卷轴画-发脾气
Introduction
1
、
There are many
elements constituting European Culture.
2
、
There are two
major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-
Christian element.
The
richness
of
European
Culture
was
created
by
Greco-Roman
element
and
Judeo-Christian
element.
Division
One
：
Greek Culture and Roman
Culture
1
、
The 5th century
closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.
2
、
The
economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of
slave labour.
3
、
Ancient
Greece’s epics was created by Homer.
4
、
The
Home
r’s epics consisted of Iliad and
Odyssey.
5
、
Drama in
Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.
6
、
Three masters
in tragedy
三大悲剧大师
①
Aeschylus
Prometheus Bound
—→Shelly
Prometheus Unbound
②
Sophocles
Oedipus the King
—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus
complex”
(
恋母情结
)
—→
David Herbert Lawrence’s
Sons and
lovers
③
Euripides
A
．
Trojan Women
B
．
He
is the first writer of “problem
plays”(
社会问题剧
)
C
．
Realism can be
traced back to the Ancient
Greece
，
to be specific,
Euripides.
7
、
The
only representative of Greek comedy is
Aristophanes.
Aristophanes writes about nature.
8
、
History
(Historical writing)
“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→
war
(between Greeks and Persians)
“
t
he greatest
historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war
(
between Sparta and Athens)
9
、①
Euclid’s
Elements
解析几何
It was in use
in English schools until the early years of the
20th century.
②
Archimedes
His
work laid basis for not only
geometry
几何学
,but also
arithmetic
算术
,
mechanics
机械
,
and
hydrostatics.
流体静力学
“Give me a place to stand, and I will
move the world”.
（
Archimedes<
/p>
）
10
、
The melting
between Roman Culture and Greek Culture.
(
罗马征服希腊的标志
)
From 146 B.C., Latin was the language
of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek
that of the eastern half.
Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-
European language.
11
、
The dividing
range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.
12
、
The year 27
B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods:
republic and empire.
13
、
The idea of
Republic can be traced back to Plato’s
republic.
14
、
In the Roman
history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful
time, which was guaranteed
by the Roman
legions(
罗马军团
)
15
、
In the Roman
history, there came two hundred years of peaceful
time, which was known as
Pax
Romana.(
神圣罗马帝国
)
16
、
In the Roman
history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful
time, which was guaranteed
by the Roman
legions, it was known as Pax Romana
17
、
The Roman Law
protected the rights of plebeians
(
平民
).
18
、
The important
contribution made by the Romans to the European
culture was the Roman Law.
19
、
After 395,the
empire was divided into East (the Byzantine
Empire) and West.
20
、
Cicero
西赛罗
his
legal
and
political
speeches
are
models
of
Latin
diction
拉丁语用词
described
as
Ciceronian.
西赛罗式的
an enormous influence on
the development of European prose.
21
、
Virgil: Aeneid
阿尼德
22
、
The pantheon
was built in 27 B.C.
The
world’s first vast interior
space.
世界上第一所最大的室内场所
23
、
The
representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-
assembly.
古希腊民主的表现形式
24
、
The embodiment
of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly.
古希腊民主的具体形式
25.
Many of
Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian
thought.
How did
the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?
(1)
、
Three
founders
1
、
Pythagoras
①
All
things were numbers.
②
Scientific
mathematics.
③
Theory of
proportion.
比例的理论
2
、
Heracleitue
①
Fire is the primary elements of the
universe.
火是万物之源
②
The theory of
the mingling of opposites produced
harmony.
矛盾的对立统一
3
、
Democritus
①
the
atomic theory.
第一个原子理论开拓者
②
materialism.
唯物主义
(2)
、
Three
thinkers
1
、
Socrates
①
He
hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s
dialogues.
②
The dialectical method was established
by Socrates.
2
、
Plato
①
The Academy is
the first school in the world, it was established
by Plato.
②
He
has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and
Republic.
3
、
Aristotle
①
The Lyceum is
the second school in the world, it was established
by Aristotle.
②
Aristotle is a humanist.
(2)
、
Five
contending schools
1
、
The
Sophists
诡辩派
①
Under the leadership of
Protagoras.
②
The
representative of work is On the
God.
诸神论
③
His doctrine is “man is the
measure of all things”.
2
、
The
Cynics
犬儒派
①
Under the leadership of
Diogenes.
②
The
word “cynic” means “dog” in English.
③
He proclaimed his
brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich
and powerful.
3
、
The
Sceptics
置疑学派
①
Under the leadership of
Pyrrhon.
②
His
thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and
doubting the truth of what others accepted as
true.
4
、
The
Epicureans
享乐派
①
Under the leadership of
Epicurus.
