and
men.
2
英美文学选读
复习资料
威廉·莎士比亚
William Shakespeare
1564-1616
1
、生平
出生于商人家庭
1586
（
1587
？）为了生计，到伦敦
1591-1611
，
创作的黄金时代
In
the prime of his dramatic career
其一生创作了
38
个剧本，
154
< br>首十四行诗以及
2
首长诗。
2
、创作生涯
（
1
）第一阶段：学徒期
浪漫喜剧
Comedies
《错误的喜剧》
The
Comedy of Error
《驯悍记》
The Taming
of The Shrew
《维洛那二绅士》
The Two Gentlemen of
Verona
《爱的
徒劳》
Lover
?
s
Labor
?
s Lost
历史剧
History Plays
《亨利六世》
（上、中、下）
Henry VI
《泰托尔·安东尼》
Titus Andronicus
《理查三世》
Richard III
（
2
）第二阶段：其风格与手法都高度人文主义化了
His style and approach became highly
individualized
通过勾画不同角色之间及现实与表演之间复杂的模式，
By
constructing
a
complex
pattern
between
different
characters
and
between
appearance
and reality
微妙地触及了各种各样的人性的弱点
He made subtle
comments on a variety of human foibles
历史剧
History Plays
其历史剧的主题大都是：在一个强
大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的
His
history
plays
are
mainly
written
under
the
principle
that
national
unity
under
a
mighty
and
just
sovereign is necessary.
《理查二世
》
、
《约翰王》
、
《亨利四世》
（上、下）
、
《亨利
五世》
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》
、
《威尼斯商人》
、
《无事
生非》
、
《皆大欢喜》
、
《第十二夜》
、
《翁莎的风流娘儿
< br>们》
悲剧
Tragedies
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
、
《泰利斯·恺撒》
（
3
）第三阶段
悲剧
Tragedies
四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》
< br>、
《奥塞罗》
、
《李尔王》
、
《麦克白》
《
安东尼奥与克利奥佩拉》
、
《科里奥那斯》
、
《特洛伊勒斯与克利西达》
喜
剧《终成眷属》
、
《一报还一报》
<
/p>
（
4
）最后一个阶段
浪漫悲喜剧
Romantic Tragicomedies
《伯里克利》
、
《辛白林》
、
《冬天的故事》
、
《暴风雨》
最后的
2
部剧《亨利八世》
、
《两位贵族亲戚》
4
、部分作品赏析
< br>（
1
）
《威尼斯商人》
The merchant of Venice
表现了莎翁追求此生此世的幸福的人文主义新思想
3
英美文学选读
复习资料
His youthful
Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in
contrast to the medieval emphasis on future
life in the next world.
（
2
）
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
Romeo and Juliet
颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求
He
eulogizes the faithfulness of live and the spirit
of pursuing happiness.
字里行间充满了乐观的精神
Permeated with optimistic spirits
体现了理智的现实主义精神（个人与社会邪恶力量之间的尖锐
冲突）
It embodies the sharp
conflicts between the individual and the evil
force in the society, which shows that
Shakespeare is a great realist in the
true sense.
（
3
）
《哈姆雷特》
Hamlet
剧中充满了险恶环生的情节与对生与死的极富哲理的剖析
It
?
s fulfilled
with the qualities of a blood-and-thunder thriller
and a philosophical exploring of life and
death.
剧作的魅力所在：融
合了阴谋、情感冲突、及对哲理与忧郁的探求
The
timeless
appeal
of
this
mighty
drama
lies
in
its
combination
of
intrigue,
emotional
conflict
and
searching philosophic
melancholy.
哈姆雷特独特的角色，大段的独白是他当然的抒情方式，也是
他释放痛苦与感情必需的方式（揭
示了角色内心的思想斗争。
）
For such a figure,
soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release
of his anguish.
(Shakespeare
states
that
literary
works
which
have
truly
reflected
nature
and
reality
can
reach
immorality.)
剧中为我们揭露了一个腐败的宫廷，通过揭示无尽的权欲，篡位的恶行，暗藏的阴险动机，及掩
盖罪恶欲望的面纱
----
表面上的谦恭客套，严厉
地谴责了皇宫内的虚伪、背信弃义及腐败成风。
By
revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for
place, the hidden motives, the courteous,
superficialities
that the veil lust and
guilt, Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and
treachery
and general
corruption at
the royal court.
（
4
）
《暴风雨》
创作后期的代表，所塑照的角色极
富寓言性，典型地反映了他晚年对人生、对社会持的悲观态度。
His final romance the characters are
rather allegorical and the subject full of
suggestion.
It
?
s
a typical example of his pessimistic view towards
human life and society in his late years.
(5)
《李尔王》
King Lear
不仅深
刻剖析了罪恶比比皆是的社会危机，也批评了新兴资产阶级的利己主义。
Shakespeare
has
not
only
made
a
profound
analysis
of
the
social
crisis
in
which
the
evils
can
be
seen
everywhere, but also criticized the
bourgeois egoism.
5
、戏剧的表现手法
讽刺
----
乔装改扮是创造讽刺意味的重要方法
莎翁的无韵诗
----
雄浑壮美
Irony is a good means of dramatic
presentation
Disguise is also an important device to
create dramatic irony, usually with woman
beautiful and mighty.
