bowie-补录
二
Real IE
Value
工业工程的真正价值
1
、
On
the other hand,today?s IE
has at his or
her disposal
more technology and
tools
than the IE of 30 years ago could have ever
imagined.
另一方面，现在的工业工程师可以使用许多
30
年前的同行想都不可能想到的技术和工具。
2
、
If
a
person
loses
sight
of
the
total
job
and
starts
looking
at
the
individual
pieces,it comes out a little hairy.
如果一个人不能对整项工作做全面把握而只是将注意力放在个别的方面，则结果将不会令人满意
。
3
、
Problems
associated
with
renaming
IE
departments
to
describe
their
particular
function
may
have
more
to
do
with
appearance
than
with
the
actual
job being performed.
将工业工程部重
新命名以明确描述其具体职能，
其间所出现的问题与其说与实际完成的工作
有关倒不如说与问题的表象有关。
4
、
In fact,even
though ABET accredits many IE and IET programs in
the United
States,there remains much
variance and flexibility among each of the
programs.
【
ABET
是工
程与技术鉴定委员会
（
the Accreditation
Board for Engineering and Technology
）
的简写。
该委员
会是美国用来检查和评价各
工程类大学全部课程的官方机构，
ABET
鉴定目的是向公众和
工程类毕业生的
雇主保证学校的课程满足了规定的最低标准。
】
实际上，尽管工程与技术鉴定委员会鉴定了美国的许多工业工
程和工业工程与技术项目，但这些项目之间
仍然存在很大的区别和灵活性。
6
、
But if
the individual IE
will assume the role
as a change implementor
—
not
a
change
follower
—
broad opportunities
are on the horizon.
然而，如果每个工业工程师都承担起变化的
实施者而不是变化的追随者的角色，则广泛的机会就会出现。
7
、
If we?ve got a
problem,it?s of our own doing and our own
unwillingness to take
the lead in a lot
of these major improvement activities.
如果我们遇到了问题，这些问题也是由于我们自己的所作所为和不愿意在一些重大的改进活动中承担领导
角色所造成的。
三、
Operetions
Research
运筹学
Operations
research,as
defined
by
the
Operations
Research
Society
of
America,
“
is
concerned
with
scientifically
deciding
how
to
best
desigh
and
operate
man-machine
systems,usually under conditions
requiring the allocation of scarce
resources.
”
美国运筹学
学会将运筹学定义为：
在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何
最好地设计和运作人
—
机系统的决策科学。
四、
Work-measured Labor
Standards
基于作业测量的劳动标准
4.1
Perhaps
the
only
thing
wrong
with
these
tools
is
their
lack
of
a
buzz
word
or
catchy
acronym.
也许这些工具的唯
一缺点是它们没有一个能够反映其内涵的响亮的词组或引入的字母的缩写。
4.2
Human
workers
come
in
at
least
a
billion
models
with
varying
physical,mental,and
emotional specifications and work under
varying environmental conditions.
由于身体、
精神和感情等方面以及工作环境的不断变化，
工人至少可以被分
为十亿种不同的
类型。
4.3
Standard
times
are
standard
times
only
because
all
parties
involved
agree
they
are
standard times.
标注时间之所以是标准的仅
仅是因为相关的所有部门都承认其是标准时间。
4.4
Like
any
standards
system,
a
computerized
standards
system
won
?
t
help-and
can
be
counterproductive-if it is not kept up-
to-date.
同其他的任何标准系统一样，
如果不能做到
与时俱进，
计算机化的标准系统将起不到相应的
作用并且可能会
降低生产率。
五、
Ergonomics
人因学
5.1
Accident proneness implies that there
are certain individuals with enduring personality
characteristics,who incur a majority of
accidents.
事故倾向性指具有某类特性的个体导致主要事故的发生。
5.2
The transformation from
a rural,agrarian to an urban,,industrialized lige
has come at a
cost,and workers are
?
paying
?
in
terms of a tremendous increase in industrial and
in terms of
worker stress.
从
以田园为主的农业经济向以城市化为主的工业经济的转变付出了一定的代价，
这些代价是
工人显著增加的工业伤害和工作压力的形式付出的。
5.3
T
echnology
transfer from the W
estern word is
important,but must be concerned not only
with the adaptation and use of machines
but also with the entire infrastructure of
training
local
users
to
develop
independent
capabilities
so
that
they
can
act
freely
on
the
global
market.