②
Pleasure to be the highest
good in life but not sensual enjoyment.
Pleasure could be attained
by the practice of virtue.
Epicurus was a materialist. He believed
that the world consisted of atoms.
5
、
The
Stoics
斯多哥派
①
Under the leadership of
Zeno.
②
His
thought is duty is the most important thing in
life.
One should endure hardship and
misfortune with courage.
He developed into Stoics’
duty.
He was also a materialist.
What’s the difference
between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their
philosophical ideas(system)
？
1
、
For
one
thing,
Aristotle
emphasized
direct
observation
of
nature
and
insisted
that
theory
should
follow fact.
This is
different from Plato’s reliance on subjective
thinking.
2
、
For another, he
thought that “form” and matter together made up
concrete individual realities. Here,
too, he differed from Plato who held
that ideas had a higher reality than the physical
world
3
、
Aristotle
thought
happiness
was
men’s
aim
in
life
，
but
not
happiness
in
the
vulgar
sense,
but
something that could only be achieved
by leading a life of reason, goodness and
contemplation.
What is the great significance of Greek
Culture on the later-on cultural development?
There
has
been
an
enduring
excitement
about
classical
Greek
culture
in
Europe
and
elsewhere.
Rediscovery
of
Greek
culture
played
a
vital
part
in
the
Renaissance
in
Italy
and
other
European
countries.
1
、
Spirit
of
innovation
创新精神
The
Greek
people
invented
mathematics
and
science
and
philosophy; They first wrote history as
opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely
about the nature
of the world and the
ends of life, without being bound in the fetters
of any inherited orthodoxy.
2
、
Supreme
Achievement
至高无上的成就
The Greeks
achieved supreme achievements in nearly all
fields of human endeavour: Philosophy,
science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing,
architecture,
etc.
3
、
Lasting
effect
持续的影响
①
Countless
writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise
used
Homer’s
epics,
the
tragedies
of
Aeschylus
and
Sophocles
and
Euripides,
Aristophanes’s
comedies,
Plato’s
Dialogues,ect.
②
In
the
early
part
of
the
19th
century,
in
England
alone,
three
young
Romantic poets expressed their
admiration of Greek culture in works which have
themselves become
classics
经典之作
:
Byron’s
Isles
of
Greece,
Shelley’s
Hellas
and
Prometheus
Unbound
and
Keats’s
Ode
on a Grecian Urn.
③
In the 20th
century, there are Homeric parallels in the
Irishman James
Joyce’s modernist
masterpiece Ulysses.
Division
Two
：
The Bible and
Christianity
1
、
Christianity is
by far the most influential in the West.
2
、
Judeo-Christian
tradition constitutes one of the two major
components of European culture: Judaism
and Christianity.
3
、
The Jewish
tradition, which gave birth to Christianity.
(
犹太教是基督教的前身
)
Both originated in Palestine, which was
known as Canaan.
4
、
The ancestors
of the Jews
—
the Hebrews.
5
、
The
Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament
of the Bible.
6
、
The Bible was
divided into two sections: the Old Testament and
the New Testament.
7
、
The Old
Testament is about God and the Laws of God.
8
、
The
New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus
Christ.
9
、
The word
“Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement
between God and Man.
10
、
The Old
Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and
most important of which are the first five
books, called
Pentateuch.
摩西五经
11
、
The Fall of
Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old
Testament, The Bible.
12
、
Noah’s Ark was
recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old
Testament, The Bible.
13
、
The content of
historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.
Dealing with history of the Hebrew
people from their entry into Palestine around 1200
B.C., till
the fall of Palestine into
hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.
14
、
The History
Books
①
The development of system of landed nobles.
②
The
development of monarchy.
君主专制
③
Establishment of the two
Kingdoms.
两大王国的初步形成
④
The settlement
in the highlands
⑤
Age of great prosperity
under Saul, David and Solomon.
15
、
Towards the
end of the fourth century four accounts were
accepted as part of the New Testament,
which tells the beginning of
Christianity.
16
、
The Birth of
Jesus was recorded in Matthew
(
马修福音书
)
17
、
The first
English version of whole Bible was translated from
the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was
copied out by hand by the early group
of reformers led by John Wycliff.
What difference between
Christianity and the other religions?
Christianity based itself on two
forceful beliefs which separate it from all other
religions.
1
、
One is that
Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent
him to earth to live as humans live,
suffer as humans suffer, and die to
redeem mankind.
2
、
The
other
is
that
God
gave
his
only
begotten
son,
so
that
whosoever
believes
in
him
should
not
perish, but have
everlasting life.
(
加尔文主义也有这样的观点
)
What is the
great significance of the translations of the
bible?
