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Unit 3
1.
The
first
english
settlement:
was
founded
in1607in
virginia,
and
it
was
organized
by
the
London Company with a
charter from the English king James I.
2.
Puritanism:
in
the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in
the Church of England that
had
a
profound
influence
on
the
social,
political,
ethical,
and
theological
ideas
of
England
and
America.
3.
The
declaration
of
independence
:
written
by
Thomas
Jefferson
of
V
irginia,
proclaimed
the
independence of 13 North American
colonies.
4.
George Washington:
is the first president of the United
states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the
American Revolution, he managed his
lands around Mount V
ernon.
5..
Benjamin
Franklin
: was
one
of
the
Founding
Fathers
of
the
United
States
of
is
credited as
being foundational to the roots of American values
and character.
Unit 4
The
Articles of Confederation
:
After the War was won, the new nation
of the United States was
organized
under the agreement of the Articles of
Confederation with a weak national government
called
the
congress.
Each
state
had
its
own
government,
made
its
own
laws
and
handled
its
internal affairs.
The states did not cooperate with the
congress and with each other. The congress
had no power to force any state to
contribute money to the
national
government and the congress
could not
tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles
of Confederation failed.
A
federal system
: It is one in which
power is shared between a central authority and
its constituent
parts, with some rights
reserved to each.
The making of the U.S
Consti
tution
:
The
Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress
decided
to hold a constitutional
convention to revise the Articles of
Confederation. The delegates from 12
states
(Rhode
Island
refused
to
participated)
gathered
in
Philadelphia
in
1787
and
end
up
in
writing
a
new
constitution
and
set
a
federal
system
with
a
strong
central
government.
The
Constitution provided that an election
of the president would be called for, federal laws
would be
made only by a Congress made
up of the House of Representatives and the Senate
and a Supreme
Court would be set up.
This new Constitution was finally approved by the
majority of the citizens
in over 9 of
the 13 states and was officially put into effect
in 1787.
The
executive:
The
chief
executive
is
the
president,
who
is
elected
to
a
four
year
term.
A
president
can
be
elected
to
only
two
terms
according
to
an
amendment
passed
in
1951.
The
president can propose
legislation to Congress. He can veto any bill
passed by Congress. The veto
can be
overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses.
The president can appoint federal judges as
vacancies occur. He is the commander in
chief of the armed forces. The president has other
broad
authorities in running the
government departments and handling foreign
relations.
The bill of rights:
It consists of the first 10 amendments
which were added to the Constitution in
was passed to guarantee freedom and
individual rights such as freedom of speech, the
right
to assemble in public places, the
right to own weapons and so on.
Homeland security
is short
for the United States Department of Homeland
Security(abbreviated as
DHS).
It
is
found
on
March
1,2003,
and
is
a
Cabinet
department
of
the
United
States
federal
government with
the
primary responsibilities
of
protecting
the
territory
of
the
US
from
terrorist
attacks and responding to natural
disasters. With more than 200, 000
employees, DHS is the third
largest
Cabinet department, after the Departments of
Defense and V
eterans Affairs. Other
agencies
with significant homeland
security responsibilities include the Department
of Health and
Human
Services, and Energy.
Unit 5
1.
Eli Whitney
:
made cotton production more efficient by inventing
the cotton gin, which rapidly
removed
the seeds from the bolls of cotton.
2.
Samuel
Slater:
built
a
cotton
cloth
factory, which
started
a
process
of chang that
turned
the
northeastern region of the United
States into an important manufacturing center.
3.
Industrial revolution
In England, especially machinery run by
water power and later by steam
power
was used to manufacture cloth, this changed the
ways that people worked.
4.
Corporation
:In
the
early
years
of
the
United
States
,
banks
were
one
of
the few
businesses
organized in the form of corporations,
the creation survived the death of its founder of
founders.
5.
Service
industries
: industries that sell a
service rather than make a product , and now
dominate
the economy.
6.
Agribusiness:
has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature
of agricultural enterprise in the
modern US economy.
:
very early, people in the United States
saw that they could make money by lending it to
those who wanted to start
or to extend a business. That led to a creation of
an important part of the
current
economic scene.
t
workers:
on
large
farms ,many
of
the workers
are
hired
only
for
a
specific
chore,
many of these seasonal workers travel
form farm to farm, staying only until the crops
are picked.
Unit 6
1.
Religious
liberty
in the
US:
the
great
awakening
of the
1740s,
a
movement which
sought to breathe new feeling and
strength into religion, cut across the lines of
protestant religious
group.
2.
The
baptists
in
the
US:
are
the
largest
protestant
group . They
believe
in
adult
baptism
by
immersion, symbolizing a mature and
responsible conversion experience.
3.
Catholic in
the US :
the largest single
religious group , about one-quarter of all
Americans
are
of
the
Roman
Catholic
faith,
and
the
majority
of
them
are
descendants
of
immigrants from
Ireland.
4.
Three faiths:
by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were
considered to come in three basic
varieties:
Protestant,
Catholic
and
Jewish,the
order
reflecting
the
strength
in
numbers
of
each
group.
5.
Religious
diversity:
since
the
US
has
always
been
a
fertile
ground
for
the
growth
of
new
religious
movements,
many
religious
communities
and
secular
utopias
in
new
forms
of
social
living
were founded in 18
th
and
18
th
century American.
unit 7
1
Transcendentalists
In
his
book
Nature,
Ralph
Waldo
Emerson(1803-1882)claimed
that
by
studying
and responding to nature individuals could reach a
higher spiritual state without formal
religion..
A
circle
of
intellectuals
who were
discontented with
the
New
England
establishment
gathered
around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories
about spiritual transcendence. They
are
known as Transcendentalists.
2 The
Scarlet Letter
红字
was published in 1850. Set in the
Puritan past, this masterpiece is the
stark drama of a woman harshly cast out
from her community for committing the sin of
adultery.
In
this
novel,
Hawthorne
explored
certain
moral
themes
such
as
guilt,
pride
and
emotional