6
、对莎士比亚的整体评价
古往今来，没有一个作家能与他媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化的影响也上无法估量的。在他之
后
几乎所有英国文学家都在艺术观点文学形式及语言技巧方面都受到他的影响。
4
英美文学选读
复习资料
He
is
above
all
writers
in
the
past
and
in
the
present
time.
His
influence
on
later
writers
is
immeasurable.
Almost all
English writers after him have been influenced by
him either in artistic point of view, in literary
form or in language.
弗兰西斯·培根
Francis
Bacon 1561-1626
1
、生平
其
父是伊丽莎白女王一世的内务总管，自小享受门第的高贵和良好的教育
事业巅峰期：詹姆士国王期间，他作为内务总管，后又当上英国法官
最后五年，因被指控涉嫌受贿而被迫退出政界
2
、创作生涯
其作品分为三类：
第一类：
《学术的进展》
《新工具》
哲学类文章
The
advancement of Learning
New Organum
his philosophical works
第二类：文学作品
literary works
代表性的：
《散文集》
Essays
另有
《新旧格言集》
Appophthagmes New and
Old
1625
、
《亨利七世的统治》
The History of the
Reign of Herry
VII
1622
第三类：代表作品《法律原理》
Maxims of Law
《法令使用读本》
The learned Reading
upon the State of Use
3
、写作特点
一个实际而谨慎的人
Bacon
is a practical and prudential man
为贵族青年
们写作，教他们如何办事有效率并成功地进行社会生活
Writes for the ambitious Elizabethan
and Jacobean youth of his class and tells them how
to be efficient and
lame their way in
public life.
更重视自然界的公理与原则，认为人类的行为与思想都应该
受它而不是人类的天性或人为制定的道德
规范的约束。
He cares more about axioms under the
guidance of which man thinks and acts than human
nature or morality.
散文以简洁、紧凑、有力度而著名。
His essays are famous for their
brevity, compactness and powerfulness.
4
、部分作品赏析
(1)
《学术的进展》
The
Advancement of Learning
一部有关教育的伟大作品
It
?
s a great
tract on education
第一卷：盛赞知识的重要性
Highly praises knowledge
将神学与科学观察与实验区分开来
，在科学领域方面是一大进步。
He
separates
theology
from
scientific
observations
and
experiments,
thus
making
a
great
step
forward in science.
第二卷：对学习的概述，阐明了在学术上学习的重要性。
A
survey of learning, explaining its importance in
scholarship
(2)
《新工具》
New
Organum
是对培根智慧与知识的最好展示。
It?
s the most impressive
display of Bacon
?
s
intellect.
5
英美文学选读
复习资料
主要讲述在科学研究中应该使用归纳的推理方法。
The argument is for the
use of inductive method of researching in
scientific study.
展示了对自然真
理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。
He
shows
the
new
empirical
attitudes
toward
truth
about
nature
and
bravely
challenges
the
medieval
scholastics.
(3)
《论学习》
Of Studies
分析了学习的主要目的，不同人采用能
够不同的方法，以及学习是如何对人的性情品格产生潜移默化
的影响。
< br>
It analyzes what studies chiefly
serve for, the different ways adopted by different
people to pursue studies, and
how
studies exert influence over human character.
语言有气度并颇具说服力，结构简洁而紧凑，向读者揭示了对学习的自然客观态度。
Forceful and persuasive, compact
and precise, reveal to us his mature attitude
towards learning.
约翰·邓恩
John Donne 1572-1631
1
、生平
出生于富商家庭，早期教育方式：家庭教育
就读于牛津大学、剑桥大学
1591
年，伦敦法学院学习法律、语言、文学、神学
1615
年，由罗马天主教皈依英国国教
1617
年，写大量宗教训诫与宗教诗歌
2
、文学创作
(1)
诗歌：①早期的爱情诗《歌与短歌》
Early
love lyrics: The songs and sonnets
爱情是诗集的主题
Love is the
basic theme
对爱情的理想与讽刺挖苦
Coexists
idealism and cynicism about love
其对爱情的理解是对中世纪精神之爱理论的叛逆
Contrary to the medieval love ideal
which merely put stress on spiritual love
塑造女性形象的方式：
细腻地刻画了恋爱中的感觉与状态，而不去描写女性外在的美艳
On
eulogizing
a
woman,
he
tells
us
very
little
about
her
physical
beauty,
his
interests
lies
in
dramatizing and illustrating the state
of being in love.
②晚期的宗教诗《圣歌集》
Religious poems:
Holy Sonnets
《圣父赞美诗》
A Hymn to God the
Father
表达其对上帝的笃信与忠诚
Shows he is an
assured faith in God
（其他诗歌中则体现出他的疑虑与内心的斗争）
There is always an element of conflict
or doubt on other poets
（
2
）散文著作，主要是布道文
prose
works
文采华美，富有想象力，具有同他的诗歌一样的生命力与学术
深度
Rich and imaginative,
exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor and
scholastic complexity as his
poetry.
