miser-phoebus
从属结构
(
一
)
按照层次分析法，
英语的语法结构通常是由紧邻的下一层次的结构组
成。
如果一个语法结构
含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直
接成分，这种现象叫做
“
从属
”(Su
bordination)
。例
如
Th
e man with a gun in his
hand
；
the man who was holding
a gunin his hand
。
从属于其他语法
结构的结构叫做
“
从属结构
”(Subor—
dinate Construction)
。
从属结构可以是一个限定分句、
非
限定分句或无动词分句，
也可以是一个词组，
主要是介词词组
。
本讲首先介绍限定从属分句
(Finite
Subordinate Clause)
。
31
．
1
并列与从属
并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。从语义上看，两个分句所表示的意
义，在说话人看来，
如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它们并列起来，连成一个并列句。
例如：
The rain
stopped
，
and the sun came
out
．
如果在说话人看来，
“太阳出现”是他最关心的事情，那就可以通过从属手段连成一个复杂
句：
When the rain
stopped
，
the sun came
out
．
这样，通过并列与从属，两
个分句之间的句际语义关系便明白地表示出来。
1)
从属是语义上分清主次的手段
<
/p>
作为语义上分清主次的手段，
所谓从属就是把次要的思想内容置于
结构上的从属地位，
从而
突出句子的主要思想。
有多种多样的从属方法：
一种方法是把次要的思想内容置于限定从属
分句。例如：
Before she
could answer the
telephone
，
it stopped
ringin9
．
John
，
who comes
ore a
large
，
lower-class
family
，
enrolledin college
this fall
．
也可以用非限定分句和无动词分句。例如：
Expecting
trouble
，
the guards were
fully armed
．
，
To emphasize his discontent with the U<
/p>
．
S
．
stan
d
，
PrimeMinister Ecevit once
again threatened to
shut down U
< br>．
S
．
bases and
lower Turkey?S contribution to NA
T0
forces
．
Injured
in saving their baby from an oncoming
automobile
，
ayoung man and
his wife are in critical
condition in
City
—
County Hospital
today
．
Curious
about their new
neighbours
，
the Johnsons went
andvisited them at the first
opportunity
．
如果要使
次要的思想内容处于更不重要的地位，还可以让它出现在词组中。例如：
The house at the end of the street was
designed by Palladi0
．
Mr Edwards
，
the
manager of the store
，
is the
city councilman
．在这里，我们首先谈一谈限定
从属分句的使用。比如下面有两句话：
We are
prepared to make certain
concessions
．
We find it hard
to put up with the loss
．
如果说话人所要表达的主要思想是“准备作出某些让步”
，那么，第一
句就应以主句的身份
出现，而以第二句作为从属分句：
Although|Though|Even
though
／
While we find it hard
to
put up with the
loss
，
we are prepared to make
certazn C0
咒一
cessions
< br>．
如果说话人所要表达的主要思想是“难以忍受这个损
失”
，那就应以第二句为主句，而以第
一句为从句：
Although|Though|Even
though|While we are prepared tomake certain conces
sions
，
we
∥
< br>nd it hard
to put up with{the
loss
．
上述的主要内容和次要内
容也可以通过由
but
／
still<
/p>
连接的并列结构来表达。这种句式的语
义重心仍在后半部：
We find it hard to put up with
the loss
，
but
／
still we are
pre
—
pared to make certain
concessions
．
We
are prepared to make certain
concessions
，
but
／
still wefind it hard to put up with the
loss
．
2)
从属连词
由上述诸例可以看出，从属分句通常是由从属连词
(Subordi
< br>—
nat0
，
)
引导的。现代英语的从
属连词，
就词的构成来说，
分为简单从属连词
(Simple Subordinator)<
/p>
、
复杂从属连词
(Complex
Subordi_nator)
、
关
联
从
属
连
词
(Correlative
Subordin
ator)
和
边
际
从
属
连
词
(Marginal
Subordinator)
。
a)
简单从属连词
< br>简单从属连词即单词从属连词
(One
—
word
Subordinator)
，如
after?although
，
as
，
because
，
b
efore
，
directly
，
for
，
if
，<
/p>
immediatelv
，
lest
，
like
，①
0
nce
，
since
，
that
，
though
，<
/p>
till
，
unless
，
until
，
when(e
ver)
，
where(
这类连词有的
是以
that
结尾，如
assumin
g(that)
，
but
that<
/p>
，
con
一
81
de
。
1ng(that)
，
except(that)
，
exceptin
g(that)
，
for
all(t
hat)
．
91Ven(?hat)
，
granted(that)
，
gra
nting(that)
，
in
that
，
in orderthat,m,SOfar
that
，
in the event that
，
now(that)
，
p
rovided(that)
．
8aV
e
that,seeing(that)
，
< br>SO(that)
，
such that
，
supposing(that)
等。
还有一些复杂从属连词是以
as
结尾
的，
如
acc0
，
ding as,aslar as,as Iong as'as soon as
，
forasmuch
as
，
inasmuch
as,inmfaras
，
insomuch
as
等。
此外还有
as
if
，
as
though
，
in case
等复杂
从属连词。
C)
关联从属连词
由两个关联词构成的从属连词叫做关联从属连词，如
a
。
…
as,a8…s0
，
barely
／
hardly
／
scarcely…when
< br>，
more
／
-er)
／
less·
·
·
than
，
no
sooner
．
．
．
< br>than
，
S0
．
．
．
as
，
s0
．
．
．
< br>that
，
such
．
．
．
as
，
such
．
．
．
that
，
the
．<
/p>
．
．
the
，<
/p>
whether
．
．
．
or
等。
d)
边际从属连词
边际从属连词指某些实际起着从属连词作用的随意结构，如
even if,if
only
，
just
as
，
only
if
，
every
time(that)
，
the
instant(that)
，
the
moment(that)
，
due to the
fact that
，
for the
reaSonthat,bY reason
that
，
for
fear(that)
，
in spite of the
fact that
，
in thelight of
the fact that
，
on
account of the fact that
，
on
the ground(s)that
，
regardleSS
of the fact that
，
in the
sense that
等。
正是这些从属连词确定着主句和从句的语义关系。
例如下面两个句子可以
通过不同的从属连
词连接成为不同意义的主从结构：
?
Air traffic is closely
controlled
．
Flying is relatively safe
／
unsafe
．
如以第一句为第二句的条件状语，就是：
可
?
／
Provided
that
／
In
case
／
Assuming that air
traffic isclosely
controlled
，
flying is
relativelv
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的原因状语，就是：
Inasmuch as air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
relativelysafe
．
BecaHse 7 Since 7 Considering that air
traffic is closely con
—
troll
ed
，
flying is relatively
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的时间状语，就是：
Whe
礼
f
Whenever
f
Wh
诅
e
70nce
air
traffic
is
closely
con
—
trolled
，
flying
is
relatively
safe
．
?