1
、
It is generally
accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare
are two great reservoirs of Modern
English.
2
、
Miltion’s
Paradise
Lost
,
Bunyan’s
Pilgrim’s
Progress,
Byron’s
Cain,
up
to
the
contemporary
Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and
Steinbeck’s East of Eden.
Division Three
：
The Middle Ages
1
、
the
Middle ages
In European
history, the thousand-year period following the
fall of the Western Roman Empire in
the
fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
The
middle
ages
is
so
called
because
it
was
the
transitional
period(
过渡时期
)
between
ancient
times and modern times. To be specific,
from the 5th century to 15th century.
2
、
In 476 A.D. a
Germanic (
日耳曼
) general
killed the last Roman emperor and took control of
the
government.
西罗马
476
灭，东罗马
1653
年灭<
/p>
3
、
Feudalism in
Europe was mainly a system of land holding
(
土地所有
)
—
a system of holding land
in
exchange for military service
(
军事力量
). The word “feudalism”
was derived from the Latin “feudum”,
a
grant of land.
4
、
5
、
The Catholic
Church made Latin the official language and helped
to preserve and pass on the
heritage
(
传统
) of the Roman Empire.
6
、
The
word “catholic” meant
“universal”.(
广泛的，无处不在的
)
7
、
St.
Jerome,
who
translated
into
Latin
both
Old
and
New
Testament
from
the
Hebrew
and
Greek
originals. Vulgate
(
拉丁语圣经
)
8
、
Augustine
—→ “Confession” and “The City of God”
9
、
The most
important of all courses was Jerusalem.
(
耶路撒冷
)
10
、
Crusades went
on about 200 years. There were altogether eight
chief Crusades.
11
、
The crusades
ended up with the victory of
Moslems.(
穆斯林
)
By
1291
the
Moslems
(
穆斯林
)
had
taken
over
the
last
Christian
stronghold.
They
won
the
crusades and ruled all the territory in
Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to
control.
12
、
Carolingian
Renaissance
Carolingian
Renaissance
is
derived
from
Charlemagne’s
name
in
Latin,
Carolus.
The
most
interesting
facet
(
一面
)
of
this
rather
minor
renaissance
is
the
spectacle
(
有见解
)
of
Frankish
or
Germanic
state
reaching
out
to
assimilate
(
吸收
)
the
riches
of
the
Roman
Classical
and
the
Christianized Hebraic culture.
13
、
National
Epics(
民族史诗运动
)
The epic was the product of the Heroic
Age. It was an important and mostly used form in
ancient
literature. “National epic”
refers to the epic written in vernacular
languages—
that is, the languages of
various national states
(
民族国家
) that came into being
in the Middle Ages. Literary
works
were no
longer all written
in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual
transition of European literature from
Latin culture to a culture that was the
combination of a variety of national
characteristics.
14
、
Chaucer
(
乔叟
)
的诗歌特点：
①
power of observation
(
观察
)
②
piercing irony
(
敏锐的讽刺
)
③
sense of humour
④
warm humanity
(
温暖的人性
)
15
、
Gothic
①
The Gothic
style started in France and quickly spread through
all parts of Western Europe.
②
It lasted from
the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in
some areas, into the 16th. More
churches were built in this manner than
in any other style in history.
③
The Gothic was
an outgrowth (
丰富与发展
) of the
Romanesque.
（罗马式）
16
、
The Canterbury
Tales:
①
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
②
Chaucer
introduced French and Italy writing the English
native alliterative verse.
③
Both Chaucer and The
Canterbury Tales are the best representative of
the middle English.
17
In the middle ages, what
cultures began to merge
？
Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages
merged (
文化融合
). It paved the
way for the development
of what is the
present-day European culture.
Why is the middle ages is
called Age of Faith (
信仰的年代
)<
/p>
？
1
、
During the
Medieval times there was no central government to
keep the order. The only organization
that seemed to unite Europe was the
Christian church.
2
、
The Christian
church continued to gain widespread power and
influence.
3
、
In the Late
middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was
a Christian and a member of the
Christian Church. Christianity took the
lead in politics, law, art, and learning for
hundreds of years.
4
、
It shaped
people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is
also called the “Age of Faith”.
How did Feudalism develop
in Europe in middle ages?
1
、
feudalism in
Europe was mainly a system of land holding
—
a system of holding land
in exchange
for military service. The
word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin
“feudum”, a grant of land.
2
、
In order to
seek the protection of large land-owners, the
people of small farms or land gave their
farms and land to large land-owners,
but they still had freedom, they were called
freemen.
3
、
While the
people from towns and cities did not possess farms
or land. They had nothing but their
freedom to be given to large land-
owners, and then they lost their freedom for
protection. They were
called serfs.