布道文巧妙地表达了他个人对宗教经理的追求，而不只局限于上天注定的必然之事
They carefully contrived
with a dramatic, irregular immediacy to express a
concern with personal
6
英美文学选读
复习资料
quest for
religious experience rather than settled
certainties.
其成熟的宗教作品的特点之一：沉迷于对死亡的描述
It is the obsession with death that
characterize his mature religious works
3
、诗歌的笔法特点
戏剧性对比的暗喻
In his
poetry, he frequently applies conceits, i.e.
extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts
其诗歌充满智慧与学识的灵光，但深奥难懂。
Fulfilled
with
learning and wit, which provide certain
intellectual difficulties.
其诗歌具有强烈的现实主义
气息，反映的不是诗意的画面而是现实的世界。
The
most striking feature of his poetry is precisely
its tang of reality, in the sense that, it seems
to reflect life in
real rather than a
poetical world.
4
、玄学诗派与邓恩
metaphysical poets
此类诗人的特点：具
有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。
With
a
rebellious
spirit,
they
tried
to
break
away
from
the
conventional
fashion
of
the
Elizabethan love poetry.
采用简洁的措辞方法
Simple diction
反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。
Echo the words and cadence of common
speech.
诗歌的形式通常都是：以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的
方法存在的。
The
form
is
frequently
that
of
an
argument
with
the
poet
?
s
beloved,
with
God,
or
with
himself.
玄学派诗人另有：赫伯特、沃恩、克拉肖、马韦尔、考利
Herbert, Vaughan, Crashow , Marvell,
Cowley
约翰·弥尔顿
John Milton 1608~1674
1
、生平
生于伦敦，其父是一位学者型商人
就读于圣保罗学校和剑桥大学
163
2
年起，
6
年时间（在其父亲的乡村宅
邸中）潜心研究语言、文学、科学、神学和音乐
1638
年起，周游欧洲大陆（以完成他的文学事业所做的准备工作）
1649
年，为新政府（资阶’
）写文章捍
卫共和国
查理二世复辟后，遭迫害
晚年双目失明，完成力作《失乐园》
、
《复乐园》
、
《历士参孙》
2
、文学创作
(1)
早期诗歌
the early poetic works
《利西达斯》
1637
Lycidas
献给剑桥大学同学爱德华·金的一组挽歌集
It is composed for a
collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King, a
fellow undergraduate of his at
Cambridge.
从对死
亡的伤感，通过悔恨，发展到激烈的疑问、怒火、直至接受现实
7
英美文学选读
复习资料
The
poem moves from a sad apprehension of death,
through regret, to passionate questioning, rage,
sorrow and acceptance.
(2)
中期散文
the middle prose pamphlets
《论出版自由》
Areopagitica
主张言论自由，反对当权的长老派的跋扈
It
?
s a great plea
for freedom of the press
风格流畅平缓
Smooth and calm
(3)
后期史诗
the last great poems
《失乐园》
1667
Paradise Lost
主题：人类的沉沦
The
theme is the Fall of Man
贯穿了基督教人文主义的传统，意
欲揭露撒旦的行为，并为上帝对人类的惩罚辩护。
It
is intending to expose the expose the ways of
Satan and to
“
justify the
ways of God to men
”
.
在人类爱情与精神道德义务间的矛盾中，展示了对自由与抉择的关心：屈从于上帝禁吃智慧<
/p>
果的命令以及对因爱情而叛逆的选择。
At
the center of the conflict between love and
spiritual duty lies Milton
?
s
fundermental concern with
freedom and
choice, the freedom to submit to
“
God
?
s
prohibition on eating the apple and the choice
of disobedience made for love.
其诗作是想让读者明白《圣经》中不变的真理，即掌握天机的上帝是公正的。
His poem attempts to
convince us that the unquestionable truth of
Bible.
意志上的自由是其诗作的主旨。
The freedom of the will is the keystone
of his creed.
3
、选段《失乐园》欣赏
暗示英国资产阶级革命也由于道德堕落、骄奢淫逸而惨遭失败。
Chapter Two
The Neoclassical Period
新古典主义时期
约翰·班扬
John Bunyan
1638-1688
1
、生平
出生贫寒，自小继承父业
1647
年结婚后，开始宗教生活
1675
年，在狱中完成《天路历程》
2
、作品风格
语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实
3
、主要作品
《罪人头目的赦免》
1666
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
《拜得门先生生死录》
1680
The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
《圣战》
1682
The Holy
War
《天路历程》第二部
1684
The
Pilgrim?s
Process Part II
8
英美文学选读
复习资料
4
、选读《天路历程》
作品的主旨：让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自己的弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。
It?s the
most
successful religious allegory in the English
language,
Its purpose is to
urge people to abide Christian doctroies and seek
salvation through constant struggles with
their own weakness and all kinds of
socials evils.
“名利场”的象征意义：象征一个金钱万能的腐朽社会。
It sells all kinds of merchandise such
as houses, lands, honors, titles, lusts and
pleasures.
