extant-蚕丝蛋白
I can't promise to fix all your problems,
but I can promise you won't
face them alone.
（美国文学期末复习资料
(
完美版
)
Imagism
（意向主义）
(1)Imagism came into being in Britain
and US around 1910 as a reaction to
the
traditional
English
poetry
to
express
the
sense
of
fragmentation
and
dislocation.
（
2
）
The
Imagists,
with
Ezra
Pound
leading
the
way,
hold
that
the
most
effective means to
express these momentary impressions is through the
use
of one dominant image.
(3)
Imagism
is
characterized
by
the
following
three
poetic
principles:
i)
direct treatment of subject matter; ii)
economy of expression; iii) as regards
rhythm,
to
compose
in
the
sequence
of
the
musical
phrase,
not
in
the
sequence
of
metronome;
iv)
Ezra
Pound’s
In
a
Station
of
the
Metro
is
a
well-known imagist poem.
Ezra Pound (
爱兹拉
·<
/p>
庞德）
Cathay
(1915)
《中国》
a volume of
Chinese translation.
He blue-penciled
The Waste
Land
《荒原》
the most
significant American poem of
the
twentieth century.
Cantos
《诗章》
，
a modern
epic Pound’s major work of
poetry
。
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
《休
·
塞尔温
·
莫伯利》
In a Station of the
Metro
《在地铁站》
The
apparition of these faces in the crowd;
这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；
Petals on a wet, black bough.
湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。
Appreciation and comment:
In
―In a Station of the Metro‖ Pound attempts to
produce the emotion he felt when he
walked down into a Paris subway station
and suddenly saw a number of faces in the
dim light. To capture the emotion,
Pound uses the image of petals on a wet, black
bough.
The
image
of
―petals‖
is
juxtaposed
with
another
image
of
―wet,
black
bough.‖
The
image is not decoration:
It
is central to the poem’s meaning. In fact, it
is the poem’s meaning.
Ezra Pound’s main
contribution to American literature
Ezra
pound
is
regarded,
and
rightly,
as
the
father
of
modern
American
poetry.
Impatient
with
the
fetters
of
English
traditional
poetics,
he
led
the
experiment
in
revolutionizing poetry. It was he who
first discovered T.S. Eliot and blue-penciled the
latter’s famous poem, The Waste Land.
It was he who helped William Butler Yeats,
James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and William
carols Williams in their literary careers.
And
he
survived
them
all,
writing
continually
right
up
to
his
death.
Pound’s
contribution to the development of
modern poetry is very great.
T.S. Eliot
（
T.S.
艾略特）
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
《杰
·
阿尔弗雷德
·<
/p>
普鲁弗洛克的情歌》
—
started
1915
—
is seen as a
masterpiece of the Modernist movement,
Literary terms:
soliloquy
(
独白）
interior monologue
(
内心独白）
dramatic monologue
（戏剧独白）
motif
（主旨，主题）
epigraph
（题词）
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕
1
I can't
promise to fix all your problems, but I can
promise you won't
face them
alone.
Soliloquy
or interior monologue
（
独白或内心独
白）
: in drama, an extended speech
delivered by a character alone on
stage. The character reveals his or her innermost
thoughts and feelings directly to the
audience, as if thinking aloud.
Dramatic
monologue
（戏剧独白）
: A kind of
narrative poem in which one character
speaks to one or more listeners whose
replies are not given in the poem.
Epigraph
（主旨）
: a
quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter,
book, short
story, or poem that makes
some point about the work.
Motif
（题词）
:
A recurring feature (such
as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a
work of literature. A motif generally
contributes in some way to the theme of a short
story, novel, poem, or play.
2
）
The
Waste Land
《荒原》
In 1922, Eliot
published
The Waste Land
《荒原》
in
The
Criterion
《标准》
. Which
was thought as the most significant
American poem of the 20th century and helped
to establish a modern tradition of
literature rich with learning and allusive
thought.
The poem is subdivided into
five sections: I. The Brurial of the Dead II. A
Game of
ChessIII. The Fire Sermon IV.
