lander常见英语修辞格(总结版)

like

，

as

，

as if

，

as though

等，例如：

1

、

This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.

这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2

、

He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me

like a spirit.

他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3

、

It

has

long

leaves

that

sway

in

the

wind

like

slim

fingers

reaching

to

touch

something.

它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出 纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

2) Metaphor

：

(

暗喻）

It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike

elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example,

the world is a stage.

< br>隐喻

（

metaphor

）

这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，

而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，

甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1

、

German guns and German planes rained down bombs

，

shells and bullets

??

德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2

、

The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.

钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

3)

Analogy:

(

类比）

Reasoning

or

explaining

from

parallel

cases.

A

simile

is

an

expressed

analogy;

a

metaphor

is

an

implied

one.

Itis

also

a

form

of

comparison,

but

unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance,

analogydraws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or

points of resemblance.

1. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them

and

then

seal

them

up,

but

to

help

them

open

and

reveal

the

riches

within.

There

are

pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence.

(Sydney J. Harris,

waiting for the echo.

(Don Marquis)

2.

setback since

the

Depression is

like

being

obsessed

with water

conservation when

your

house is on fire--an admirable impulse, poorly timed.

(Daniel Gross,

3.

60 m.p.h. in three or four seconds. He can go from slightly broody inaction to ferocious

reaction

in

approximately

the

same

time

span.

And

he

handles

the

tight

turns

and

corkscrew twists of a suspense story without losing his balance or leaving skid marks on

the film. But maybe the best and most interesting thing about him is that he doesn't look

particularly sleek, quick, or powerful; until something or somebody causes him to gun his

engine, he projects the seemly aura of the family sedan.

(Richard Schickel, Time magazine review of Patriot Games)

4.

600, I felt as if I were inside a bass drum banged on by a clown.

(Richard Brookhiser,

5.

(Dudley Field Malone)

6.

(Lewis Black)

7.

(Elizabeth Bowen, The House in Paris, 1949)

Pronunciation: ah-NALL-ah-gee

4) Personification: (

拟人）

It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and

personal attributes(

赋予

) to inanimate(

无生命的

) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(

抽

象

). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.

1

、

She may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer.

< br>（

From

“

Watching Ants

”

）

一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。

这里用“

she

”和“

babies

”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。

2

、

My only worry was that January would find me hunting for ajob again.

我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。

英语里常把“年”

“月”

“日”人格化 ，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。

5) Hyperbole: (

夸张）

It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to

achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.

1

、

My blood froze.

我的血液都凝固了。

2

、

When I told our father about this

，

his heart burst.

当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。

3

、

My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter

’

svoice on the phone.

从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。

6) Understatement: (

含蓄陈述）

A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker

deliberately

makes

a

situation

seem

less

important

or

serious

than

it

is.

Contrast

with

hyperbole.

It

is

the

opposite

of

hyperbole,

or

overstatement.

It

achieves

its

effect

of

emphasizing a fact by deliberately(

故意地

) understating it, impressing the listener or the

reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance,

It is no laughing matter.

1.

(Black Knight, after having both of his arms cut off, in Monty Python and the Holy

Grail)

2.

But none, I think, do there embrace.

(Andrew Marvell,

3.

(Captain

Lawrence

Oates,

Antarctic

explorer,

before

walking

out

into

a

blizzard

to

face certain death, 1912)

4.

soiled

baby,

with

a

neglected

nose,

cannot

be

conscientiously

regarded

as

a

thing of beauty.

(Mark Twain)

5.

[double

helix]

structure

has

novel

features

which

are

of

considerable

biological interest.

(J. Watson and F. Crick)

6.

the brain.

(Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger)

7.

for

the

summit to

be

called

off,

and

criticizing

the

German

preparations.

For

historical

reasons,

the

east

Europeans

are

highly

sensitive

to

any

sign

of

Germany

cutting

deals

with Russia over their heads.

(The Guardian, May 17, 2007)

8.

(Dinner guest, after a visit from the Grim Reaper, in Monty Python's The Meaning of

Life)

9.

British

are

feeling

the

pinch

in

relation

to

recent

terrorist

bombings

and

threats to destroy nightclubs and airports, and therefore have raised their security level

from

'Miffed'

to

'Peeved.'

Soon,

though,

security

levels

may

be

raised

yet

again

to

'Irritated' or even 'A Bit Cross.' Brits have not been 'A Bit Cross' since the Blitz in 1940

when tea supplies all but ran out.

(anonymous post on the Internet, July 2007)

7) Euphemism: (

委婉）

Substitution of an inoffensive term (such as

for

one considered

offensively

explicit

(

It

is

the

substitution

of

an

agreeable

or

inoffensive(

无冒犯

) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.

For instance, we refer to

1. He is out visiting the necessary.

他出去方便一下

.

2. His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.

他与妻子关系不融洽

.

3. Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.

4. Dr. House: I'm busy.

Thirteen: We need you to . . .

Dr. House: Actually, as you can see, I'm not busy. It's just a euphemism for

hell out of here.