It symbolized the society
where everything becomes goods, and, can be bought
by money.s
亚历山大·蒲柏
Alexander
Pope 1688-1744
1
、生平及创作生涯
生于一个富有的伦敦商人家庭，全家信仰罗马天主教
一生体弱多病
与同行保持广泛的联系，创立文学俱乐部，培养了“讽刺”笔调
2
、时代观与文学观
启蒙时期的代表人物
The
representative of the Enlightenment
强调秩序与理性，并将其深入到他的作品中
For
him,
the
supreme
value
was
order-cosmic
order,
political
order,
social
order,
aesthetic
order,
and
this
emphasis
on order found expression in all of his works.
3
、语言风格
讽刺、简练、通顺、优雅、平衡的风格，且用过英雄偶句诗体完美化
His worked painstaking on his poems,
development a satiric concise, smooth, graceful
and well-balanced style
and finally
brought its last perfection the heroic couplet in
his works.
4
、主要作品介绍
《群愚史诗》
The Dunciad
最优秀的讽刺作品
The best
satiric work
抨击了政府、社会道德、教育，甚至宗教领域的腐败及庸俗
之风。
Dullness as reflected in
the corruptness of government, social morals,
education and even religion, is expertly
exposed and satirized.
5
、选读《论批评》第二部分
用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗
It?s
a
didactic poem written in heroic
couplet
全诗风格简朴无华
It?s a
written in a plain
style
作者建议文学批评家不应该过分注重外表的文采及矫揉造作的高傲态度，而
应发掘出平白朴素的文风
里蕴涵的真理。
Pope advises the critics not to stress
too much the artificial use of Conceit or the
external beauty of language
9
英美文学选读
复习资料
but to pay
more attention to True Wit which is best set in a
plain style.
丹尼尔·迪福
Daniel
Defoe
1660-1731
1
、生平
出生于伦敦一个卖肉商人家庭，没上过大学，但受过良好的教育
经历坎坷，但从不消沉
2
、社会观与创作特点
其四部小说《亨利顿船长》
1720
、
《英尔
·
弗郎德斯》
172
2
、
《杰克上校》
1722
、
《罗克萨那》
1724
，另
有《灾难之年的日记》
，文中都强调了物质环境与社会环境
对主人公思想行为的巨大影响。
The all-
powerful influence of material circumstances or
social environment upon the thoughts and actions
of
the hero or the heroine is
highlighted.
表达了他对穷苦不幸的百姓的关心。
They clearly manifest
Defoe
?
s deep concern for the
poor and the unfortunate in his society.
是最早研究下层人民问题的文学作品
They are the first literary works
devoted to the study of problems of the lower-
class people.
做为中阶一员，他为自己的阶级说话，其作品中表达了对
勤劳、坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落
不幸的穷苦人的同情。
As a member of the middle class,
Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class.
In most of his works, he
gave
his
praise
to
the
hard-working,
sturdy
midlle
class
and
showed
his
sympathy
for
the
downtrodden
unfortunate poor.
措辞简朴易懂，又口语化，大众英语。
His language is smooth, easy,
colloquial ad mostly vernacular.
There
is nothing artificial in his language
It
?
s common
English at its best.
3
、选读《鲁滨逊漂流记》第四章节选
作者的创作旨意：时代精神的写照
鲁滨逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士：
Robinson is here a real hero: a typical
eighteenth-century English middle class man.
极富劳作的能力、不竭的精力、还有勇气和持之以恒的毅力，这一切都在战胜困难，同自然环境作斗
争中表现得淋漓尽致。
He is
with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible
energy, courage, patience and persistence in
overcoming
obstacles in struggling
against the hostile natural environment.
鲁滨逊是帝国缔造者的原型，是殖民主义者的先锋
He is the very prototype of the empire
builder, the pioneer colonist.
迪福盛赞了人类的力量及清教徒的毅力。
Defoe glorifies human labor and the
Puritans fortitude.
乔纳森·斯威夫特
Jonathan Swift
1667-1745
1
、生平
生
于爱尔兰都柏林的一个英国家庭，家庭社交范围广，但没什么财富
1689-1699
年期间，为一远亲做私人秘书，发掘了自己写讽刺散文的天赋<
/p>
1699-1701
年期间，担任爱尔
兰牧师
化名为“德拉皮尔”
，出版书
信，号召爱尔兰人反对英国新发行的铜币，被敬为爱尔兰的民族英雄
10
英美文学选读
复习资料
2
、人文观
（因自身生活的困苦与坎坷，他憎恨权贵，同情贫民和被压迫者）
认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵
In
his opinion, human nature is seriously and
permanently flavored.
在他的作品中，提倡采取行动改良人性
与认为的机构，但也常常流露出绝望与愤怒
In
his
writings,
he
intends
to
reform
and
improve
human
nature
and
human
institutions.
There
is
often
an
under- or overtone of helplessness and
indignation.
讽刺散文的语言风格
斯威夫特是讽刺作品大师，其讽刺笔触极具力度
Swift is a master satirist. His satire
is usually masked by an outward gravity and an
apparent earnestness which
renders his
satire all the more powerful.
典型作品《一个温和的建议》
A
Modest Proposal
is a perfect model.