如以第一句为第二句的地点状语，就是：
Where|Wherever air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
rel
—
atively
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的否定条件状语，就是：
Unless air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
relatively unsafe
．
如以第一句为第二句的让步状语，就是：
Although/|Even though air traffic is
closely controlled
，
flying is
relatively unsafe
．
或者说：
Wh8thPr
or
咒
ot air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
relatively unsafe
．
下面一则练习要求通过从属手段将两个简单句连接成为一个
句子。
EXERCISE 31A
Combine each pair of simple sentences
into one
sentence
，
usingproper
subordinators
．
If more than
one subordinator is avail
—
able
，
make more than
one sentence
．
1
．
I saw a film
yesterday
．
The film was
dull
．
2
．
The weather
keeps fine
．
I see no reason
why the village
fete(
游园会
)should
not be a Success
．
3
．
He didn?t get
up early enough
．
He missed
the train
．
4
．
A German is
coming to see me
．
I made his
acquaintance in Hamburg last
year
．
5
．
The students
were trapped in a cave
．
One
of them has already been brought
out
．
6
．
She spoke
French rapidly
．
i couldn?t
understand her
．
7
．
Any of these
problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence
and hard work
．
None of them
are
too difficult
forUS
．
8
．
Illness kept
him away from sch001
．
He
didn?t get the
prize
．
9
．
I lost my pen
somewhere
．
The auditorium
might be the place
．
10
．
He ate too
little and worked too hard for weeks on
end
．
He
became
ill
．
11
．
He came out of
the Conference
Room
．
Reporters surround-
ed him
．
12
．
My wife was
using the vacuum cleaner
．
1
was trying to lis
—
ten to a broadcast
play
．
13
．
You promise to
behave yourself
．
You shall
not go to the
party this
afternoon
．
14
．
His mother
waited up
．
He came
home
．
15
．
He had a sore
throat
．
He had spoken for
three hours
．
31
．
2
限定从属分句
按结构形式划分，
英语的从属分句分为限定从属分句
(FiniteSubordinate Clause)
、
非限定分句
(Non
—
fi
nite Clause)
和无动词分句
(Verbless
Clause)
。
限定从属分句就是
以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。这种从属分句从句法功能上划
分，又可分为名词
性分句
(
作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分和同位语
)
，形容词性分
句
(
即关系分句，主要作名词修饰语
)
和
副词性分句
(
即状语分旬，在句中作状语
)
。
1)
名词性分句
名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，这种分句通常由从属连词
that
引导，也可由
who,whom
，
whose
，
what
，<
/p>
which
，
whoever
，
whatever
，
w
hichever
等连接代词引导，还可由
where
，
when
，
how<
/p>
，
why
等连接副词引导。名词性分句可
在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、
同位语和介词补足成分。例如作主语：
It is quite clear that the crime
was done deliberately
．
That AZ should have married his cousin
is not at all surprising
9
．
What caused
the
奠
re is still a
mystery
．
Who was
responsible
f0
，
．
the accident
is not yet clear
．
Wb he left
SO abruptly is not known to any
of
US
．
How the book will sell
depends on its author
．
Whether she comes or not
doesn
?
t concern
me
．
Wherever he once lived is
well preserved
．
作宾语：
We never
doubt that he is honest
．
．
She suggested that he do it
at once
．
I
can?t
imagine
what
made
him
act
like
that
．
Can
you
tell
US
who
is
responsible
f0
，
．
the
fire?Please
explain why this is
impossible
．
Nobody can tell when she will
arrive
．
Eat
whichever
one y0“like and
leav
e the others for whoever
ver)
，
whereupon
，<
/p>
while
，
whilst
等。
b)
复杂从属连词
由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词叫做复杂从属连词。
①主要用于非正式语体。
这类连词有的是以
that
结尾，如
assuming(that)
，
but tha
t
，
con
—
sidering(that)
，
except(that)<
/p>
，
excepting(that)
，<
/p>
for all(that)
，
give
n(that)
，
granted(that)
，
granting(that)
，
< br>in that
，
in
orderthat
．
insofar
that
，
in the event
that
，
now(that)
，
provided(that)
，
save
that
，
seeing(that)
，
so(that)
，
such th
at
，
supposing(that)
等。还有一些复杂从属连词是以
as
结尾的，如
accordin938
，
asfar
as
，
as long
as
，
as soon
as
，
forasmuch
as
，
inasmuch as
，
insofaras
，
insomuch
as
等。
此外还有
as
if
，
as
though
，
in case
等复杂
从属连词。
c)
关联从属连词
由两个关联词构成的从属连词叫做关联从属连词，如
as
．
．
．
as
，
as…s0
，
barely
|hardly
／
scarcely…when
，
more/er/less
．
．
．
than
，
no sooner…than
，
s0
．
．
．
as
，
s0
．
．
．
that
，
such
．
．
．
as
< br>，
such
．
．
．
that
，
the
．
．
．
the
，
whether
．
．
．
or
等。
d)
边际从属连词
边际从属连词指某些实际起着从属连词作用的随意结构，如
even if
，
if
only
，
just
as
，
only
if
，
every
time(that)
，
the
instant(that)
，
the
moment(that)
，
due to
the fact that
，
for
the reasonthat
，
by reason
that
，
for
fear(that)
，
in spite of the
fact that
，
in thelight
of the fact
that
，
on account of the fact
that
，
on the
ground(S)that
，
regardless of
the fact that
，
in the
sense that
等。
正是这些从属连词确定着主句和从句的语义关系。例如下面
<
/p>
两个句子可以通过不同的从属连词连接成为不同意义的主从结构：
‘
Air traffic is closely
controlled
．
Flying is relatively
safe|unsafe
．
如以第一句为第二句的条件状语，就是：
If 7 Provided
that
／
In
caSe
／
ASsuming that air
traffic isclosely
controlled
，
flying is
relatively
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的原因状语，就是：
Inasmuch as air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
relativelysafe
．
B
ecause|Since
／
Considering
that air traffic is closely con
—
trolled
，
flying is
relatively safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的时间状语，就是：
When|Whenever|While|Once air traffic is
closely con
—
trolled
，
flying is relatively
safe
．
?
如以第一句为第二句的地点状语，就是：
Where|Wherever air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
rel
—
atively
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的否定条件状语，就是：
Unless air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
relatively un
—
safe
．
如以第一句为第二句的让步状语，就是：
Although|Even though air traffic is
closely controlled
，
flyingis
relatively unsafe
．
或者说：
Whether or
not air traffic is closely
controlled
，
flying is
rela
—
tively
unsafe
．
下面一则练习要求通过从属手段将两个简单句连接成为一个
句子。
EXERCISE 3lA
Combine each pair of simple sentences
into one
sentence
，
usingproper
subordinators
．
If more than
one subordinator is avail
—
able
，
make more than
one sentence
．
1
．
I saw a film
yesterday
．
The film was
dull
．
2
．
The weather
keeps fine
．
I see no reason
why the village
fete(
游园会
)should
not be a success
．
3
．
He
did
n?t get up early
enough
．
He missed the
train
．
4
．
A German is
coming to see me
．
I made his
acquaintance in
Hamburg last
year
．
5
．
The students
were trapped in a cave
．
One
of them has al
—
ready been brought
out
．
6
．
She slooke
French rapidly
．
i couldn?t
understand he
r
．
7
．
Any of these
problems can be solved by ordinary
intelli
—
gence and hard
work
．
None of them
are too difficult
forUS
．
8
．
IllnesS kept
him away from sch001
．
He
didn?t get the
prize
．
9
．
I lost my pen
somewhere
．
The auditorium
might be the
place
．
10
．
He ate too
little and worked too hard for weeks on
end
．
He
became
ill
．
11
．
He came out of
the Conference
Room
．
Reporters
surround
—
ed
him
．
12
．
My wife was
using the vacuum cleaner
．
1
was trying to lis?
ten to a
broadcast play
．
13
．
You Dromise to
behave yourself
．
You shall
not go to the
party this
afternoon
．
14
．
His mother
waited up
．
He came
home
．
15
．
He had a SOre
throat
．
He had spoken for
three hours
．
31
．<
/p>
2
限定从属分句
按结构形式划分，
英语的从属分句分为限定从属分句
(Fin
iteSubordinate Clause)
、
非限定分句
(Non
—
finite
Clause)
和无动词分句
(Verbless
Clause)
。
限定从属分句就是
以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。这种从属分句从句法功能上划
分，又可分为名词
性分句
(
作主语、宾语、主语补语、介词补足成分和同位语
)
，形容词性分
句
(
即关系分句，主要作名词修饰语
)
和
副词性分句
(
即状语分句，在句中作状语
)
。
1)
名词性分句
名词性分句能在旬中起名词词组的作用，这种分句通常由从属连词
that
引导，也可由
who,
whom
，
whose
，
what<
/p>
，
which
，
whoever
，
whatever
，
whichever
等连接代词引导，
还可由
where
，
when
，
how
，
why
等连接副词引导。名词性分句可在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语
和介词补足成分。例如作主语：
It is quite
clear that the crime was done
deliberately
．
That
AI
sh0“ld
have
married
his
cousin
is
not
at
all
surprisin9
．
What
caused
the
fire
is
still
a
mystery
．
Who was responsible for the accident is
not yet clear
．
Why he left SO
abruptly is not known to
any of
US
．
How the book will sell
depends on its author
．
Whether she comes or not doesn?t
concern me
．
Wherever he once
lived is well preserved
．
作宾语：
We never
doubt that he is honest
．
．
She suggested that he do it
at once
．
I can?t
im
agine what made him act like
that
．
Can you tell US who is
responsible for the fire.
