unplug英美文学简明教程

〉

仲夏夜之梦

；

〉

③

Four Tragedies:

哈姆莱特

；

奥赛罗

；

李尔王

；

麦克白

④

Shakespeare Sonnet :154

Sonnet

十四行诗：

Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting

scheme.

of 14 lines,

usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition

rhyme

Shakespeare's writi ng characteristics

1.

The progressive sig ni fica nee of the theme--huma nism

2.

The successful character portrayal

4.

The ingenuity of his poetry

5.

The mastery of his Ian guage

文学地位：

—

womens characters

3.

The masterha nd in con struct ing the plot

Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are among the world's

fin est

writte n

works;

take n

collectively, they establish

achievement has never been surpassed

Shakespeare as the foremost literary tale nt of his own Elizabetha n Age and, even more

impressively, as a genius whose creative

in any age.

Shakespeare has bee n uni versally ack no wledged to be the summit of the En glish

Renaissanee, and one of the greatest writers the world over. Shakespeare's work has madea lasti ng

impressi on on later theatre and literature. In particular,

he expa nded

the dramatic potential of characterisation, _______

plot, Ianguage, and genre. Shakespeare

in flue need no velists such as Thomas Hardy, William_Faulk ner, an d Charles_Dicke ns. In

Shakespeare's day, En glish grammar, spelli ng and pronun ciati on were less standardized than they

are now, and his use of Ianguage helped shape modern English.

The popularity of Shakespeare is a worldwide phe nomenon. His n ame has bee n known to China for

more than a hundred years, and many of his plays have been widely read among Chin ese people.

作品赏析

①

about sonn et 18

Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound

meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one

he loves.

Typical li nes:

Shall I compare thee to a summe

'

day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

The theme: Immortality, Beauty and love

②

about The Merchant of Ven ice

威尼斯商人

Major characters:

Bassa nio: -- a young Ven etia n court Portia, accepted

Antonio: --a mercha nt of Venice, all money inven ted in ships, at sea, retur n not on time

Shylock:--the Jewish usurer (

放高利贷者

)

Portia:-- standing for the great beauty, wit and loyalty Theme: traditional theme

of the play is to praise the frien dship betwee n An to nio and Bassa nio, to idealize Portia as a hero

ine of the great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the greed and brutality of the Jew.

Typical li nes:

2.

)

Ion ger.

(Act i. Sc.

'

d livery of the burnish

'

d sun.

< br>

三、

Fran cis

作品：

Bac on

弗兰西斯

？

培根

1561~1626

①

＜

The_Advancement of Learning

＞

_

____________________________________________

学术

的推进，总结了前人的一切知识，并进行归类。

________________________________ _________________

②

＜

Ess ays

＞

随笔

_

③

＜

n ew instrument

＞

_

新工 具，阐述了归纳法

_

④

＜

new Atlantis

＞

_

新大西岛，是乌 托邦性质的作品

_

___

Bac on' s quote

1kno wledge is power

知识就是力量。

1

、

Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and canno t last;

and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of

coun te nance

美犹如盛夏的水果，是容易腐烂而难保持的，世上有许多美人，她们有

过放荡的青春，却迎受着愧悔的晚年。

2

、

Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study;

and studies themselves do give forth direct ions

too much at large, except they

be boun ded in by experie nee.

天生的能力好像天然生成的植物，必须通过学习加以

修整；然而学习本身如若不由实践去约束，必然方向纷杂而漫无目的。

3

、

Virtue is like a rich sto ne, best plain set

托下反而更华丽。

美德好比宝石，在朴素背景

的衬

评价

the foun der of En glish materialist philosophy.

The foun der of moder n scie nee in En gla nd.

a represe ntative of the En glish ren aissa nee.

a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist.

Bacon

'

s works establish and popularize an in ductive methodology for scie ntific

inquiry, ofte n called the

Baconian method

.Induction

(

归纟内法

)

implies draw ing

observation, and testing

近代唯物

knowledge from the natural world through experimentation,

of hypotheses.

主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。

)

(

哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知 识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；

Philosopher,

En glish essayist.

scientist,

lay the foundation

for modern scienee.

The first

马克思称他为

< /p>

英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”

Writi ng style:

brevity, compact ness&powerful ness, well-arra nging and en rich ing by Biblical

allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man

'

s reason

.

十七世纪英国诗人

John Donne

约翰邓恩

the Metaphysical poet(17

En glish poet, preacher

世纪玄学派诗人

)

英国诗人牧师

他是最杰出的玄学派

He was the most outsta ndi ng of the En glish Met aphysical Poets

诗人

作品：

Songs and Sonn ets

Break of Day

Elegies

《歌与十四行诗》

The Good-Morrow

《早安》

《破晓》

《颂歌》

Epithalam ions, or marriage songs

《挽歌》

On His Mistress

To His Mistress Goi ng to bed

Divi ne poems

《圣歌》

Holy Sonn ets

《神圣十四行诗》

At the Round Earths Imagined Corner, Below Death Be Not Proud<

死神休的张狂

> Artistic

features:

con ceits or imagery

syllogism

三段论

艺术特点

奇思妙喻

Metaphysical poetry

玄学派诗歌：

用语

the diction is simple, the imagery is from the

actual,

（

形式

）

th e form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.