(

5. Dr. House: Who were you going to kill in Bolivia? My old housekeeper?

Dr. Terzi: We don't kill anyone.

Dr. House: I'm sorry--who were you going to marginalize?

(

6. Pre-owned for used or second-hand; enhanced interrogation for torture; wind for

belch or fart; convenience fee for surcharge

Dan Foreman: Guys, I feel very terrible about what I'm about to say. But I'm afraid

you're both being let go.

Lou: Let go? What does that mean?

Dan Foreman: It means you're being fired, Louie.

(In Good Company, 2004)

7.

can

and

should

be

said

bluntly;

they

are

like

secret

agents

on

a

delicate

mission,

they

must

airily

pass

by

a

stinking

mess

with

barely

so

much

as

a

nod

of

the

head.

Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne.

(Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984)

8. Mr. Prince: We'll see you when you get back from image enhancement camp.

Martin Prince: Spare me your euphemisms! It's fat camp, for Daddy's chubby little

secret!

(

9. Paul Kersey: You've got a prime figure. You really have, you know.

Joanna Kersey: That's a euphemism for fat.

(Death Wish, 1974)

8) Metonymy (

转喻）

A

figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted

for another with which it is closely associated (such as

is

also

the

rhetorical

strategy

of

describing

something

indirectly

by

referring

to

things

around it, such as describing someone's clothing to characterize the individual.

It is a

figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of

another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).

metonymy

）是指两种不同事物并不 相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事

物名称代替另一种。

1

、

Several years later

，

word came that Napoleonyh himself

was coming to inspect

them

??

几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。

“

word

”在这里代替了“

news

，

information

”

（消息、信息）

2

、

Al spoke with his eyes

，

“

yes

”

。

艾尔用眼睛说，

“是的”

。

“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”

。

< br>

借喻不直接说出所要说的事物

,

而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称

.

3.

like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck

is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally

a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields.

(Connie Eble,

4.

blood.

(Conan O'Brien)

5.

is

common

in

cigarette

advertising

in

countries

where

legislation

prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them.

(Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)

6.

stopped

at

a

bar

and

had

a

couple

of

double

Scotches.

They

didn't

do

me

any

good. All they did was to make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again.

(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep)

White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday night.

(The Guardian, January 1, 2009)

suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings.

9.

(waitress referring to a customer)

10.

that relation.

(Hugh Bredin,

Pronunciation: me-TON-uh-me

I.

以容器代替内容

,

例如

:

1>.The kettle boils.

水开了

.

2>.The room sat silent.

全屋人安静地坐着

.

II.

以资料

.

工具代替事 物的名称

,

例如

:

Lend me your ears, please.

请听我说

.

III.

以作者代替作品

,

例如

:

a complete Shakespeare

莎士比亚全集

VI.

以具体事物代替抽象概念

,

例如

:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.

我有力气

,

他们就用我的力气赚钱

.

9) Synecdoche (

提喻）

It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or

the

whole

for

the

part.

For

instance,

they

say

there's

bread

and

work

for

all.

She

was

dressed in silks.

提喻用部分代替全体< /p>

,

或用全体代替部分

,

< br>或特殊代替一般

.

例如

:

1. There are about 100 hands working in his factory.

他的厂里约有

100

名工人

.

2. He is the Newton of this century.

他是本世纪的牛顿

.

3. The fox goes very well with your cap.

这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配

.

10) Antonomasia (

换喻）

Substitution of a title, epithet, or descriptive phrase for a

proper

name

(or

of

a

personal

name

for

a

common

name)

to

designate

a

member

of

a

group or class. It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it

is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise for a wise and fair

for a traitor.

1.

The

character

of

James

Ford

in

the

ABC

TVtelevision

program

Lost

regularly uses antonomasia to annoy his companions.

His

nicknames

for

Hurley

have

included

< br>

Pie,

Puff,

2. Calling a lover

Clinton

3.

find reverse in a Soviet tank. This is not a worthy adversary.

(Walter Sobchak in The Big Lebowski, 1998)

4.

(Rita Rudner)

5.

PRIMPER! If there's a horrifying sound a waiter never wants to hear, it's the THUMP of a

purse

on

the

counter.

Then

the

digging

sound

of

the

Primper's

claws

trying

to

find

makeup, hairbrushes, and perfume.

(Laurie Notaro, The Idiot Girls' Action-Adventure Club)

6. Jerry: The guy who runs the place is a little temperamental, especially about the

ordering procedure. He's secretly referred to as the Soup Nazi.

Elaine: Why? What happens if you don't order right?

Jerry: He yells and you don't get your soup.

(Seinfeld)

7.

(Murray referring to Arthur in Velvet Goldmine)

8.

(Karl Rove)

11) Pun: (

双关语）

A play on words, either on different senses of the same word or on

the similar sense or sound of different words. It is a play on words, or rather a play on the

form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down

his arms. (Here

1. She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great

praise.

2. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.