通过建议穷苦的爱尔兰父母将自己一岁大的孩子卖给英国贵族当食物，强烈地抗议了英国统治阶
级对
爱尔兰人惨无人道的剥削与压迫。
By suggesting that poor Irish parents
sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English
lords and ladies as food,
Swift
is
making
the
most
devastating
protest
against
the
inhuman
exploitation
and
oppression
of
the
Irish
people by the English
ruling Class.
擅长写简炼而朴素的散文
He is almost unsurpassed in the writing
of simple, direct prose.
没有复杂的句式是他永远的写作风格
Clear, simple concrete diction,
uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and
conciseness of language mark
all his
writings, essays, poems and works.
选读《格列佛游记》第一卷第三章节选
Gulliver
’
s
Travels
本书对当时的英国乃至欧洲在社会、政治、宗教、哲学、科学以及道德
等生活各方面作了最有效最辛
辣的批评与讽刺。
The book is one of the most effective
and devastating criticisms and satire of all
aspects in the then English
and
European life-socially, politically, religiously,
philosophically, scientifically and morally.
具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
Its social significance is great and
its exploration into human nature profound.
选段描述了利立浦特小人国的社会生活，
It gives account of some aspects of
Lilliputian life.
影射了英国政府中的荒唐行为与伎俩。
Obviously alludes to the similar
ridiculous practices or tricks of the English
government.
亨利·费尔丁
Henry Fielding
1707-1754
1
、生平
出生于一个旧贵族家庭
曾就读与伊顿公学
博览古典文学著作，培养了真正的鉴赏力与天才的理解力
11
英美文学选读
复习资料
因与父亲闹翻，早早地独立
2
、戏剧、小说的创作活动
费尔丁一生穷困，对穷苦人极为同情，对社会不公及政治腐败也在其作品中大力抨击。
他坚信文学的教育功能（不仅供娱乐，且更具有教育意义）
Fielding was poor himself all his life.
That is why he was very sympathetic toward the
poor and unfortunate,
and protested
strongly against social injustice political
corruption in his writings.
其小说的主旨是要真实地
展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”
，并将说教巧妙地引入作品，教
导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
The
object
of
his
novel
was
to
present
a
faithful
picture
of
life,
“
the
just
copies
of
human
manners
”
,
with
sound
teaching
woven
into
their
texture,
so
as
to
teach
men
to
know
themselves,
their
proper
spheres
and
appropriate manners.
《约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记》
1742
The History of the Adventures of Joseph
Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams
小说突出特点是出色的人物刻画、令人会心的幽默
The dominating qualities are its
excellent character-portrayal, hearty humor.
《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》
1743
The History of Jonathan Wild the Great
讽刺传记
以现实生活中的一个臭名昭
著的小偷作主线，表述了一个“伟大“的流氓与一名伟大的士兵或一位伟
大的政治家之间
极其细微的差别。
It takes the life
of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for
demonstrating the petty division between a great
rogue and a great politician.
3
、对英国小说的贡献：散文体史诗
Comic epic in prose
英国小说之父
Father of
the English novel
第一个在理论上与实践上创造了“散文体史诗”
He is the first to give the modern
novel its structure and style.
以第三人称口吻的叙述方式
The
third-person-narration was adopted by Fielding.
4
、语言特色
自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力
His language is easy, unlabored and
familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
作品的出色之处：生动的戏剧性的对话、悬念、巧合、出人意料
His works are also noted for lively,
dramatic dialogs and other theatrical devices such
as suspense, coincidence
and
unexpectedness.
5
、选读《汤姆·琼斯——一个弃儿的故事》第四卷第八章
Tom Jones
小说描写了二十多个地方，刻画了四十多
个人物，为读者提供了一幅英国
18
世纪乡村与城市的宏伟全<
/p>
景图。
12
英美文学选读
复习资料
The
panoramic(
全景的
)
view
it
provides
of
the
18
th
-century
England
country
and
city
life
with
scores
of
different places and a whole gallery of
about 40 characters is superb.
从某种意义上讲，汤姆代表着每个普通人。
Tom stands for a wayfaring Everyman in
a way.
汤姆身上的许多美德，曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄。
（人性的美德——诚实、善良、高尚、忠诚、勇敢
但也易冲动、鲁莽、野性难驯）
For a time, Tom became a national hero.
----honest,
kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave
But he is also impulsive,
wanting, prudence and full of animal spirits.
塞缪尔·约翰逊
Samuel Johnson
1709-1784
1
、生平
生于书商家庭，受过良好的正规教育，打下了扎实的拉丁文基础
1735
，进牛津大学学习
1737-1755
，生活艰辛
1762
后享受政府津贴，倍受文学精英的敬仰
2
、主要作品
诗歌《伦敦》
1738
，
《人类欲望
的虚幻》
1749
骑士浪漫诗《拉塞拉斯的历史》
、
《阿比西尼亚王子》
1759
一部悲剧《艾琳》
1749
几百篇散文
英文词典编纂《英文大词典》
1755
3
、新古典主义的文学观及语言风格
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家
The last great neoclassicist
enlightener in the later
18
th
-century
关注人类欲望的虚幻是他作品的主题
He was very much concerned with the
theme of the vanity of human wishes in almost all
of his major writings
bear this theme.
希望通过笔墨唤醒人们对虚幻欲望的认识，并医治人们的这种病态心理
< br>
He tried to awaken men to this
folly and hoped to cure them of it through his
writings.