Please
explain why this is
impossible
．
Nobody can tell when she will
arrive
．
Eat
whichever one you like and leave the others for
whoever
comes in
late
．
She asked
me where J was offt0
．
I haven?t decided yet which would be
the best thing to d0
．
1 wondered how he could make such rapid
progress in his
studyofFrench
．
Do
you know if
／
whether any
decision has been arrived at?
作主语补语：
The fact
is that he didn?t notice the car until
too
late
．
The
mystery is whether he ever went there at
all
．
The question is why he likes the place
SO much
．
The
problem is not who will go but who will
stay
．
作同位语：
They had to
face the fact that the nearest filling station is
30rniles away
．
My
original question
，
why he did
it at all
，
has not been an
—
swered
．
Have you any idea how soon they are
comin99
．
I have no idea how
much ofa scholar he
is
．作介
词补足成分：
Before I came downstairs I had prepared
myself very carefullyfor what J must
say
．
Vanya?S
experiences show that if
someone can do
their job real
—
ly
well
，
then the question of
whether they are male or
fe
—
male is not
important
．
You
must give it back to whoever it belongs t0
< br>．
2)
形容词性分句
(
关系分句
)
形容词性分句主要作名词修饰语，
通常由
wh0
，
which
，
that
等关系代词和
when
，
where
，
why
等关系副词引导，故在本书名
为“关系分句”
(Relative
Clause)
。例如：
The
man who did the robbery has been
caught
．
The chair(which) I
sat in was a broken one
．
The
chairman
，
who
spoke first
，
sat on my
right
．
His
speech
，
which bored
everyone
，
went on and
on
．
关于关系分句将在第
33
讲作专章处理。
3)
副词性分句
(
状语分句
)
副词性分句即状语分句，按语义可分为时间状语分句
< br>(Adver
—
bial
Clause of Time)
：
Whenever I met with any
difficulty
，
he came to my
help
．
Until we know the
facts
，
we can?t do
anything about
it
．
Everybody was assigned a
job as soon as they left
university
．
The
instant she saw him
，
she knew
he was her lost brother
．
地点状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Place)
：
Where there is a
will
，
there is a
way
．
Wherever he
happens to
be
，
John can make himself at
home
．
Where the
ancients knew nothin9
，
we
know a little
．
Everywhere they
went
，
the visitors were
warmly received
．
方式状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Manner)
：
You must do the
exercises as I show you
．
Mary
was
behaving as though she hadn?t grown
up
．
She?s
doing her work the way
I like it done
．
I shall wear
my coat how I like
．
原因状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Cause)
：
As there was no
answer
，
1 wrote
again
．
Since the
speaker can?t
come
，
we?11 have to cancel
the meetin9
．
Because it was
wet
，
he didn?t go out for a
walk that day
．
Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon
as the enemy at
—
tacked
．
结果状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Result)
：
He had
overslept
，
SO that he was
late for work
．
What have I done that you should be SO
angry with me?
He was very
angry
，
SO that he left the
room without saying aword
．
1 was in the
bath
．
with the result
that
．
r didn?t hear the
khockat the door
．
目的状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Purpose)
：
The
teacher must speak clearly SO that his students
can under
—
stand
well
．
They
climbed to the top of the building in order that
they could get a
bird?s
eye
view of the city
．
条件状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Condition)
：
／
f
the
dam
had
broken
in
the
flood
last
year
，
there
would
have
been
great
loss
of
life
and
property
．
Provided(that)he wins zhe support of
the minority groups
，
he will
be able to win the election
．
In case it
rains
，
we won?t be able to go
there on foot
．
You can go out
，
as
7 so long as you promise to be bac
琵
beforeeleven
．
让步状语分句
(Adverbial Clause of
Concession)
：
He
passed the examination although he had been
prevented byillness from
studyin9
．
Though
he should stand alone
，
he
will never yield
．
I shouldn?t have time to see him even
if he were here
．
Rich as he is
，
Mr
Johnson is by no means a happy
man
．
由上述诸例可以看出，名词
性分句
(
主语分句、宾语分句、补语分句等
)
和形容词性分句在句
中的位置是相对固定的，而状语分句
的位置则比较灵活，它可以位于句首、句中或句尾。在主从结构
中，
状语分句在前、
主句在后最能体现
语义上的主从关系；
如果把状语分句的位置移至句子
当中或句尾
，往往就会引起语义重心的变化。例如：
[1]If
local residents are willing to put up with
them
，
nuclearplants are a
clean and economical way
of producing
vast amounts of much
—
needed
energy
．
[2]Nuclear
plants
，
if local residents
are willing to put up with
them
，
are a clean and
economical
way of producing vast
amounts of much-needed
energy
．
[3]Nuclear plants are a clean and
economical way of producing vast amounts of
much
—
needed
energy
，
if local
residents are willing to put up with
them
．
if
一分句在上述三句中的不同位置，表示了它在句中所受的强调程度不同。
if
一分句在第一
句中只受到一般的强调，
整个句
子的重心落在主句，
表示说话人对建立核电站采取赞许的态
度，
其下文很可能是：
[1]…Diminishing oil
supplies make plans for a number of
such plants especially
urgent
．
if_
分句在第二句中采取中位，这是最不受强调的位置，说话人主要阐明建立核电站的重要
性，至于当地居民是否反对仅仅顺便提一下，在说话人看来问题不大。
if
．分句在第三句中
采取末位，
这是最受强调
的位置，
说话人对建造核电站虽感兴趣，
但认为当地居民的反对
在
所难免，核电站不大容易建成。因此这句话的下文很可能是：
[2]…In fact many of them
aren?t
．
下面做一则练习，要求用适当的从属连词填空。
EXERCISE 318
Fill in a
suitable subordinator
，
simple
or complex
：
1
．
He said it
didn?t matter
we stayed or went
．
2
．
——
he
did
，
no one paid any attention to
him
．
3·
——
< br>I understand what you say
，
I can?t agree
with
you
．
4
．
Tall
——
he was
，
he could not reach
the apples
．
5
．
——
he is
poor
，
he is at least
honest
．
6
< br>．
——
the weather is bad
tomorrow
，
John will want to
go out
．
7
．
——
all the
world were against me
，
I
should still hold
to my
opinion
．
8·
——I hadn?t stopped
her
，
she would have jumped
in
—
to the
river
．
9·Don?t
ask me to explain——
you really don't
under-
stand
．
10
．
It rained a
lot
，
——I didn?t have to water
the lawn
．
11
．
They are hurryin9
——
they may not
miss the train
．
12
．
The speech is all the more
important
it was madeby a man of
authority
．
，
13
．<
/p>
——
he was in a
hurry
，
he left his bag in the
waiting
room
．
14
．
It
was
——he was ill that he didn?t go with
us
．
15
．
You can do the job
you
like
．
16
．
Please do
exactly
——
your doctor
says
．
17-
——there?S plenty of sun
and rain
，
the fields are
green
．
18
．
He walks he
were drunk
．
19·
——
had
he
arrived
——
he
had
to
leave
again
．
20
．<
/p>
——
the
button
is
pressed
，
the
mine
exDlodes
．
．
下面
__
_____N
练习要求用名词性分句改写句子。
EXERCISE 3lC
Rewrite
the
following
sentences
，
as
shown
in
the
examples
：
Examples
：
He
wants
me
to
take
driving lessons
．
He suggests that I take driving
lessons
．
He insisted on my
staying overnight
．
He insisted that I stay