3. If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.

4.

(advertising slogan for Morton Salt)

5.

(slogan of Michelin tires)

6.

(slogan of Heinz pickles, 1938)

7.

(slogan of American Home magazine)

8.

(Dylan Thomas,

9.

(slogan of Wigler's Bakery)

10.

is

too

good

for

a

man

who

makes

puns;

he

should

be

drawn

and

quoted.

(Fred Allen)

11. A vulture boards a plane, carrying two dead possums. The attendant looks at him

and says,

12.

(Groucho Marx)

13.

is

an

art

of

harmonious

jingling

upon

words,

which,

passing

in

at

the

ears,

excites

a

titillary

motion

in

those

parts;

and

this,

being

conveyed

by

the

animal

spirits into the muscles of the face, raises the cockles of the heart.

(Jonathan Swift)

14.

not a feather to tickle the intellect.

(Charles Lamb)

15.

two elements. The first element sets the stage for the pun by offering seemingly harmless

material, such as the title of a book, The Tiger's Revenge. But the second element either is

obscene in itself or renders the first element obscene as in the name of the author of The

Tiger's R evenge

—

ClaudeBawls.

(Peter Farb, Word Play, 1974)

16.

(Walter Redfern, Puns, 1974)

12) Syllepsis: (

一语双叙）

A kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is

understood

differently

in

relation

to

two

or

more

other

words,

which

it

modifies

or

governs. It has two connotations.

In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a

word,

refers

to

two

or

more

words

in

the

same

sentence, while

properly

applying

to

or

agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(

句法

). For example, He addressed

you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)

In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence.

For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed

behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's

mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)

1.

(Uncle Fester in Addams Family Values, 1993)

2.

(E.B. White,

3.

consumers

like

names

that

reflect

what

the

economy

does.

We

know,

for

example,

that

International

Business

Machines

makes

business

machines;

and

Ford

Motors makes Fords; and Sara Lee makes us fat.

(Dave Barry,

4.

n.

A

parlor

utensil

for

subduing

the

impenitent

visitor.

It

is

operated

by

depressing the keys of the machine and the spirits of the audience.

(Ambrose Bierce, A Devil's Dictionary)

5.

finally

told

Ross,

late

in

the

summer,

that

I

was

losing

weight,

my

grip,

and

possibly my mind.

(James Thurber, The Years with Ross, 1959)

6.

times a day.

(E.B. White,

7.

ice

trays

show

deep

claw

marks,

where

people

have

tried

to

pry

them

free,

using can openers and knives and screwdrivers and petulance.

(E.B. White,

Gumbel's well-publicized memo

ticked

off

the

Today

Show's

troubles--and

other personalities on the top-rated show.

9.

(Tyler Hilton,

10.

(Alanis Morrissette,

11.

(bumper sticker)

12.

(Mick Jagger and Keith Richards,

13.

The

secret

to

becoming

a

writer

is

to

persist--to

keep

on

writing

regardless

if

you're paid any heed or money.

13)

Zeugma: (

轭式搭配）

A

kind

of

ellipsis

in

which

one

word

(usually

a

verb)

is

understood

differently

in

relation

to

two

or

more

other

words,

which

it

modifies

or

governs. It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in

the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to

them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon

by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)

sees with equal eye, as God of all,

A hero perish, or a sparrow fall,

Atoms or systems into ruin hurled,

And now a bubble burst, and now a world.

(Alexander Pope, Essay on Man)

2.

(Fluellen in William Shakespeare's Henry V)

3.

(Star Trek: The Next Generation)

4.

(Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried)

5.

outside Than Khe, and he went down under an exceptional burden, more than 20 pounds

of

ammunition,

plus

the

flak

jacket

and

helmet

and

rations

and

water

and

toilet

paper

and tranquilizers and all the rest, plus an unweighed fear.

(Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried)

6.

am I.

(Allison Janney as C.J. Cregg in The West Wing)

7.

(Alanis Morissette,

14)

Irony:

(

反语）

It

is

a

figure

of

speech

that

achieves

emphasis

by

saying

the

opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their

usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.

Three kinds of irony have been recognized since antiquity: (1) Socratic irony. a mask

of innocence and ignorance adopted to win an argument. . . . (2) Dramatic or tragic irony,

a

double

vision

of

what

is

happening

in

a

play

or

real-life

situation. . . .

(3)

Linguistic

irony,

a

duality

of

meaning,

now

the

classic

form

of

irony.

Building

on

the

idea

of

dramatic

irony,

the

Romansconcluded

that

language

often

carries

a

double

message,

a

second often mocking or sardonic meaning running contrary to the first. . . .

In

modern

times,

two further

conceptions have

been

added: (1)

Structural

irony,

a

quality that is built into texts, in which the

observations of a naive narrator point up deeper implications of a situation. . . . (2)

Romantic irony, in which writers conspire with readers to share the double vision of what

is happening in the plot of a novel, film, etc.

(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University

Press, 1992)

反语指用 相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式

.

如在指责过失