Death by waterV. What the Thunder Said
3)
The Hollow Men
《空心人》
(1925)
4)
Ash Wednesda
y
《圣灰星期三》
(1927)
5)
Four
Quartets
《四个四重奏》<
/p>
（
1943
）
:
Eliot
regarded
Four
Quartets
as
his
masterpiece,
and
it
is
the
work
that
led
to
his
being
awarded
the
Nobel
Prize
in
Literature (1948).
Eliot
also
made
significant
contributions
to
the
field
of
literary
criticism,
strongly
influencing the school of New Criticism
In 1920 T.S. Eliot published his
The Sacred
Wood
,
《圣林》
containing his famous
critical essay
Tradition and
the Individual Talent
,
《传统与个人才能》
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening
《雪夜林边小驻》
The Road Not
Taken
《未
选择的路》
（诗歌及赏析见第
9
页）
Wallace Stevens
（
华
莱士
史蒂文斯）
(1879
–
1955) was an American
Modernist poet
He won the Pulitzer
Prize for Poetry for his
Collected
Poems
in 1955.
William
Carlos
Williams was
an
American
poet
closely
associated
with modernism and imagism. He was also
a pediatrician and general practitioner of
medicine
with
a
medical
degree
from
the University
of
Pennsylvania
School
of
Medicine
Robert Lee Frost
（罗伯特
弗罗斯特）
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕
2
I can't
promise to fix all your problems, but I can
promise you won't
face them
alone.
His
work
frequently
employed
settings
from
rural
life
in
New
England
in
the
early
twentieth century
Frost
was
honored frequently
during
his lifetime,
receiving
four Pulitzer
Prizes
for
Poetry
Francis Scott
Fitzgerald
（
F.S`·
菲茨杰拉德）
The spokesman of the
―roaring 20s‖ ―the Jazz Age‖
美国梦的实践者
―
爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人
< br>‖
和
―
喧嚣的二十年代的代言人
‖
In 1920
Fitzgerald’s first novel
This Side of Paradise
《人间天堂》
（
1920
）
second novel entitled
The Beautiful and Damned
《美丽的和可诅咒的》
（
1922
）
his best novel
The Great Gatsby
《了不起的盖茨比》
（
1925
）
the novel
Tender
is the Night
《夜色温柔》
(1934).
The Last
Tycoon
《最后的大亨》
, a novel about
Hollywood and the film industry.
Fitzgerald’s books of short
stories include
Flappers and Philosophe
rs
《时髦女和哲
学家》
(1921),
Tales of the Jazz
Age
《爵士时代的故事》
(1922), All the Sad Young
Man
《一代悲哀的年轻人》
(1926)
Ernest
Hemingway
（厄内斯特
海明威）
His
economical and understated style had a strong
influence on 20th-century fiction,
won the Nobel Prize in Literature in
1954.
He was generally
regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation.
The Lost
Generation
（迷惘的一代）
Lost Generation is a term first used
by Gertrude Stein to describe the
post-
World War I generation of American writers: men
and women haunted by
a
sense
of
betrayal
and
emptiness
brought
about
by
the
destructiveness
of
the war.
2. Full of youthful
idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of
life, drank
excessively,
had
love
affairs
and
created
some
of
the
finest
American
literature to date.
three
best-known
representatives
of
Lost
Generation
are
F
.
Scott
Fitzgerald, Ernest
Hemingway and John Dos Passos.
his first novel,
The Torrents of
Spring
《春湖》
, but
The Sun Also Rises
《太阳照常
升起》
(1926)
about
the
disillusionment
of
the
lost
generation
was
an
immediate
success. With the
success of
A
Farewell to
Arms (1929)
《永别了武器》
, he
firmly
established his reputation as a
great American writer.
The Sun Also
Rises
《太阳照常升起》
Hemingway employed an
epigraph
（题词）
in
the novel which had been said by
Gertrude Stein to describe the
expatriates in Paris ―You are a lost generation.‖
The
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕
3
I can't
promise to fix all your problems, but I can
promise you won't
face them
alone.
novel paints the
image of the lost generation.
A
Farewell to Arms
《永别了武器》
It is an anti-war novel,
describing the love between an American soldier
Frederic
Henry
（弗瑞德里克
亨利）
and an English nurse
Catherine.