overnight
．
1
．
He told me to
drive carefullv
．
2
．
He ordered the
men to remain in camD
．
3
．
She insisted on our going there
on foot
．
4
．
He asked
his sister to cook
dinner
．
5
．
She asked me to
telephone his familv
．
6
．
Grandmother
asked US to bring the children for the
sum
—
mer
．
7
．
He made me
answer all the questions
．
8
．
Our parents
insist on our coming home bv
ten
．
9
．
The doctor
ordered the nurses to warch the Datient
careful
一
ly
．
10
．
She insisted
on our telling her the
truth
．
11
．
They asked US
to sit down and have a cup of tea
．
12
．
The hostess urged
US all to stay for
dinner
．
13
．
The rules
require players to wear tennis shoes on the court<
/p>
．
14
．
The
boss wants his secretary
to learn
shorthand
．
15
．
The policeman
told the men to move on
．
16
．
The union
leader urged the members to accept the
offer
．
17
．
The general
commanded his troops to advance into the
town
．
18
．
The real
estate
agent(
房地产经纪人
)suggested our
selling the house
．
19
．
?l?he captain
ordered the crew to abandon
ship
．
20
．
The editor
insisted on our changing the title of the
book
．
31
．
3
关于状语分句的几点补充说明
关于状语分句，上一节已经简略介绍。本节再进一步作一些
补充说明。
1)when
，
while
，
as
，
before
，
after
，
until
的用法
关于
when
，<
/p>
before
，
after
，
until
等从属连词的交替使用问题，我们已在
12
．
2
．<
/p>
3
初步提及。
本节再从时间状语分句所表
示的动作与主句所表示的动作的同时性、
先时性和后时性的角度
进一步阐明这方面的问题。
a)
同时性
两个事件的发生在时间上没有先后之分，
或者说没有明显的先后之分，
< br>这就是我们在这里所
讲的同时性
(Same
Time)
。这有以下几种情况。
两个同时发生的事件，如果不是一次性而是重复性，即过去或
现在的习惯动作，连词可用
when
，
whenever
。例如：
When he goes to
town
，
he(always)visits his
aunt
．
She(always)felt ill
when she ate oyster
．
这里的
when
意为
“
每当
……
的时候
”<
/p>
，相当于
whenever
：
Whenever he goes to
town
，
he visits his
aunt
．
She felt ill whenever
she ate oyster
．
在
上述两例中，
不管是用
when
还是<
/p>
whenever
，
主句动词和时间状语
分句动词或者都用一般
现在时，或者都用一般过去时，分别表示现在或过去的习惯动作。
when
／
whenever
的上述
用法可以和
if
交替使用。例如：
If he goes to
town
，
he brings US a
present
．
=When
／
Whenever he
goes to town
．
．
．
这里的
if
／<
/p>
when
都表示
whenever
和
every time
的意思。关于带有这
种
if
一分句的条件句将
在第
34
讲进一步介绍。
两个同时发生的事件，如果都有延续性，而且延续时间大致相
等，连词可用
when
，
while
。例如：
The wind blew hard when the rain poured
down
．
While I
read
，
she
san9
．
在这里
< br>poured
，
blew
，
read
，
san9
都表示持续性动作，前后都用一般过去时，有时也可前后
都用过去进行体。比较：
1 was cooking the dinner
while he was playing the
pian0
．
．
=I cooked
the dinner while he played
the
pian0
．
这两句意义基本相同，
只是用过去进行体更加突出事件的持续性。
若要强调两个事件的
延续
时间正好相等，可用
as long
as
。例如：
He worked as long as
we played
．
The
children were happy as long as the game
continued
．
两个同时发生
的事件，如果都无延续性，连词可用
when
，
assoon as
，
just
as
，
the
instant
，
the
momen
t
，
directly
，
immediately
等。例如：
The dog barked when it heard a
noise
．
She
informed her husband as soon as she arrived
home
．
The instant I saw
him
．
I knew he was my
lost brother
．
She
knew he wasn?t an Englishman the moment he began
to
speak
English
．
1?11
tell you directly he comes
．
Tell me immediately you have any
news
．
当然也可以用
hardly
／
scarcely…when
和
no sooner
．
< br>．
．
than
等关联连词来强调
两个非持续性
事件的同时发生。例如：
I had hardly left when the quarrel
started
．
The
doctor had scarcely got into bed when he was
called out
again
．
We had no sooner sat down
th
口咒
we found it was time to
90
．
上述三例均可用倒装词序：
Hardly had I left when the quarrel
started
．
Scarcely
had the doctor got into bed
whe
，
z he was calied
outagain
．
No
sooner had we sat down than we found it was time
to 90
．
如果甲事件发生在乙事件的过程之
中，通常是乙事件有延续性，甲事件无延续性或者只有较短的延续性，
这时，表
示乙事件的
动词可用进行体或非进行体，表示甲事件的动词用非进行体，连词可用
while
，
when
，
as
。
例如：
I broke a glass while l was cooking
the dinner
．
The
waiter spilt soup over me when he was servin9
／
servedme
．
I read a newspaper while l was waitin9<
/p>
／
waited
．
I met Mary as l was
goin9
／
went
home
．
有时也可用
when
引导无延续性事件的分句。例如：
1
was cooking the dinner when I broke a
glass
．
1 was going
home when I met Mary
．
不过，这时
when
一分句不同于时间状语分句，而
是相当于一个并列分句：
1 was cooking
the dinner
，
and at that time
I broke a glass
．
1 was going
home
，
and at that time I
met Marv
．
b)
先时性和后时性
先时性
(Earlier
Time)
和后时性
(Later Time)
指两个连续发生的事件在时间顺序上有先后之分，
这时就要用
< br>before
，
after
，<
/p>
till
／
until
< br>，
when
，
since
等连词或介词来表示。例如：
Before
he eats
，
he washes his
hands
．
She looked
both ways before she crossed the
road
．
He watches
television after he does his
homework
．
After he painted
the windows
，
he painted the <
/p>
doors
．以上四句也可用
when<
/p>
表示事件的先后顺序，这时
when=after
。
例如：
When he has done his
homework
，
he watches
television
．
When he had
painted the windows
，
he
painted the doors
．在这里，
when
一分句动词都用了完成体，这种
when<
/p>
一分句也可置于
句尾，意义不变：
He
painted the doors when he had painted the
windows
．
He eats when he has
washed his hands
．
但若
when
一分句动词用一般现在时或一般过去时，便只能
位于句首，表示分句动作先于主
句动作：
When he painted the
windows
，
he painted the
doors
．
When he washes his
hands
，
he
eats
．
由上述诸例可以看出，<
/p>
when
，
after
< br>，
before
，
until<
/p>
在表示先时
性和后时性方面有着一定的语义联系。试观察下列诸例：
When I reached the
station
，
the train had
left
．
I reached the station
after the train had left
．
The
train
had left before I reached the
station
．
I didn?t reach the
station until after the train had
left
．
由于
before
／
after
的词汇
意义关系，
在上述诸例中主句和
before
< br>一／
after
一分句动词也可都
用一般过去时，意义不变：
I reached the
station after the train
left
．
The train left before I
reached the station
．
2)becaus
e
，
for
，
since
，
as
，
< br>now that
等的用法
表
示原因，可用
because
，
for
，
since
，
as
，
now
that
，
seeing that
等
从属连词。如前所述，
for
是介乎并列连词与从属连词之间的
，现在我们把它放在从属连词中与
because
作比较说明。
a)because
与
for
都可引导原因状语分句，既可表示
“
直接理由
”
，即对某
一情况说明原因：
We hurried
because|
如
r it was getting
dark
．
也可表示“间接理由”<
/p>
，即对说话人为何持此看法说明理由：
It must be very
late
、
because|for the streets
are quitedeserted
．
在这里，
because
．／
fo
r
．分句并不是为
“
天已很晚
”
这一事实说明原因，而是为说话人为何
作此推
断提供理由，相当于：
It must be very
late
，
and I claim it
because
／
for the streets
arequite deserted
．
言下之意，我之所以作此推断，是因为街上已经没有行人了。从以上意义来看，连词
for
与
because
的用法基本相
同，从而接近于从属连词，只是
because
比
for
语势较强罢了。在当代
英语中，凡是
f0
，与
becauSe
可以互换的场合，通常以用
because
为多，因为
for-
分句常见
于正式语体，在非正式语体
中
(
特别是
13
语中
)for
一分句往往带有书卷气。
另一方面，
becauSe
与
for
的用法也有不同之处。首先，作为原因状语，
because
．分句位置
比较灵活，既可位于主句之
前，也可位于其后。例如：
The doctor
looks tired and sleepy because he sat up all
nightwith the patient
．
Because he sat up all night with the
patient
，
the doctor
lookstired and sleepy
．
在这里，如果用
for-
分句，其位置便比较固定
，只可位于主句之后：
The doctor looks
tired and sleepy
，
for he sat
up all night withthe
patient
．
第二，由
because
引导的原因状语分句可单独用来回答
why
一问句，而
for
一分句不
可以。
例如：
．
_______
——
Why does the
doctor look SO tired and
sleepy?