（主题：

love, religious, thought

）

Metaphysical poetry:

The term

writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break

away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the

Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in

drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with

himself.

John Milt on < /p>

约翰

？

弥尔顿

1 608~1674

革命诗人

Joh n Milt on was an En glish poet,

政论家，

polemicist_

（

_

辩论家）

He is best known for his epic _poem Paradise_Lost_

失乐园

,which is considered as the greatest En

glish literary epic.

评价：

William_Hayley's 1796 biography called him the

world importa nee.

He remains

gen erally regarded

Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle

prose pamphlets & the last great poems.

写作的

3

个主题

：

Church gover nment

Divorce

Republica nism

作品：

1637

:

Lycidas_

《利西达斯》

1650

:

Areopagitica_

《轮出版自由》

1667: Paradise_Lost _

《失乐园》是无韵体

1671: Paradise_Regained _

《复乐园》

1671: Samson_Agonistes_

《力士参孙》

The Defence of the En glish People

为英国人民声辩

Paradise Lost(1667),Paradise Regai ned(1671), & Samso n Agon istes(1671). Among

the three, the first is the greatest, in deed the only gen erally ack no wledged epic

in En glish literature si nee Beowulf; & the last one is the most perfect example of

the verse drama after the Greek style in En glish.

文学地位：

Milt on is one of the very few truly great En glish writers who is also a prominent

figure in polities and who is both a great poet and importa nt prose writer. Milt on

is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure

who want tried seriously to comb ine Ren aissa nee and Reformati on.

Milt on was political in both his life and his art.

Milt on wrote the greatest epic in En glish literature. He and Shakespeare have bee n regarded

as two patter ns of En glish verse.

Milt on

is a master of the bla nk verse. He first used bla nk verse in

non-dramatic works.

Milt on is a great stylist. His style is n ever exactly n atural. It

attained by definite and conscientious rhetorical devices.

Milt on has always bee n admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expressi on.

This sonn et is written in iambic pen tameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical

of Italia n sonn et.

Its theme is that people use their tale nt for God, and they serve him best who can

en dure the sufferi ng best.

'

art

Chapter 3

:The Neoclassical Period

新古典主义时期

1.

时间界定：

Neoclassical __ period_ is the one in English literature between the_return_

of Stuarts_to_ the_ English_throne_in_ 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with

the publicati on of Lyrical Ballads_by_Wordsworth and_Coleridge_in_1978. __________

_______

It

'

in fact a turbulent period.

3.

文学形式

A.

伤感主义文学

In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the

neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect,

wit and form was rebelled against or

challe nged by the sen time ntalists, and was gradually by Roma nticism.

B.

新古典主义诗歌

The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical

style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.

C.

现实主义小说

The mid- century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form - the

modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life

of the com mon En glish people.

D

哥特式小说及其它

Gothic novels

- mostly stories of mystery and horror which take

place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles - were turned out profusely by both male

and female writers. Gothic no vels: Gothic no vels are mostly stories

of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Class castles. They

appeared from the middle part of the 18th century and were turned out profusely by male and female

writers.

1 Joh n Bunyan (1628-1688)

约翰?班杨

代表作《天路历程》，宗 教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”

，是英国文学史上里程

）

Puritan poet

（

清教徒派诗人

）

Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners

《功德无

量》

the vanity fair <

名利场

>

节选自

The Pilgrim

'

Progress

《天路历程》

《培德曼先生传》

The Life and Death of n

The Holy War

《圣战》

2Jonathan Swift

乔纳森

斯威夫特

A Tale of a Tub (satirist)

The Battle of the Books

Gulliver

'

Travels (his

《木桶的故事》

《书籍之战》

The Exami ner

《主考》

greatest satiric work

）

《格歹

U

佛游记》

（

A Voyage to

and

Japa n/The

小人 国

/

大人国

/

拉普他等地

/

智马国游记

)

《一个温和的建议》

Lilliput/Brobdi ngn ag/Laputa,Ba In ibarbi,Lugg nagg,Glubbdubdriba

Country of the Houyhnhnms

信

A Modest Proposal (more powerful)

3.

Writing styles:

Drapier

'

Letters

布商的书

②

Swift is one of the greatest masters of En glish prose. He is almost un surpassed

in the writing

of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as

words in proper places.

structure, economy & con cise ness of Ian guage mark all his writ in gs-essays, poems & no vels.

3.

