结局-zang
United States Strategies Covering the
Military Field
美国军事领域之战略
There
were
brought
up
in
2004
with
the
following
four
strategies.
They
are
national
security
strategy
,
national
defense
strategy
,
national
military
strategy
,
and
theater
strategy
.
Their
definitions
are
as
follows:
National
security
strategy
—
A
document
approved
by
the
President
of
the
United
States
for
developing,
applying,
and
coordinating
the
instruments
of
national
power
to
achieve
objectives
that
contribute to national security.
National defense
strategy
—
A document approved
by the
Secretary
of
Defense for
applying the Armed Forces of the United States in
coordination with Department of Defense
agencies and other instruments of national
power to achieve national security
strategy objectives.
National military
strategy
—
A
document approved by the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff for distributing and
applying
military
power
to
attain
national
security
strategy
and
national
defense
strategy objectives.
Theater
strategy
defined by the commander-in-
chief of the unified
command
established
by
the
President
—
An
overarching
construct
outlining
a
combatant
commander’s
vision
for
integrating
and
synchronizing
military
activities
and
operations
with
the
other
instruments
of
national
power
in
order
to
achieve
national strategic objectives.
< br>在
2004
年提出了以下四种战略：
国家安全战略
、
国防战略
、
国家军事战略
以及
（
总统确认的统一指挥部最高指挥官
）
确定的战争空域、
地面区域
或
水域作
战责
任范围之战略。
它们的定义分别是：
国家安全战略
是总统正式批准文件，
旨
在发展、
< br>使用和协调国家手段之能力，
为实现国家安全目的做出贡献。
国防战略
是国防部长正式批准文件，
旨在国防部机构协调使
用美国武装力量以及国家其他
手段能力，
藉以实现国家安全战略
之目的。
国家军事战略
是参谋长联席会议主席
< br>正式批准文件，
旨在配置和使用军事能力，
藉以实现国家
安全战略和国防战略之
目的。
（
总统确
认的统一指挥部参战最高指挥官
）确定的战争空域、地面区域
或
水域
作战责任范围战略
是统一控制一切
其他目的之概念、
指示有
远见
的
统一指挥
部参战最高指挥官
把握军事行动和作
战与使用国家其他手段能力达到统一和同
步之能力，藉以实现国家战略之目的。
Here we can see clearly that
the four strategies
constitute guiding relationships
from
the top down, and make up subordinate and service
relationship from the bottom
up.
That
is
to
say,
the
higher
level
of
strategy
is
the
reference
for
formulating
the
lower level of strategy;
the lower level strategy is subordinate to and
serves the higher
level strategy, the
base of the higher level strategy.
由此可见，
这
四种战略
从上至下构成指导关系，
从下至上构成服从和服务关
系。
也就是说，
上个层次的战略是制定下个层次战略的依据，
下个层次的战略服
从和服务于上个层次的战略，是上个层次战略的基础。<
/p>
2
．
Differences between These Strategies
不同战略之间的差别
Firstly
,
the one
who establish
or
sign the
strategy
is different.
National security
strategy
is
signed by the President; while
national
defense
strategy
is
signed by the
Secretary
of
Defense;
national
military
strategy
is
signed
by
the
Chairman
of
Joint
Chiefs
of
Staff;
theater
strategy
is
signed
by
the
commander-in-chief
of
the
unified
command.
首先
，
不同战略确认
或
正式批准签发人不同
。
国家安全战略
由总统正式批准
签发；
国防战略
由国防部长正式批准签发；
国家军事战略
由参谋长联席会议主席
正式批准签发；<
/p>
（
统一指挥部参战最高指挥官
）确定的战
争空域、地面区域
或
水
域
作战责任范围战略
由统一指挥部参战最高指挥官正式批准签发。
Secondly
,
their aims differ
. The goal
of
national security
strategy
is to keep the
politics
and
economy
free,
maintain
the
peaceful
relationship
with
other
countries,
respect human
dignity, and not only make the world secure but
also better. The goal of
national
defense strategy
is to make sure that
the US free from direct attack, ensure
strategic
entrance
and
maintain
global
action
freedom,
tighten
the
relations
among
allies and partners,
set up beneficial security conditions. The goal of
national military
strategy
is to protect the
US from external attack and invasion, prevent
conflict and
surprise
attack,
defeat
the
opponents.
Therefore,
the
higher
level
strategic
goal
is
broader and macro whereas the lower
level strategy is more specific and micro and
supports the goal of higher level
strategy.
其次
，
不同战略不同目的
。
国家安全战略
的目的是：政治和经济自由、与其
他国家保持和平关系、
< br>尊重人的尊严、
不仅使世界更安全而且使世界更美好。
国
防战略
的目的是：确保美国免遭直接攻击、确保战略进入和保持
全球行动自由、
加强盟国与伙伴关系、
建立有利的安全条件。<
/p>
国家军事战略
的目的是：
保护美国
免遭外来进攻和侵略、预防冲突和突然进攻、战胜对手。由此可见，上一层次战
略的目的比较宽泛，比较宏观；下一层次战略的目的比较具体，比较微观，并且
直接支持上一层次战略的目的。
Lastly, the
fields of application are different
.
National security strategy
is applied
in
all
kinds
of
areas
including
national
politics,
economy,
military
and
diplomacy;
national
military
strategy
is
suitable
for
the
distribution
and
application
of
national
military force;
theater
strategy
is
used
in
the preparation of
various theaters
to
take
actions, the
formulation of combat plan, the application of
joint troops and etc. In all,
the
higher the level of the strategy, the broader
scope it can be applied; the lower the
level of the strategy, the narrower
scope it can be applied.
最后
，
适用范围不同
。
国家安全战略
适用于国家政治、经济、军事、外交各
个领域
；
国家军事战略
适用于国家军事力量的配置和使用；
（
统一指挥部参战最
高指挥官
）
确定的战争空域、
地面区域
或<
/p>
水域
作战责任范围战略
则用于作战行动<
/p>
的准备、作战计划的制定、联合部队的使用等。由此可见，战略层次越高，适用
范围越大，战略层次越低，适用范围越小。
Change of War
Patterns and Reform of Military Training
战争
（
特征
）
形态变化和军事训练之改革
土耳其伊斯马耶尔上校–
同声传译
Prussian
military strategist Carl von Clausewits once said
―
Every age has its own
kind of war, its own limiting
conditions, and its own preconceptions. Each
period
,
therefore, would have
held
to
its own theory of war.
普鲁
士军事战略家克劳塞维茨曾说过：
“各个时代都有本时代的战争，自身
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