一
Because he sat up
all night with
the patient
．第
三，作为原因状语，
because
一分句可在
because
之前带否定词或
其他修饰语，还可带某些并列连词，而
for
一分句不可以
。例如：
The doctor looks tired
and sleepy simply because he sat up allnight with
the patient
．
The
doctor looks tired and sleepy not because he isn?t
feelingwell
．
but because he
sat up all night
with the
patient·
第四，作为原因状语，
because
一分句可作分裂句中心成分，而
for?<
/p>
分句不可以。例如：
It is
because he sat up all night with the patient that
the doctorlooks tired and
sleepy
．
以上所言
because
分句与
for-
< br>分句用法上的区别仅就表示
“
直接理由
< br>”
即为某一事实说明原因
这一用法而言。如果
because
一分句表示
“
间接理由
”
，即对说话人为何说这种话提出理由，
那么这种
becau
。
e
一分句，
和
for
< br>．
分句一样，
只能位于主句之后，
既不能用以回答
why
．
问
句，也不能在
because
之前用否定词或其
他修饰语，当然也不能作分裂句中心成分。
另外，连词
f0
。还可引导一个句子，为上文陈述的情况说明原因或提供理由，而
because
一
分句通常引导从属分
句，除用以回答
whv
．问句外，
be
cause
一分句通常不单独出现。例如：
When I saw her in the
river
，
1 was
frightened
．
For at thatpoint
the currents were dangerous
．
The men?s and the women?s shops are
indist
inguishable from each
other
．
For the women?S shop
windows
display
mascu
—
line
shirts
．
while
the
men?s
windows
are
full
of
scarlet
mini
一
-
underpants
．
连词
for
的这一用法，和其他一些
用法一样，使它近似于并列连词。所以，如前所述，连词
for
是介乎从属连词与并列连词之间
<
/p>
的。正因为连词
for
具有并列连词的某
些特征，所以当它连接两个分句时，按照正式书写规
则通常要在
for
．分句之前用逗号隔开。例如：
He was glad to
90
，
for the hostess had been
especially good tohim
．
Something fell in
，
f0
，
．
I heard a
splash
．
不过这条规则在当代
英语中并不严格遵守，尤其在非正式语体中。
b)
在
because
，
since
，
as
这三个从属连词中，
以
because
语势最强，
since
次之，
as
又次之。
because
通常表示
“
新信息<
/p>
”
，
即表示一种未知的原因，而
since
／
as
则表
示已知原因。所以，如前所述，在回答
why
一问
旬时要用
because
一分句，而不用
for
一分句，同样也不用
since
／
as
一分句。作为分裂句中
心成分，如前所述，也只能用
because
一分句，而不
用
for-
分句，同样也不用
sinc
e
一／
as
一分句。如前所述，在
because
一分句之前可用否定词或其他修饰语，这种分句之前
还可用
某些并列连词，但
for
一分句
不可以，同样地。
in
。
e
一／
a
。一分句也不可以。关于这一点，
我们再补充数例：
1 went to
the state university chiefly because the tuition
wascheaper
．
She
didn?t want to go to
Africa
，
probably because the
weatheris too hot
．
I'm going there tomorrow because I have
to, not because Iwant to
．
I
dislike
those
expensive
hotels
，
not
because
I
cannot
affordtheir
material
comforts
，
but
because l want to live a
quietlife
．
由于
since
一／
as
一
分句通常表示已知的原因，所以常常出现于
句首，这又是它们
与
for-
分句用法上不同之处。例如：
As Chile is a
lon9
，
narrow
country
，
the temperature
variesconsiderably from north to
south
．
Since he
had a certain talent for
composition
，
his English
mas
—
ter encouraged him to
write little
pieces for the college mag
a
—
zine
．
当然
since
一／
as
一分句也可位于句尾，
作为一种补充说明。
例如：
1?11 have to ask someone
else
，
since you
can?t answer this
ques—
tion
．
He saw her
，
as
they were both getting off the bus at the
sametime
．
C)
原因状语分句还可由
in
that
，
inasmuch as,now
that
．
see-
ing
that
等复杂连词引导。例如：
I'm in a slightly awkward position in
that he is not arrivinguntil the
lOth
．
This
machine differs from the other one in that it is
more pow
—
erful
．
Now that the new regulations
have come into force
．
there
arefar fewer accidents on the
roads
．
Now that
John is poor and
unfortunate
，
his friends have
lefthim in the lurch(
舍弃了他
)
．
We can?t expect
him to know the story seeing that he hasn?tgot the
book
．
Seeing that
you live next door to Mrs
Blake
，
you ought to be able
to recognize her
．
Double
sessions(
分两批上课
)were
instituted inasmuch the school was
crowded
．
I am
ready to accept your proposal inasmuch as I
believe it to be the best you can
offer
．
在口语中，
seeing
that
和
now
< br>that
中的
that
可以省略
。例如：
What
are
you
going
to
do
seeing(that)they won?t
agree?