尽管从西方引进技术很重要，
但技术转让的过程不仅要考虑如何使本土使用者适应和使用机
器，
而且还要考虑如何建设能够培训这些本土使用者的独立能力以便使其能够在全球化的市
场中运用自如的整个基础设施。
5.4
Ergonomics is rather a design
methodology that is used to arrive at
safety
,productivity
and
satisfaction.
应该说工效学是一种用来实现系统安全性、生产率和操纵
者满意度的设计方法。
六、
Next
Generation Factory Layouts
21
世纪的工厂布局
6.1
While
grouping
resources
based
on
function
provides
some
economies
of
scale
and
simplicity
in
allocating
workloads,it
makes
the
layout
susceptipble
to
manufacturing
inefficiencies
when there are changes in product mix or routings.
尽管根据能够实现的功能将资源分组能够获得一定的规模效应并能简化工作量的分配，<
/p>
但当
产品的组合或工艺路劲发生变化时很容易造成功能布局的制造
效率低下。
6.2
Layout
design
procedures,whether
for
functional
or
cellular
layouts,have
been
largely
based on a deterministic paradigm.
无论是功能式布局还是单元式布局，其设计过程大体上都是基于确定性假设的。
< br>
6.3
In
fact,the
relationship
between
layout
flexibility
and
layout
performance
is
poorly
understood and analytical models for
its evaluation are lacking.
实际上，人们对于布局灵
活性与布局绩效之间的关系的理解很有限而且缺乏用来评价这些
关系的分析模型。
6.4
Facility
planner had to choose layouts that make material
handing efficient not only in
each
individual plant but throughout the complex. The
challenge for facility planners is then
to develop a layout and a material-
handling system to permit high efficiency at the
core and
flexibility and
reconfigurability at the periphery.
设施规
划者必须选择那些不仅在每个工厂内部而且在整个综合企业中就物料搬运来说都是
有效的
布局。
因而，
这里的挑战在于如何开发布局和物料搬运系统使得
每个工厂在内部都很
有效而在其他工厂的交界处则具有很高的灵活性和可重组性。
6.5
They create
hybrid facilities consisting of flow-line-like
components where they build the
common
platforms and job shop-like components where they
customize the products.
他们建设由通用和个性化平台组成
的混合型设施，
前者以流水线方式生产通用零部件而后者
则用专
业化车间的生产方式生产体现产品个性化的零部件。
6.6
Depending
on
downstream
congestion,products
can
move
in
and
out
of
neighboring
production
lines,creating multiple paths,or
channels,minimizing queueing and congestion.
根据生产线下游的阻塞情况，
产品可以在相邻的生产线之间相互调配，
这样就产生了多个生
产路劲或通道，同时可以最小化排队等待和阻塞
（时间）
。
第八
、
The role of IE
in engineering economics
(
工业工
程在工程经济学中的作用
)
may seem trivial to state that an
industrial project must be evaluate in order
to justify it.
为了论证某一项目必须对其进
行评价，这样一个论断可能显得无足轻重。
a result,management
must
resort to the
“
leap of
faith
”
approach
to
justify
new systems that
are intuitively sound from a strategic point of
view but that are
not convincing
economically.
结果，管理层不得不求助于“信任的跳跃”以便从战略的
高度论证那些直观上
感觉可行但经济上不能令人信服的新系统。
3.
Armed
with
economic
models
tailored
to
specific
technologies,
industrial
engineers
are
able
to
measure,
for
instance,
the
cost
of
flexibility
and,
in
turn,
help
integrate
this
figure
in
accounting
cost
systems
and
financial
justification
models.
掌握了适应各种特定技术的经济模型后，工业
工程师就能够对诸如柔性成本等
指标进行度量并且能够反过来协助将这些数值与会计成本
系统和金融论证模型
集成起来。
4.
Without
going
into
detail,
let
?
s
say
that
IT
has
far-reaching
implications
for
firms
in
general,as
its
enabling
capabilities
can
significantly
modify
business
processes.
简言之，信息技术对一般的企业都具有
深远的影响，因为它有能力对企业的业
务流程进行重要的修正。
t claiming that engineering
economy
has solved all problems, it can
be
said that help in
available.
尽管不能说工程经济学已经解决了所有问题，但可以对问题的解
决起到帮助作
用。
full-blown
typologies
give
extensive
cost
classification
in
terms
of
discrete
vs. periodical costs and
in terms of
tangible, irreducible, and intangible
costs.