jumping-expressway
1
、英语单词是语音、意义、字形、句法和书写的整体。
From
lexicological
point
if
view,a
word
is
a
combination
of
form(phonological)and
meaning(lexical and grammatical).In
addition,a word acts as a structural unit of a
sentence.
2
、自然派：
音与义之间存在一种内在对应关系，即音与义之间有着一种必然的自然联系。
The
Naturalists have argued that the origin of
language lies in onomatopoeia,that people began
talking by creating iconic signs to
imitate the sounds heard around them in maintain
that there is a natural connection
between sound and meaning.
规约派：音与义不是同一种东西，两者之间没有必然联系。
The
Conventionalists,on the other hand ,hold that the
relations between sound and meaning are
conventional and arbitrary.
What's in a name?...From
Shakespeare:
支持规约派
'Tis not enough no harshness...?From
Pope
：支持自然派
3
、阐述
“
语言是任意的
，
language
is arbitrary”
，
4
点
(1)there
is
no
logical
relationship
between
a
linguistic
symbol
and
the
object
it
refers
to
in
the
natural
world.
(2)few words are direct
imitation of the natural world,for example
,onomatopoeic words,such as
giggle and
roar.
(3)compounds have internal logic
and cannot be changed.
(4) a community
member must observe the social convention that has
been settled down.
Motivation
（词的理据性）
2
点
(1)there
is
a
logical
relationship
between
a
linguistic
symbol
and
the
object
it
refers
to
in
the
natural
world.
(2)Motivation played a important
role in the beginning of ,languages gradually lose
motivation and become symbolized.
4
、
Analyze the
following lexical groups and state through what
languages they came into English:
(1)cake knife crop egg ill husband
(from Danish)
(2)honour court chivalry
heritage literature architecture (from French)
(3)carouse plunder zinc dock quarts
cobalt(German)
(4)genius stratum
inertia memorandum formula area(Latin)
(5)pedestal
cornice
cupola
sonata
fresco
colonnade(Italian)(6)plaza
mulatto
embargo
armada
galleon
anchovy(Spanish)
(7)sultan roc yashmak
ghoul harem sheikh(Arabic)
(8)sampan
liche ketchup kaolin loquat typhoon(Chinese)
(9)steppe troika commissar
intelligentsia pogrom czar( Russian)(10)geometry
gymnastics tragedy
philology prologue
myth(Greek)
5
、词素
分类
morphemes
树形结构图，价值
10
分
(1)Syntactically:
A:Morpheme
（词素）
:Free
Morpheme
（自由词素）
/Bound
Morpheme
（粘着词素）
(2
)Semantically:(
句法特征
)
A:Morphemes:
（词素）
a:Root
Morphemes
（根词素）
:
a1:Anglo-Saxon origin
（
free
word
）
（）
a2:foreign origin
（
infix
，
bound
）
–
spect-
b:Affixation
（缀合词
素）
:
b1:Inflexional
（曲折）
[8]:noun (2,
-s,-
?s)/adjective (2,
-er,
-est)/verb (4,-s, -ing,
V
-ed1,V
-ed2)
b2:d
erivational
（衍生
/
派生
）
l:prefixes: dis-,re-/suffixes: -ness
人类语言的四大类：孤立、曲折、黏着、复综语
1
）孤立语，无形态语
Isolating
language
、
radical language
，
2
）屈折语
Inf
lectional language
、
3
< br>）黏着语
Agglutinative language
、
4
）复综语四类
complex
integrated language
。
词的理据
:Accounts for the
connection between the linguistic symbol and its m
eaning.
指的是事
物和现象获得名称的依据，
说明词义与实物或现象的命名之间的关系。
(sunflower,
向日葵
（太
阳花，转莲莲）
；
rainbow
彩虹
,
lightheartedness)
拟声理据：
Onomatopoetic
Motivation means defining the princ
iple
of motivative by sound.
英语
中有些
词通过声音的模仿构成
()
基本拟声：
Primary
onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by
sound. Here the sound is truly
and “an
echo to the sense”
音与义的相似，引起音与音之间的联想。
（如：
buzz/crack
等）
次要拟声：
the sounds
evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement,
or some physical or
moral
quality,
usually
unfavorable.
音与某种象征性的意义发生联想（
b
reath
noise:sniff/quick
separation or movement snip/sweeping
snake
）
语义理据：
suggested by the
conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the
connection between the
literal sense
and the figurative sense of the word.
隐喻
Metaphor is a figure of
speech containing an implied comparison, in which
a word or phrase
ordinarily and
primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
use the human body to measure other
things.
The head: the head of the cane,
the head of an arrow, the head of a bed
The mouth: the mouth of the river, the
mouth of a pocket, the mouth of a bottle
The tooth: the teeth of a saw, the
teeth a rake, the teeth of a gear
The
eye: the eye of the potato, hook and eye, the eye
of a needle
9
、借代
Metonymy
is
the
device
in
which
we
name
something
by
one
of
its
attributes,
the
substitution of the name of one thing
for that of another with which it is closely
associated.
The common categories of
metonymy are:
（
1
）
Tool for the related person or thing:
pen for writer, sword for war, mouth for speaker
The pen is mightier than the sword.
（
2
）
Location and the
organization
：
White House
，
Downing Street
，
Hollywood
（
American film industry and
its products
）
10
、提喻
Synecdoche
means using a part for a whole, an individual for
a class, a material for a
thing or the
reverse of any of these.
A
part for the whole
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