Now(that) I
?m
here
，
I'd better
stay
．
seeing
that
的含义相当于
in view of the
fact that
，可用以替代
since
< br>／
as
。例如：
Seeing that 7 Since 7 As he left school
as long as l960
，
hemust be
over forty now
．
now
that
同时具有时间概念，有时可替代
seeing
that
，
since
或
as
。例如：
Now
that
／
Seeing
that|Since
／
As we are all
here
，
themeeting can
begin
．
在这里，由于所引导的分句动词为现在时，
now
that
可与
seeingthat
，
since
，
as
互换使用。
但若分句动词为过去时，主句动词为现在时，便不能用
now that
。例如：
Seeing that
／
Since
／
As l was in the same class
as George
，
Iknow him
well
．
在这里不能用
nOW
that
，因为它带有时间概念。
至于
in
that
和
inasmuch
as
，通常只用于正式语体。
d)
原因状语分句还可由
on the
ground(S)that
，
for the
rea
—
S0n
that
，
by reason
that
，
for
fear(that)
等边际从属连词引导。例如：
He
refused
to
disclose
what
had
been
told
him
，
on
the
groundthat
it
would
be
a
breach
of
confidence
．
She is suing for
divorce(
提出离婚诉讼
)on the
grounds thathe deserted her and the
children
．
He
cannot
be
charged
for
murder
for
the
reason
that
he
was
notthere
when
the
crime
was
committed
．
We decided against installing new
heating apparatus for thereason that it would be
too costly
．
Wine
is scarce here by reason that it is
prohibited
．
We
succeeded by reason that we are better
organized
．
He is working hard
for
扛
nr that he should
fail
．
She didn?t walk far
for
知
ar she would get lost
．
3)
关于
SO t
hat
与
S0…that
结构
我们在
20
．
2
讲到用不定式结构表示
“
< br>目的
”
和
“
结果
”
时，曾经有意识地分别用
S
O
that
结构
和
< br>S0
．
．
．
that
结构予以意译。这里再进一步阐述
SO that
结构和
S0…that
结构的用法。<
/p>
a)so that
和
S0…that
两种结构中的
that
在非正式语体中
可以省略：
We?11 sit nearer to the front
so(that)we can see better
．
The accident was SO terrible(that)we
can?t talk about it
．
b)S0…(that)
结构只能表示
“
结果
”
，而
SO(that
)
结构既能表示
“
目的
”
也能表示
“
结果
”
，区别在
于，在
SO(
that)
结构之前，凡在口语中有停顿，在文字中有逗号，则多半表示
“
结果
”
，否则
多半表示
“
目的
”
。比较：
We all arrived
at eight
，
SO(that)the meeting
began prompt
—
zv
．<
/p>
(
结果
)
We?11 come at eight SO(that)the meeting
can begin early
．
(
目的
)
。
So that
< br>结构中有情态助动词则多半表示
“
目的
< br>”
，如果没有，则多半表示
“
结
果
”
：
I'm going to the lecture early SO that
I'll get a good seat
．
(
目的
)
1 went to the
lecture early
，
50 that I got
a good seat
．
(
结果
)So that
结构表示
“
目的
”
既可置于句
尾也可置
于句首，而表示
“
结果
”
则只能置于句尾：
John spoke
through a microphone SO that he could be heard in
every room
．
(
目的
)
So that he c0“ld
b
已
heard in every
room
，
John spoke through a mi
crophone
．
(
目的
)
John spoke through a
microphone
。
so thnt hP was
heard i
孢
ev-ery room
．
(
结果
)
c)
在正式语体中间或也能单用
that
< br>一结构表示
“
结果
”
：
He must have annoyed
you very much that you spoke to himlike
that
．
2 He must
have annoyed you very much for you spoke tohim
like that
．
I must
be getting absent
—
minded
that I forgot to bring my
ticket
．
2 I must
be getting absent
—
minded to
forget to bring my ticket
．
What have I done that you should be SO
angry with me?2 What have I done for you to be SO
angry with me?
上述单独用
that
一分句表示结果的用法不甚普通，尤其在非正式
语体中不大常用。
4)
关于
unless
和
if…
not
由
unless
引导的条件状语分句既可以是真实条件，
也可以是非真实条件。
作为真实条件分句，
unless
通常相当于
if
．
．
．
not
。例如：
Unless you oil the motor regularly f=If
you do not oil themotor
regularly)
，
it won?t run
smoothly
．
We
won?t
be
able
to
reach
the
top
of
the
mountain
unless
theweath
er
changes(=if
the
weather
doesn?t
change)
．
We can?t
write to Mr White unless he sends US his address
(=if he doesn?t send US his
address)
．
如果
unless
一分句本身是个否定句，那么，
un
less
就不可以为
if…not
所取
代。例如：
You will get a good
grade in the course unless you don't do
your homework
．
在这里，
unless
显然不能改用
if…not
，因为不可以说
*…ifyou
don't not do your homework
。
在
这里两个
not
不可以重叠使用。
<
/p>
当
unless
一分句表示非真实条件时
，
unless
有时也不可以为
if
．
．
．
not
所取代。例如：
They couldn?t afford to live in such an
expensive
。
apartmentunless
they were rich
．
I
couldn?t have got to Slough in time
unless I had had a hell
—
copter
．
在上
述两例中，
unless
一分句均表示与事实相反的情况，
如果把
un
—
le
ss
改为
if…not(*
．
．
．
if
they
were not rich
，
*if I hadn?t
hada helicopter)
，就与原意相反了。
关于
“
条件句
”<
/p>
还将在第
34
讲作专章处理。
5)
关于
though
和
although
though
与<
/p>
although
同义，在一般情况下可以互换使用。
例如：
He
didn?t light the fire though
/although
it was cold
．
但
although
比
though
语气较重，常用以强调让步概念。例如：
He
insisted on doing it although l warned him not
t0
．
though
能接受
even
的强调，而
a
lthough
不可以。比如可以说：
I forgot my appointment even though my
secretary remindedme
．
却不可以说：
*
．
．
．
even
although my secretary reminded
me
．
当让步分句指一种臆想的情况
时，通常用
though
，而不用
al
though
。例如：
Though
all the world were against
me
，
I should still hold to my
opinion
．
Though everybody desert
you
，
1 will
not
．
引导某些倒装让步分句通常
也只能用
though
，而不用
al<
/p>
—
though
。例如：
Difficult though the task
was
，
they managed to complete
it intime
．
Clever
though he was
．
he failed the
exam
．
再者，
< br>though
可在非正式语体中作连接性状语，而
alt
hough
不可以。例如：
He
will probably agree
；
you
never know
，
though
．
He is a dangerous
element
；
there is no reason
，
though
，
toshoot him
．
He
said he would come
；
he didn?t
，
though
．
He didn?t tell me
where
he had been
，
but I knew it
，
though
．下面做两则练习。第
_______
贝
fJ
练习要求用所给的连词改写句子。
EXERCISE 31D
Construct
one
statement
from
each
pair
of
sentences
，
using
thesubordinator
in
brackets
and
making any other
necessarychanges
：
1
．
I finished
reading the newspaper
．
Then
John came home
．
(before)
2
．
We were eating
dinner
．
Our guests arrived
．
(while)3
．
John was readin9
．
Harry
entered
．
(when)
4
．
I graduated
from high sch001
．
I have been
studying at the
university
．<
/p>
(since)
5
．
1
will
read
that
book
．
First
I
must
finish
this
one
．
< br>(before)6
．
Johnny
finished
his
homework
．
Then he
went out to play
．
7
．
You must finish
your dinner
．
I'll serve the d
essert
．
(be
．
fore)
8
．
I came to the
United States
．
I had studied
English in my
own
country
．
(before)
9
．
I got to school
yesterday
．
I found that
classes had been
canceled
．
when)
10
．
What have you
been doing?You moved away from the
neig
hborhood
．
(since)
11
．
The store
closes at six
．
I?ll be busy s
hoppin9
．
(until)12
．
I'm studyin9
．
I
like to play the
radi0
．
(while)
13
．
You visit
Washington
．
Where do you
stay?(when)
14
．
I?m in this
cou
ntry to
study
．
I also hope to do some
sight
—
seein9
．
(while)
15
．
The baby is
nappin9
．
Her mother has a
chance to rest
，
t00
．
(while)
16
．
The orchestra
had played for several
hours
．
The embassy
Drovided the musicians with
refreshments
．
(after)
17
．
He couldn?t go
to m
edical
sch001
．
First he had to get
his
B
．
A
．
degree
．
(until)
18
．
The criminal
found a shelter
．
Very soon he
was caught by
the
policemen
．
(no sooner
< br>．
．
．
than)
19
．
The fields
don?t require irrigation
．
The
weather is dry in
the
summer
．
(until)
20
．
I entered the
university
．
Then I began to
wear glasses·
(ever since)
第二则是改错练习，要求注意某些连词的恰当使用。
EXERCISE 3lE
Correct
errors
，
if
any
，
in the following
sentences
：
1
．
For I have
never met him
，
I can?t tell
you what he looks
like
．
2
．
The teacher is
very strict with US
，
simply
since he wants US
to make rapid
progress
．
3
．
Because all the
shops have closed
，
it must be
very late
noW
．
4
．
He didn?t
attend the meetin9
，
not for
he thought it was
unimportant
，
but
for he had too much work tO
d0
．
5
．
It was simply
as he was ill that he didn?t go to
work
．
6
．
Because the
weather is SO bad
outside
，
why don?t you
stay
with US overnight?