（凯瑟琳）
For Whom the Bell
Tolls
《丧钟为谁而鸣》
It
tells of a volunteer American guerrilla in the
Spanish Civil War.
The Old Man and the Sea.
《老人与海》
It tells of a Cuban
fisherman,
Santiago
（桑
提亚哥）
,
who
catches
a
big
fish,
only
to
see
it
devoured
by
sharks.
The
novel
highlights the theme that man can be
destroyed but not defeated.
（你尽可以把他消
灭
，
但
就
是
打
不
败
他
）
It
is
a
representation
of
life
as
a
struggle
against
unconquerable
forces
in
which
only
a
partial
victory
is
possible.
This
book
led
to
Hemingway's receipt of the Novel Prize
in 1954.
1)
Hemingway
was
famous
for
his
novels
and
short
stories
written
his
spare,
laconic, terse, clear, telegraph-like,
yet intense prose with short sentences and
very specific details. This style is
his famous ―Iceberg
Theory‖
:
（冰山理论）
Iceberg
Theory
（冰山理论）
:
Think of an iceberg: one
eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of
the
rest is underneath the water. The
same is true with Hemingway’s writing. His
sentences
only
give
one
small
bit
of
the
meaning.
The
rest
is
implied.
One
must go very deep beneath the surface
to understand the full meaning of his
writing. Hemingway’s vocabulary is easy
and his sentence patterns are easy,
but
they are extremely difficult to be fully
understood.
Hemingway
terms
courage
as
―
grace
under
pressure
‖
these
heroes
are
called
Hemingway heroes or the
code hero:
（硬汉）
Hemingway
heroes
refer
to
some
protagonists
in
Hemingway's
works.
Such
a
hero
usually an average man of decidedly masculine
tastes, sensitive and intelligent.
And
usually he is a man of action and of few words.
His such an individualist, alone
even
when
with
other
people,
somewhat
an
outsider,
keeping
emotions
under
control,
stoic
and
self-
disciplined
in
a
dreadful
place
where
one
can
not
get
happiness. For example, Frederic Henry
in
A Farewell to Arms
, Jake
Barnes in
The
Sun Also
Rises
, Santiago in
The Old
Man and the Sea
or the undefeated
bullfighter.
William Faulkner
（威廉
·
福克纳）
Faulkner’s first novel
Soldier’s
Pay
《士兵的报酬》
was
accepted by the publishers
in 1926.
Faulkner’s
second
novel
Mosquitoes
(1927)
《蚊群》
is
a
satirical
story
about
a
group of southern artists and
intellectuals.
The years from 1929 to
1942 were a period of amazing literary output for
Faulkner,
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕
4
I can't
promise to fix all your problems, but I can
promise you won't
face them
alone.
such as
The Sound and the Fury(1929)
《喧嚣与骚动》
and
As I
Lay Dying (1930).
《我弥留之际》
He was awarded the Nobel Prize for
literature in 1950
Major
works
1.
The Sound and the
Fury
《喧嚣与骚动》
The book is
divided into 4
sections, largely
reliant on
Stream of Consciousness and
Multiple Point of View
.
This novel is a complex
account of the breakdown of the once distinguished
and honored Compson family. The book is
divided into 4 sections, largely reliant on
Stream of Consciousness and Multiple
Point of View
. Section 1 is narrated by
Benjy, the youngest member and an
―idiot.‖ like his brothers
Quentin and
Jason, he
is chiefly preoccupied with
his sister Caddy. For Benjy, her disappearance
amounts
to the loss of the center of
his universe.
Section 2 is
told by Quentin, a Harvard
freshman.
He
commits
suicide.
In
Section
3,
Jason,
the
eldest
son,
reveals
his
bitterness and anger at the
opportunities he has lost because of the
irresponsibility
and selfishness which
he feels predominate in the family. Section 4
concentrates on
the
Compsons’
black
servant,
Dilsay,
and
her
grandson,
Luster.
This
sectio
n
provides
some objective information to unify the previous
subjective narrations into
an organic
entity.
Comment
Faulkner as the foremost southern
writer of the 20th century with 19 novels, 4
collections
of
about
70
short
stories,
and
two
volumes
of
poetry.