Alexa nderl Pope

亚历山大

？

蒲 柏

1688~1744

(

18

世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用

富有哲理性。

)

One of the first to in troduce rati on alism to En gla nd.

①

批评论

made his n ame as a great poet

英雄双韵体”

’heroic couplets

”词句工整、精练、

Artistic features:

1.

Us ing

heroic couplets

”

②

v The Rape of the Lock>

卷发遇劫记

made he famous as a poet.

③

_v Moral_Essays>_

道德论

人论

_

愚人记

Pastorals

《田园诗集

》

4. Daniel Defoe

丹尼尔

？

笛福

1660

?

1731

(

小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人，英国 小说之父、

不信奉国教派

noncon formist

)

is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and

mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

2

主要作品

The shortest way with disse nters<

The true born En glishman

成为异教徒的捷径

>

使他坐牢

《地地道道的英国人》赢得了国王的友情

Robinson Crusoe

《鲁宾逊漂流记》

Captai n Sin glet on

《辛格顿船长》

Moll Fla nders

《摩尔?弗兰德斯》

Col on el Jack

《杰克上校》

Roxa na

《洛珊娜传》

A Jour nal of the Plague Year

《大疫年记》

3

分析鲁滨逊的形象

5.

He nry Fieldi ng

亨利

？

菲尔丁

1707

?

1754

英国小说之父”十八世纪最伟大的小说家）

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为

①

Father of the English Novel

——

because of his contribution and establishment of the form of the

moder n novel

②

Of all the eighteenth-century

novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory

and practice:

First: give the moder n novel both its structure and its style

Second: adopted the third-person narration

”

in which the author became the all-k nowing God

He was the first to write a

Comic epic in prose

（

散文体史诗

①

—

novels:_

__

弃婴汤姆—

?

< br>琼斯

____

约瑟夫< /p>

？

安德鲁

_______

大诗人江奈生

_?

威尔德

_

爱米利亚

_

n

②

—

plays:_

____

—七三六年历史记事

_

__

堂吉柯德在英国

_

3.

分析汤姆琼斯

Plot: Tom, a foundling, was drove from the house of the Mr. Allworthy and took a

series of adventure in London, and at last, Tommarried Sophia after some misun dersta nding betwee

n them.

④

The pers on ality of Tom: a n ati onal hero, hon est, kin d-hearted, high-spirited,

loyal, and brave, but impulsive

（

冲动

）

⑤

It was Tom Jones that brought his author the name of the

⑥

Writ ing characteristics:

prose Homer

”

The panoramic view is superb

（

The plot con struct ion is excelle nt

辉煌全景

）

The Ian guage is clarity and supple ness

Johnson

（

17 09-1784

）

塞缪尔?约翰逊

A Dictionary of the En glish Lan guage

Lives of the Poets

《诗人传》

Lon don

《伦敦》

《英语词典》

The Va nity of Human Wishes

《人类欲望之虚幻》

The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssi nia

To the Right Honorable the Eael of Chesterfield

地

位

johnson was the last great neoclassicist eightee

《阿比西尼亚王子拉塞拉斯》

”《致切斯特菲尔德书》

enlightener

in the second half of the

nth cen tury.

7. Thomas Gray

（

1 716-1771

）

托马

An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

Ode on the Spring

”《春天颂》

Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College

Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat

Hymn to Adversity

”《逆境赞》

格雷

”

《墓园挽歌》

”《伊顿学院的遥远前景颂》

”《爱猫之死颂》

8.

Robert Burns

罗伯特

？

彭斯

1759~1796

Scottish poet and writer of traditional

Scottish folk songs, whose works are known

and loved wherever the En glish Ian guage is read.

是英国苏格兰著名的农民诗人。

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th cen tury.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect

②

The Roma ntic Period

The romantic period began in 1798 the publication

Ballads

〉

, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott

of Wordsworth and Coleridge

'

vLyrical

'

death.

'

min d.(

人应该是独立

Roma nticism:

It emphasize the specialqualitie of each in dividual

自由的个体

)

In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization

to the

inner world of the humanspirit, poetry should be free from all rules,

imag in ati on, n ature, com mon place.

Two major novelists

(roma ntic)

of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott

The Lake Poets

湖畔诗人

,

who lived in the lake district.

William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

1.

William Wordsworth

威廉

？

华兹华斯

1770~1850

(

与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为

湖畔派”诗人。

The Lake Poets

)

①

v Lyrical Ballads>

抒情歌谣集

(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)

②

<1 Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>

Theme: embodies human beings in their diverse circumstanee. It is nature that

give him

stre ngth and kno wledge fullof peace

”

is bliss to recolled the beauty of n ature in poet mind while he is in solitude.

Comme nt:The poet is very cheerful with recall ing the beautiful sights. In the poem on

the beauty of n ature, the reader is prese nted a vivid picture of lively and lovely

daffodils(

水仙

)and poet

'

philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.