7
．
Just as he was
in a hurry
，
he left his
passport at the bank
．
8
．
It is because the birds are
singing
that it must be
earlymornin9
．
9
．
Do you despise
him since he is poor?
10
．
Probably since
the streets flood SO often after heavy
rain
，
．
they need a drainage system
badly
．
11
．
1 was writing
a letter while the telephone ran9
．
12
．
Just when we left
the house
，
it began to
rain
．
13
．
So that he awakened his
mother
．
Melbourn slammed the
door
．
14
．
So that we
would get a good seat
．
we
went to the lecture
very
early
．
15
．
When in
applied physics we hold our
own
，
in applied
chemistry
．
we have lost much
ground
．
16
．
Sneer unkindly
although you may
，
John is
very popular
．
17
．
Let?s start as
arranged
，
although it rain
tomorrow
．
18
．
I often take a
shower
，
even although I
prefer a bath
．
19
．
Now that he
was ill
，
he was excused from
the meeting
．
20
．
The reason for
the boy to behave like that is because he was
spoilt by his parents
．
从属结构
(
二
)
本讲介绍非限定分句
(Non-finite Clause)
和无动词分句
(Verb
—
less Clause)
。
如前所述，
非限定
分句就是以非限定动词词组作谓语动词的分句结构，
分为不定式分句
(Infinitive Clause)
< br>、
．
in9
分词分句
(
一
ing Participle Claus
e)
和．
ed
分词分句
(
一
ed Participle Clause)<
/p>
。我们在第
19
—
22
讲提到的
“
不定式结构
”
、
“
一
in9
分词结构
”
和
“
一
ed
分词结构<
/p>
”
指的就是这类非限定分句。
32
．
1
不定式分句<
/p>
以不定式作谓语动词的分句结构叫做不定式分句。
1)
不定式分句的结构模式
不定式分句分为不带主语、带主语和带疑问词的三种。
a)
不
带主语的不定式分句
所谓不带主语，指不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的，通常可以在上
下文或情景中判定。例如：
I
hoDe to be able to come
．
(
指
“
我能来
”)He
likes to be invited
．
(
指
“
他受到邀请
”)All
she seems
to do is(to)gossip with her n
eighbours
．
(
指
“
她
与邻居闲聊
”)
I exDect to have read this book by next
Tuesday
．
(
指
“
我在星期
二以前看完这本书
”)
He has a large family to support
．
(
指
“
要他负担
”)
He saw
no way out of it except to hang on and hope for
the best
．
(
指
“
他坚持下去，
持乐观态度
”
，
别无他途
)
The best thing would be to tell everybo
dy
．
(
谁去告诉
?
需按上下文或情景判定
)
有一
些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的不定式分句，
其逻辑主语从内在意义上看就是说话<
/p>
人自己。例如：
TTo
be
frank(
坦
白
地
说
)
，
I
don't
think
much
of
need
a
great
deal
of
of
courage
．
{
u
．
To begin with(<
/p>
首先
)
，
I
think you are wron9
．
To tell the truth(
说实话
)
，
I forgot all about
your request
．
To put it blunt
ly(
和你直说吧
)
，
that
student is sure to
fail
．
George is a very good
boy
，
to be sure(
真的
)
．
本书把
上述不定式分句作评注性状语
(Disjunct)
处理。再看
下面一例：
We considered him to
be a good officer
．
这个句子是
SVOC(
主动宾补
)
结构，
to be a good officer
的逻辑主语是主句的宾语
him
，若改
为被动句则为
He was considered to bea
good teacher
．
b)
带主语的不定式分句
不定式分句也能带有自己的主语，这个主语通常由
for
< br>引导。
例如：
The best thing would be for you to tell
everybody
．
(
最好
“
你去告诉大家
”)
He opened the door for the children to
come in
．
(
开门让
“
孩子们进来
”)
We?d be delighted for
you to
come next week
．
(
很
高兴
“
你下星期来
”)
It
，
s
important for there to be n fire
—
escape
．
(“
有个安
全出口
”
是重要的。
这是由
for
引导的非
限定
th
ere
一存在句，
there
是语法上
的主语
)
间或也可由
with
，
rather
than
等引导。例如：
He
knew that with him to
help
，
she could and would suc
ceed
．
(
他知道由他帮忙，
她就能成功。
)
What?S to
become of Miss Hilary
now
，
with her mother and fa-
ther gone SO quick
，
and with
nobody to keep her in check?(“
没有人去管她
”
，今后她将怎样呢
?)
Rather than you do the job, I'd
prefer to finish it myself
．
(
“
与其你做
”
，不如我自己把它做好<
/p>
)
这里，
rather
than
是个近似并列连词
(Quasi
—
coordinator)
，后面跟不定式，位
于句首用不带
t0
的不定式；位于句中其他位置时，不定式带<
/p>
t0
或不带
t0
均可，视情况而定。上句中的
d0
是不带
t0
的不定式。又例如：
Rather than Robert drive(
不带<
/p>
to
不定式
)in his
presentstate
，
I?d prefer to
drive him home myself
．
间或也可不用任何词语引导，而把主语直接置于不定式之前，构成传统所说的“独立结构”
(Absolute
Construction)
。例如：
We shall assemble at ten forty
—
five
，
the
procession to startmoving at precisely eleven
．
(
队伍
“
整
十一点开始游行
”)
The plan was that the two parties
should first reach an
agree
—
ment on the basic
principle
，
the
details to be worked out lat
—
gr
．
(“
细节问题以后拟订
”)
c)
带疑问词的不定式分句
不定式分句还可带疑问词
(
又叫
wh
一词
)
。例如：
I don't know what to d0
．
< br>(
不知道
“
我
< br>”
该怎
么办
)I
showed
them
how
to
do
it
．
(“
他们
”
该怎样去做
)The
auestion
of
what
to
sell
is
still
undecided
．
(“
< br>我们／他们
”
该
卖什么尚未决定
)
间或也可以带有从属连词：
He
opened his lips as if to say somethin9
．
(“
他
”
好像
要说什么
)
2)
不定式分句的句法功能
不定式分句可在句中作主语和主语补语，
作宾语和宾语补语，
以及在句中作状语；
还可在名
词词组中作修饰语，
以及在形容词词组中作补足成分。例如作主语和主语补语：
To accept the job would mean moving to
Florida
．
To act like that is
childish
．
Brun0?S
intention was to win thP
gamP
．
The wisest
policy is(for us)not to
intPrfere
．
作宾语和宾语补语：
Sandra
had learned to sTz,illl when she moved to San
Die90
．
He promised to stop
taking drugs
．
Tom?s greatest wish is to see his team
wi
，
z thP World
C“P
．
I advised him to take a
taxi
，
or he
might
be late
．
关于不定式与形容词、名词、动词的搭配关系，我们已在第
20
讲介绍过，这里重点阐述不定式分句作状语的用法。
不定式分句作状语可表示目的、结果、原因等意义。
a)
表示目的
不定式分句表示目的，可用带
t0
不定式的一般形式。
例如：
He
will
go
to
the
clinic
tomorrow
to
be
examined
by
the
doctorr
．
2
He
will
go
to
the
clinic
tomorrow so that he will be examined by
the doctor
．
S
．
he stood up to
be seen better
．
=
She stood up so that she
could be seen better
．
以上恰不定式的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同，从而不须表示出来。如果不同，则需用
< br>for
将
主语引出，置于
t0<
/p>
一不定式之前。例如：
He
stood aside for her to
enter
．
=He srood
aside SO that she could
enter
．
表示目的，也可用
in order t0√so as
t0
一不定式表示。
in
ordert0
／
SO as t0
的
使用场合：一是
需要强调
“
目的
”
含义；二是需要表示否定的目的。例如：
He opened the window SO as to get some
fresh air
．
=He
oDened the window SO that he might get some
freshair
．
My
father got up early in order to have enough time
to pack·
=My father got up early so that
he
would have enough timeto
pack
．
He left
early SO as not to miss the last
train
．
We started
early in order not to be late for the concert
．
b)
表示结果
用不定式分句表示结果，可用
t0
一不定式的
一般形式。例如：
In l935 he left home never to
return
．
What a fool he was to marry that woman!