His
important
subjects are
childhood, families, sex, obsessions the past and
the modern southern
memory, myth and
reality, race, and alienation. His theme is
essentially an analysis
of the
underlying cause for the failure and decay of the
South before the Civil War.
His fiction
carries a strong sense of fragmentation in social
community and within
the individual
himself due to the loss of love and lack emotional
response.
He
is
noted
for
the
Yoknapatawpha
stories/saga
in
which
the
fictional
Yoknapatawpha
County is the setting. The country stands for the
Old South. It also
serves as allegory
or a parable of the Old South. He writes about the
disintegration
of the old social system
in the American Southern States and its effect on
the lives of
modern people, both black
and white. It shows a panorama of the experience
and
consciousness of the whole Southern
society.
Stream
of Consciousness:
（意识流）
Stream of Consciousness or interior
monologue, is one of the modern literary
techniques. It was first used in 1922
by the Irish novelist James Joyce. The
modern
American
writer
William
Faulkner
successfully
advanced
this
technique.
In
the
stories,
action
and
plots
are
less
important
than
the
reactions
and
inner
musings
of
the
narrators.
Time
sequences
are
often
dislocated. The reader feels himself to
be a participant in the stories, rather
than an observer.
Multiple Point of
View(
多重视角
)
Faulkner was a master at presenting
multiple points of view, showing within
the same story how the characters
reacted differently to the same person or
the same situation. The use of this
technique gave the story a circular form
wherein one event was the center, with
various points of view radiating from it.
The multiple point of view technique
makes the reader recognize the difficulty
of arriving at a true
judgment.
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无痕
5
I can't
promise to fix all your problems, but I can
promise you won't
face them
alone.
2.
Light
in August
《八月之光》
3.
Go Down,
Moses.
《去吧，
摩西》
4.
As I Lay Dying
《在我弥留之际》
5.
Absalom, Absalom!
《押沙龙，押沙龙！
》
Two famous short stories:―A Rose for
Emily‖
《纪念埃米莉的一朵玫瑰花》
―The
Bear‖
《熊》
Sinclair Lewis
（辛克莱
`
刘易斯）
he became
the first writer from the United States
to be awarded the Nobel Prize
in
Literature
But it was not
until 1920 when
Main
Street
《
大街》
appeared that he established his
position as a very effective novelist.
Lewis published
Babbitt
《巴比特》
which
is generally regarded as his best book
His other novels
：
Arrowsmith
(1925)
《阿罗史密斯》
, and
Dodsworth
(1929).
《杜
德史沃斯》
John Dos Passos
（多斯
·
帕索斯）
major works
:
U.S.A
《美国》或《美利坚》
The
trilogy
comprises
The
42nd
Parallel
(19
30)
《北纬
42
度》
,
1919
(1932),
and
The
Big Money
(1936)
《赚大钱》
Dos Passos
used experimental techniques
in these
novels: the
“Newsreels”
（新闻短片
）
, the
“Biographies”
< br>（人物小传）
and
the
“Camera
Eye”
（摄相机镜头）
(P263-264) to
paint a vast landscape of American
culture during the first decades of the
20th century.
John Steinbeck
（约翰
·
斯坦贝克）
Steinbeck’s
literary
reputation
was
further
built
up
by
his
next
three
novels:
In
Dubious Battle
《胜负未决》
(1936),
Of
Mice and Men
(1937)
《人鼠之间》
about
the tragic friendship
of two migrant workers, and
The Grapes
of Wrath
(1939)
《愤
怒的葡萄》
. His masterpiece
The Grapes of Wrath
won a
Pulitzer Prize in 1940. In
1947, he
published
The Pearl
.
《珍珠》
In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize
for literature.
American Drama
：
Eugene O’Neill
（
尤金
·
奥尼尔）
Eugene
O'Neill
was
a
great
American
playwright
and
t
he
founder
of
modern
American drama
. He won Nobel
Prize for literature and Pulizter Prize four times
in
his life.
Literary achievements
Beyond the Horizon
(1920)
《天边外》
(naturalism)
（自
然主义）
The Emperor
Jones
(1920)
《琼斯王》
(symbolism and expressi
onism)
（象征主
美国文学简史复习资料（完美版）心欲无
痕
6
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