weapons-好感
American Literature
第一阶段
独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）
The
Literature before the Revolution of
Independence
第一节
美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）
Native American Literature (The
Traditional Literature of the American Indians)
Three stages of development:
traditional literature---transitional literature
---modern literature
第二节
北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末
—
十七世纪中
）
Literature of Colonial Settlements
John Smith (1580-1631)---the
“
first
author
”
in the history of
American literature;
第一位美国作家
---
A True
Relation with a Description of the Country
(1608)
《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》
was
considered to be the
“
first
book
”
in American
literature.
美国文学史上的“第一部作品”
第三节
清教思想的表述
Puritanism
American
Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin,
total depravity, and limited atonement from
God
’
s grace.
第二阶段
独立革命时期（
17C
中期
—
18C
末）
The Literature
around the Revolution of Independence
With
Franklin
as
its
spokesman,
the
literature
of
this
period
experienced
an
age
of
reason
and
order.
Thomas
Jefferson
’
s
attitude, that is, a firm belief in progress, and
the pursuit of happiness, is typical of the period
we now call Age of
Reason.
Poor Richard
’
s
Almanac
Benjamin
Franklin (1706-1790)
God
help those who help themselves.
The
Autobiography
a book of
self-improvement
Common Sense
the greatest Revolutionary pamphlets
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
The
American Crisis
a series of 16
pamphlets
the Father of
American Revolution
Rights of Man; The
Age of Reason
The British
Prison Ship
英国囚船
Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
The Rising Glory of America
美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上
the poet of the American revolution
The Indian Burying Ground
印第安人殡葬地
lyric
the Father of American
Poetry
The Wild Honey Suckle
野金银花
第三阶段
浪漫主义时期（十八世纪末
—
十九世纪中后期）
American
Romanticism
was
also
called
American
Renaissance.
Romantics
shared
characteristics:
moral
enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive
perception.
早期的浪漫主义作家
Pre-
Romanticism
A History of
New York
Washington Irving
(1783-1859)
the
first
prose
stylist
of
American
The Sketch Book
Rip Van Winkle
Romanticism;
(the beginning
of the American
The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
the
Father of American Literature;
romanticism)
the
most
famous
and
frequently
the
first
American
to
achieve
anthologized tales
international literary reputation.
Tales of a Traveler; The Alhambra
The Spy
James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851)
The Pioneers
(the first true
romance
);
developed
three
kinds
of
novels:
Leather
Stocking
Tales
(frontier
The Last of the Mohicans
(the
best)
novels about the revolutionary
past, sea
novels)
The
Prairie
novels
and
the
American
frontier
The Deerslayer; The
Pathfinder
novels.
The Pilot
Belong to sea
novels
炉边诗人
Fireside Poets/ New England
Poets
: first put American poetry on an
equal footing with British poetry.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
(1807-1882)
Voices of the Night
the
first
American
poet
to
write
the
narrative poems; have his bust placed
in
A Psalm of Life
The most
famous work
the
Poets
’
Corner
of
Westminster
Abbey
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
The Fountain; The White-Footed Deer
One of the
America
’
s earliest poets;
The Forest Hymn; The Flood
of Years
Stressed
the
American
self
His
most famous nature poem
Thanatopsis
《死亡随想》
consciousness
超验主义作家
Writers in
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism,
which
appeared
after
1830,
marked
the
maturity
of
American
Romanticism
and
the
first
Renaissance in the American literature.
It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and
nature.
Nature
—“
The
universe
is
composed
of
nature
and
the
soul.
Spirit
is
present
everywhere.
”
This
new
voice
led
American Romanticism to
the period of New England Transcendentalism, which
was the most significant development of
American
literature
in
the
mid-19
th
century.
Actually
transcendentalism
is
a
philosophical
school
which
absorbed
some
ideological
concerns
of
American
Puritanism
and
European
Romanticism.
Emerson
and
Henry
Thoreau
were
the
representatives.
the
manifesto
of
American
Nature (1836)
transcendentalism
America
’
s
Declaration
of
The American Scholar
Intellectual Independence
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Self-Reliance
论自立
The Transcendentalist;
Divinity Scholl Address
神学院演说
It
stresses
the
importance
of
thought
over
Walden
（
masterpie
ce
）
material
circumstance
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862)
a
great Transcendentalist work
Civil
Disobedience
American romanticism reached its peak
with the appearance of the major authors of the
19
th
century such as Ellen
Poe, Whitman and Emily Dickson in
poetry, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman
Melville in fiction.
Edgar Allan Poe
(1809-1849)
Tales of the Grotesque and
Arabesque
His first collection of short
stories.
the
father
of
the
American
detective
The Fall of the House of Usher
stories;
The
Raven; The Helen
the first American Professional writer
Mosses from an Old
Manse
古宅青苔
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
The way to write this novel suggests
the
most
ambivalent
writer
in
the
The
Scarlet Letter
(masterpiece)
that
American
Romanticism
adapted
American literature history;
itself to American puritan moralism.
the
first
great
American
writer
of
The
House of the Seven Gables
有七个尖角阁楼的房子
fiction;
a
master of symbolism;
The
Blithedale Romance
福谷传奇
major works in human soul
The Marble
Faun
玉石雕像
Moby
Dick
The first American
prose epic
(a Shakespeare tragedy)
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Typee
泰比
Leaves of
Grass
It
marked
the
end
of
the
American
(Be
praised
as
“
Democratic
romanticism
and
the
birth
of
truly
Walt Whitman
(1819-1892)
Bible
”
and
“
American
Epic
”
)
American
poetry.
the father of free
verse in poetry
Song of Myself
This is My Letter to the
World
The theme is usually religion,
life and
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
death,
love
and
marriage,
etc.
Her
Abundant use
of dashes
poetic
idiom
is
noted
for
directness,
I Heard a Fly
Buzz When I Died
plainest words and
brevity.
第四阶段
现实主义时期（十九世纪中
期
—
二十世纪初）
American
Realism
Major Features: 1)
Straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;
2) Focus on commonness of
the lives of the common people;
3) Objective rather than idealistic
view of human nature;
4)
Present moral visions;
5)
Usually open ending.
American
industrialization was the first important factor
of the development of American Realistic
literature. This
was the beginning of
the Age of Realism, which is also called
“
the Gilded
Age
”
by Mark Twain.
The development of the Far
West was the second important factor to promote
the literary development. (The Gold
Rush)
Local color
fiction had a brief vogue when Realism first
emerged in America.
改革者和废奴主义者
The
Reformers and Abolitionists
Uncle Tom
’
s Cabin
“
the
little woman who wrote the book that
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
（
the anti-slavery
movement
）
made
this great war
”
---
林肯