其文风极具古典主义特色，语言极其笼统，但表达非常明确的思想
His style is typically
neoclassical, his language is characteristically
generally, and the thought is always clearly
expressed.
4
、选读《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》
To the Right Honorable to Earl of
Chesterfield
语言彬彬有礼，但却暗含了一种因怒气与抗议而产生的讽刺口吻
It
?
s written in a
refined and very polite language, with a bitter
undertone of defiance and anger.
看上去似乎很
平静的回忆，说理及质疑都极富讽刺地表达了作者对爵士沽名钓誉的反感及他坚决不与
虚
伪的爵士和解的态度。
The seemingly
peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning
express, to the best satiric effect, the
author
?
s
13
英美文学选读
复习资料
strong
indignation at the lord
?
s
fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be
reconciled to the hypocritical
lord.
本文清楚地表明了作者要求独立的信念，并开创了文学发展史上的一个新的时代
It expresses explicitly the
author
?
s assertion of his
independence, signifying the opening of a new era
in the
development of literature.
理查德·布莱斯林·谢立丹
Richard Brinsley
Sheridan 1751-1816
1
、生平
生于爱尔兰都柏林，其父是演员兼剧院老板
少年时代在哈罗立学受过良好的教育
21
岁时开始戏剧创作
2
、戏剧创作生涯与写作技巧
18
世纪英国惟一的一位重要的戏剧家
The only important English dramatist of
the 18
th
-century
其作品充满着灵气的对话及整洁幽雅的措辞
Witty dialogs and neat decent language
also make a characteristic of his plays
3
、其戏剧的主题：道德
Morality is the constant theme
4
、主要作品
《圣帕特里克日》
1775
讽刺剧
St.
Patrick
?
s Day, a two-act
farce
《杜安纳》
1775
戏剧
歌剧
The Duenna, a comic opera
《批评家》
1779
讽刺伤感的滑稽剧
The
Critic, a burlesque and a satire on sentimental
drama
《皮扎罗》
1799
改编
自德国话剧的悲剧
It
?
s a tragedy
adopted from a German play
5
、选读《造谣学校》第四章第三场
作品主题：对
18
世纪英国贵族资产阶
级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意地制造谣言，
It?s
a sharp satire on the
moral degeneracy of the aristocratic, bourgeois
society, in the 18
th
-century
England,
on the vicious scandal-
mongering among the idle rich.
对上层社会骄奢淫
逸的生活及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛
辣讽刺
。
On the reckless life of
extravagance and love intrigues in the high
society and, above all, the immorality and
hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable
living and high-sounding moral principle.
该剧作代表了作者的最高成就。
In
terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright
at his best.
被认为是莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
It has been regarded as the best comedy
since Shakespeare.
14
英美文学选读
复习资料
托马斯·格雷
Thomas
Gray 1716-1771
1
、生平
生于伦敦一个股票商之家
就读于伊顿公学，后入剑桥大学
1738
，未获学位便肄业
1739-1741
，
与沃尔波周游欧洲大陆
1742
年之后回剑桥，次年获法学士学位
本性淡泊宁静，
远避世事
2
、其作品的伤感主义侵向
主题：对生活，不论是过去还是现在的伤感的哀悼及沉思
His poems, as a whole, are mostly
devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation
on life, past or present.
《春之歌》
< br>1742
，
《逆境的赞歌》
17
42
，
《伊顿公学展望》
1747
，
《爱猫之死》
1748
3
、选读《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
格雷的代表作
It is
regards as his best and most representation work
题：死亡——哀叹人生
揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情
It
reflects
on
death,
the
sorrows
of
life,
and
the
mysteries
of
human
life
with
a
touch
of
his
personal
melancholy
抒发了对穷人与无名小卒的同情
He
reveals his sympathy fir the poor and the unknown
嘲讽了那些轻视穷人并给穷人带来苦难的“伟人”
It mocks the great ones who despise the
poor and bring havoc on them
Chapter Three
The Romantic
Period
浪漫主义时期
威廉·布莱克
William
Blake 1757-1827
1
、生平
生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭
幼年时有着非凡的绘画才能
身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色
过着贫穷且隐退的生活，死后被世人发掘并一举成名
2
、政治宗教观与诗歌创作主张
第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人
Literarily he was the first important
Romantic poet.
不愿与世合流，毕生都是一个叛逆型人物
He never tried to fit into the world,
he was a rebel innocently.
15
英美文学选读
复习资料
支持左派，也激烈地批判资本主义的残酷剥削
He was politically of the permanent
left, and strongly criticized the capitalistic
cruel exploitation.
表现出对理性的轻视，对
< br>18
世纪古典主义的叛逆及对个人幻想的珍重
He shows a contempt for the rule of
reason, opposing the classical tradition of the
18
th
-century, and treasuring
the individual
?
s
imagination.
3
、布莱克的诗歌
早期作品多以欢乐、爱情及和谐为主题
Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the
prevailing notes in his early poems.
《天真之歌》
The Songs of Innocence
表达一个愉快而纯洁的世界
It
presents a happy and innocent world.