4
、
In
Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided
the large lands into small pieces to be given to
chancellors or soldiers as a reward for
their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.
The owners of
the fiefs was call
vassals.
5
、
There came a
form of local and decentralized
(
分散
) government.
6
、
As a knight, he
were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the
church, to be loyal to his lord and
to
respect women of noble birth. These rules were
known as code of chivalry, from which the western
idea of good manners developed.
What positive
influence does the Crusades exert on the European
Culture?
(What is the great
significance of the Crusades?)
1
、
The crusades
brought the
East into closer contact
with the West. And they greatly influenced the
history of Europe.
(
拉近了东西方的交流
)
2
、
During
the
wars
while
many
of
the
feudal
lords
went
to
fight
in
Palestine,
kings
at
home
found
opportunities
to
strengthen
themselves.
Thus
among
other
things,
Crusades
helped
to
break
down
feudalism, which, in
turn led to the rise of the monarchies.
(
取而代之的是君主专制
)
3
、
Besides,
through
their
contact
with
the
more
cultured
Byzantines
and
Moslems,
the
western
Europeans
changed
many
of
their
old
ideas.
Their
desire
for
wealth
or
power
began
to
overshadow
their religious
ideals.
4
、
The
Crusades
also
resulted
in
renewing
people’s
interest
in
learning
and
invention.
By
the
13th
century, universities
had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as
Arabic numerals (
阿拉伯数字
),
algebra (
代数
), and
Arab medicine (
医学
) were
introduced to the West.
5
、
As trade
increased, village and towns began to grow into
cities. And the rise of towns and trade in
western Europe paved the way of the
growth of strong national governments.
How did literature develop
in the middle ages?
1
、
The epic was
the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important
and mostly used form in ancient
literature. “National epic” refers to
the epic written in vernacular
languages—
that is, the languages of
various national states
(
民族国家
) that came into being
in the Middle Ages. Literary
works
were no
longer all written
in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual
transition of European literature from
Latin
culture
to
a
culture
that
was
the
combination
of
a
variety
of
national
characteristics.
Both
Beowulf and song of
Roland were the representative works of the
National Epics.
2
、
Dante Alighieri
and The Divine Comedy:
(
但丁与神曲
)
①
His masterpiece, The
Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world
literature.
②
The poem expresses humanistic ideas which
foreshadowed (
预示
) the spirit
of Renaissance.
③
Dante wrote his
masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.
(
只用意大利语创作
)
3
、
Geoffery
Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:
(
乔叟与坎特布雷集
)
①
The Canterbury Tales were
his most popular work.
②
Most
of
the
tales
are
written
in
verse
(
诗
)
which
reflects(
反映
)
Chaucer’s
innovation
(
改革
)
by
introducing into the
native alliterative verse
(
压头韵
) the French and Italian
styles.
③
Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first
short story teller and the first modern poet in
English
literature.
短篇写作第一人
④
Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were
representative of the Middle ages.
Division
Four
：
Renaissance and
Reformation
1
、
Renaissance
Generally
speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between
the 14th and mid-17th century. The
wo
rd “Renaissance” means
revival
, specifically in this period of
history, revival of interest in ancient
Greek
and
Roman
culture.
Renaissance,
in
essence,
was
a
historical
period
in
which
the
European
humanist thinkers and scholars made
attempts to get rid of conservatism
(
保守主义思想
) in feudalist
Europe and introduce new ideas that
expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie
(
资产阶级
), to lift
the restrictions
(
禁忌
) in all areas placed by
the Roman church authorities.
Renaissance
started
in
Florence
and
Venice
with
the
flowering
of
paintings,
sculpture
and
architecture.
2
、
In Renaissance literature of Italy,
Petrarch (
彼得拉克
) was the
representative poet.
3
、
Intellectuals
became
closely
tied
up
with
the
rising
bourgeoisie.
(
人文主义兴起的重要原因
Humanistic ideas to develop)
4
、
At the heart of the Renaissance
philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of
man.
(
以人为本
—
人文主义的核心
)
5
、
Last Supper
adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.
6
、
Michelangelo
——
David
——
Sistine Chapel (from the
First book of the Bible, the Genesis )
——
Dying Slave
(
垂死的奴隶
)
——
Moses
(
摩西
)
7
、
Raphael was
best known for his Madonna.
(
圣母玛利亚
)
He
painted his Madonnas in different postures against
different backgrounds.
8
、
One
of
the
famous
paintings
besides
the
Madonnas
is
School
of
Athens
(
雅典学派
).
Plato
and
Aristotle engaged in argument.
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
卷轴画-发脾气
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