其中
，基督徒的孩子们自己点燃生圣火，让人联想起失落的世界里宗教制度的残酷。
----
“神圣的星期四”
Its vision of charity children lit with
radiance all their own reminds us terribly of a
world loss and institutional
cruelty-
Holy Thursday
“烟囱清扫者”中苦难儿童，父母双亡，被残酷剥削，却
还心存幻想，把自己最后的一线信任放在他
生活的社会制度上。
The
wretched
child
described
in
“
The
Chimney
Sweeper
”
,
orphaned,
exploited,
yet
touched
by
visionary
rapture, evokes
unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his
trust in the order of the universe as he knows it.
表达了宗教成为一种安慰，一种幻想中的快乐世界的社会环境。
It indicates the conditions which make
religion a consolation, a prospect of
“
illusory
happiness
”
.
《经验之歌》
The Songs of
Experience
描绘了一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界（笔调极为忧伤
压抑）
It paints a world of
misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with
a melancholy tone.
愚昧、黑暗的英国变成了黑漆漆的森林，充满了预言家。
The benighted England becomes the world
of the dark wood and of the weeping prophet.
揭示了宗教的本来面目，即为儿童带来灾难痛苦。
It reveals the true nature of religion
which helps bring misery to the poor children.
两首诗集中，童年是主要的描述中心，使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
< br>
Childhood is central to
Blake
?
s concern in the two.
And this concern gives the two books a strong
social and
historical reference.
两首所描述的“烟囱清扫者”非常典型地揭示了经济上的剥削与意识上的剥削之间的一切关系。
----
通
过宗教让人们顺服剥削制度
The
two
The
Chimney
Sweeper
poems
are
good
examples
to
reveal
the
relation
between
an
economic
circumstance----the role played by
religion in making people compliant to
exploitation.
《天堂与地狱的结合》
1790
Marriage of Heaven and Hell
标志着他创作上的成熟
It
marks his entry into maturity
创作于法国大革命高
潮期间，并担负着讽喻与革命预言的两重角色
It was
composed during the climax in the French
Revolution and it plays the double roles both as a
satire and a
revolutionary prophecy.
探索了对立事物之间的关系（吸引与排斥、理智与精力、爱与恨等）对人类的生存有着举足轻
重的作
用。
16
英美文学选读
复习资料
Blake
explores the relationship of the contraries-
Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love
and hate,
are necessary to human
existence.
婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
To Blake, marriage means the
reconciliation of the contraries, not the
subordination of the one to the other.
4
、写作语言风格
直白朴素
He writes in
plain and direct language.
诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽及深渊的内涵
His poems often carry the lyric beauty
with immense compression of meaning.
不喜欢抽象的词汇，常用实实在在的比喻及形象来体现他的视野
He distrusts the abstractness and tends
to embody his views with visual images.
大范围地使用象征手法也是他早期作品的鲜明特征
Symbolism in wide range is also a
distinctive feature of his poetry.
威廉·华兹华斯
Wordworth 1700-1850
1
、生平
出生于一个律师家庭，曾在剑桥大学的圣约翰学院就读
1790
年，远游瑞士的阿尔卑斯山区，增强了对壮美的自然景观的迷
恋
法国大革命期间，点燃了他的灵感与想象
无正式工作，后受友人资助，好转
与塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒律治合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》
1798
2
、诗歌与创作主张
《抒情歌谣集》的语言简练自然
Lyrical Ballads
: the notably
the uncompromising simplicity of much of the
language
对穷苦人不仅有着笼统的，还有着特别的关心
The strong
sympathy not merely with the poor in general but
with particular, dramatized of
them,
and the fusion of natural description with
expressions of inward states of mind.
《序曲》是华’最伟大的作品
The
Prelude
, many critics rank it as
Wordworth?s
greatest work.
3
、诗歌的主要特点与思想意义
被称为“大自然的膜拜者”
He
is regarded as a
“
worshipper
of nature
”
描述了英格兰的怀河谷的一种栩栩如生及永恒不灭的自然规律
It described with a detail that conveys
a sense of natural order at once vivid and
eternal.
认为文学的主题：普通人的普通生活
He thinks that common life is the only
subject of literary interest, the joys and the
sorrows of the common
people are his
theme.
其作品多数描写普通人的喜怒哀乐，诗人心中充满了对穷苦人民的同情。
His sympathy always goes to
the suffering poor.
“露西”一诗以简明的抒情笔法及时时出现
的节奏这种绝妙的艺术之美，描述了一个乡村姑娘远
离尘寰，在偏远之地的幸福生活
The
“
Lucy
Poems
”
describe with rare
elusive beauty of simple lyricism and haunting
rhythm a young
17
英美文学选读
复习资料
country girl
living a simple life in a remote village far from
the civilized world.
这些表述爱情与失落的诗歌在精美而简练
的前提下，抒发了作者对时间与死亡的沉思，使作品具
有一种普遍性的意义。
They are verses of love and loss
which hold within their delicate simplicity a
meditation on time and
death which
rises to universal stature.
“孤独的收割者”及“致
高地的姑娘”运用乡间的各种事物暗示着人类生活不尽的忧伤与神秘，
以及这种忧伤与神
秘散发出的美。
“
The
Solitary
Reaper
”
and
“
To
Highland
Girl
”
use
rural
figures
to
suggest
the
timeless
mystery
of
sorrowful humanity and
its radiant beauty.
华’是一个怀旧的人
He was
a poet in memory of the past.
该特点体现在他的代
表作《序曲》
，用隐喻的手法表现了他内心的发展历程及对失落的自我与精神上的
归宿的渴求。
It carries
the metaphorical meaning of his interior journey
and questing for his lost early self and his
proper
spiritual home.
华’对简洁
朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶是他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
His deliberate simplicity and refused
to decorate the truth of experience produced a
kind of pure and profound
poetry which
no other poet has ever equaled.
其作品的理论核心便是普通人的生活经历。
He
maintained
that
the
scenes
and
events
of
everyday
life
and
the
speech of
ordinary
people
were
the
raw
material of which poetry could and
should be made.
4
、其诗歌对同时代人及后世英国文学的影响
是英国文学史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表
He is the leading figure of the English
romantic poetry, the focal poetic of the period. <
/p>
为读者展示了一个美丽的世界，召唤人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物
He is a voice f searchingly
comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his
audience to see the world freshly,
sympathetically and naturally.
< br>开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，应召唤人们回归自然。
The most important contribution he has
made is that he has not only started the modern
poetry, the poetry of
the growing inner
self, but also changed the course of English
poetry by using ordinary speech f the language
and by advocating a return to nature.
塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒律治
Samuel Taylor
Coleridge 1772-1834
1
、生平
生于一个牧师家庭，幼年丧父
因厌倦在剑桥读大学的日子，变得游手好闲，负债累累
1797
年，结识了华’并成为终生密友，合作出版《抒情歌谣集》<
/p>
后吸食鸦片，与家人分居，入住伦敦的崇拜者的家中
2
、文学创作主张（哲学思想与文学
批评观）
反对
18
< br>世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流
He opposed
the limited rationalistic trends of the
18
th
century thought
认为艺术是惟一一种能永远揭示现实的形式
He believed that art is the only
permanent revelation of the nature of reality.
18
英美文学选读
复习资料
3
、其诗歌的主要特点及思想意义
神祗诗《古航海家之歌》
The
demonic
The
Rime of the Ancient Mariner
讲述一位水手的历险故事
It
told an adventurous story of a sailor
整个故事充满了神秘，神秘的开篇及必然的结局
The story moves on through a world of
wonders, from mysterious preface to inevitable
close.
在诗中，科’认为宇宙大观不是人们理性信仰的反映，而是人们非理性的
恐惧与内疚的反映。
It can be inferred
that Coleridge believed the universe as the
projecting not of reasoned beliefs but of
irrational
fears and guilty feelings
其在诗中缔造的世界显示了他自身难以言传的罪恶性心理及其后果。
He
had
created
the
kind
of
universe
which
his
own
inexplicable
sins
and
their
consequences
might
have
suggested to him.
《克丽斯特贝尔》
Cristobel
抒情方式更为自由，创造出一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围
It
uses
a
free
version
of
the
balled
form
to
create
an
atmosphere
of
the
Gothic
horror
at
once
delicate
and
sinister
讲述一条邪恶的蛇扮成一位美貌少女去陷害无辜的姑娘
It is an old one of a serpent disguised
as a beautiful lady to victimize an innocent
maiden.
猫头鹰的哀号，公鸡的啼鸣，犬吠之声及钟表滴嗒声都营造了一中死亡
之夜的神秘与恐怖。
The moaning of the
owl and the crowing of the cock, together with the
response of the dog, the regular strokes
of the clock, produce the effect of
mystery and horror in the death night.
与这些噩梦想对应的是诗人心中流淌的神圣之美与真挚爱情
Opposed
to
the
nightmarish
are
images
of
religious
grace
and
the
spring
of
love
that
had
gushed
from
the
poem
?
s heart.
《忽必烈汗》是科’吸食鸦片之后的梦中之作
It was composed in a dream after
Coleridge took the opium
对话诗
the conversational
代表作《子夜寒霜》
Frost at Midnight
忠实地记录了他独自一人在午夜思念他小儿子哈特的情景
It is an intimate record of his
personal thoughts in a midnight solitude on his
infant son Hartley.
更直接地表现了相关的主题：归家的渴望，
不是单纯地怀旧，而是向往一种“进步了的童年”
Generally, the conversational group
speaks more directly of an allied theme: the
desire to go home, not to the
past, but
to what Hart Grane beautifully called
“
an improved
infancy
”
4
、
《文学传记》
科’是一位精于推敲文字、对语言要求严格的文学评论家
Coleridge is one of the first critics
to give close critical attention to language.
主张诗歌最终要通过美给人以愉悦
He maintained that the true end of
poetry is to give pleasure
“
through the medium of
beauty
”
< br>5
、其文学创作及文艺批评思想对同时代及后世英国文学的影响
< br>
被同时期的诗界所崇敬，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家
He
was
esteemed
by
some
of
his
contemporaries
and
is
generally
recognized
today
as
a
lyrical
poet
and
literary
critic of the first rank.
19