He must have annoyed you very much
f0
，
．
you to speak
to himlike that
．
He got to the station only to be told
that the train had
left
．
．
He hurried
home only t0
∥
nd that his
father was dead
．
也可用
S0…as
t0
，
such…as t0
，
t00…t0
，
enough
t0
等结构表示。例如：
His
work was SO good as to make h im
well
—
known in the city-=His
work was so good that it
made him
well
—
known in
thecity
．
The
Italian football team played SO well as to defeat
the Brazil
—
ians
．<
/p>
=The Italian football team
played so well that they even
de
—
feated the
Brazilians
．
His
indifference was such as to make all of US
despair
．
=He was
SO indifferent that he made all of US
despair
．
It was too cold(for
US)to go out
．
=It
was SO cold that we couldn?t go
out
．
This coffee is too
hot(for me)to drink
．
=This coffee is so hot that I can?t
drink it
．
It was cold enough
to freeze our fingers
．
=It was so cold that our fingers
froze
．
He plays
the violin well enough to perform at a
concert
．
=He
plays the violin SO well that he can perform at a
con-cert
．
C)
表示原因
用不定式分句表示原因，通常与表示喜怒哀乐、运气好坏的形
容词或动词连用。例如：
I am
delighted to know that you have got a
job
．
He was lucky to have
found the lost child
．
I rejoice to hear that you are all
well
．
I trembled to think of
the misfortune
．
We regret to
tell you
that we won?t be able to
ntte
孢
d thP cere-
mony
．
She wept to see him in such a terrible
state
．
下面做三则练习。第一则练习要求用不定式分句改写句子。
EXERCISE 32A
Rewrite the
followin9
，
using the
infinitive clause
：
1
．
We went via
Worcester SO that we could miss the traffic
jam
．
2
．
I haven?t
decided whether I shall answer his letter or not
．
3
．
He
opened his mouth wide as if he
would
speak
．
4
．
His work was SO
good that it made him internationally
fa
—
mous
．
5
．
The man you
should consult is Wilson
．
6
．
If you should
hear him talk
，
you would
think he was a
celebrity(
名人<
/p>
)
．
7
．
She stood up SO
that she could be seen
better
．
8
．
As we talked of
where we should meet
，
I
noticed some
—
thing unusual in his
tone
．
9
．
He was the
first man who discussed the question with
Pr0
—
fessor
Halliday
．
10
．
My brother got
up early in order that he would have
enough time to
pack
．
11
．
Whether he had
changed his mind about what he would say
I did not know
．
12
．
Is he really a
man who can be trusted?
13
．
We consider
that the girl is
trustworthy
．
14
．
We ask that
every citizen watch closely any developments
in this matter
．
15
．
The place
where you should stay is the
Hilton
．
16
．
David was
miserable unless he had neighbours with whom
he could quarrel
．
17
．
Betty works SO
slowly that she isn?t much use to US·
18
．
I'll buy you
some magazines which you may read on the
journey
．
19
．
We thought it
wrong that he should be
punished
．
20
．
In order that
a vote will be valid
，
the
deputy must be pre
—
sent and vote in
person
．
第二则练习要求用<
/p>
t00
．
．
．<
/p>
t0
一／
enough
to-
不定式改写句子。
EXERCISE 32B
Rewrite the
following sentences
，
using t0
0
．
．
．
to
or Pn0
．
gh
t0
：
1
．
Grandfather
Giles is SO old that he can neither speak nor
hear
．
2
．
I?ve got SO fat
that I can?t wear this dress nOW
．
3
．
I?m so excited that I
can?t think
．
4
．
This problem is
SO difficult that I can?t explain it
．
5
．
That question is
SO personal Cyril can?t
answer it
．
6
．
That
orange you gave me was so Sour I eouldn?t eat
it
．
7
．
They were SO
empty
—headed they couldn?t learn a
single
thin9
．
8
．
The window was
So dirty they couldn?t see through
it
．
9
．
That
tea
—cup is SO badly broken that it
can?t be mended
．
10
．
The river was so deep they
couldn?t wade
across
．
11
．
The photo was
SO clear that you could see every detail of
the background
．
12
．
An elephant?S
trunk is SO strong it can hold a log of wood
．
13
．
The
current was SO strong he
couldn?t swim
against it
．
14
．
Mr Tumbrill is
SO fat he can?t tie up his own shoes
．
15
．
He?S not very
good SO I can?t marr
y
him
．
16
．
He said he was
SO thirsty he could drink a well
dry
．
17
．
You don?t eat
much
；
that amount wouldn?t
keep a sparrow
alive
．
18
．
There is not
much beer
，
SO you
can
，
t all have a
drink
．
19
．
There was a
lot of food left over
：
it
would have fed a dozen
1
．
We went via
Worcester SO that we could miss the traffic
jam
．
2
．
I haven?t
decided whether I shall answer his letter or not
．
3
．
He
opened his mouth wide as if he
would
speak
．
4
．
His work was SO
good that it made him internationally
fa
—
mous
．
5
．
The man you
should consult is Wilson
．
6
．
If you should
hear him talk
，
you would
think he was a
celebrity(
名人<
/p>
)
．
7
．
She stood up SO
that she could be seen
better
．
8
．
As we talked of
where we should meet
，
I
noticed some
—
thing unusual in his
tone
．
9
．
He was the
first man who discussed the question with
Pr0
—
fessor
Halliday
．
10
．
My brother got
up early in order that he would have
enough time to
pack
．
11
．
Whether he had
changed his mind about what he would say
I did not know
．
12
．
Is he really a
man who can be trusted?
13
．
We consider
that the girl is
trustworthy
．
14
．
We ask that
every citizen watch closely any developments
in this matter
．
15
．
The place
where you should stay is the
Hilton
．
16
．
David was
miserable unless he had neighbours with whom
he could quarrel
．
17
．
Betty works SO
slowly that she
isn?t much use to
US·
18
．
I'll buy you
some magazines which you may read on the
journey
．
19
．
We thought it
wrong that he should be
punished
．
20
．
In order that
a vote will be valid
，
the
deputy must be pre
—
sent and vote in
person
．
第二则练习要求用<
/p>
t00
．
．
．<
/p>
t0
一／
enough
to-
不定式改写句子。
EXERCISE 32B
Rewrite the
following sentences
，
using t0
0
．
．
．
to
or Pn0
．
gh
t0
：
1
．
Grandfather
Giles is SO old that he can neither speak nor
hear
．
2
．
I?ve got SO fat
that I can?t wear this dress
nOW
．
3
．
I?m so excited
that I can?t think
．
4
．
This problem is
S
O difficult that I can?t explain
it
．
5
．
That question
is SO personal Cyril can?t answer
it
．
6
．
That orange you
gave me was so Sour I eouldn?t eat
it
．
7
．
They were SO
empty
—headed they couldn?t learn a
single
thin9
．
8
．
The window was
So dirty they couldn?t see
through
it
．
9
．
That
tea
—cup is SO badly broken that it
can?t be mended
．
10
．
The river was
so deep they couldn?t wade
across
．
11
．
The photo was
SO clear that you could see every detail of
the background
．
12
．
An
elephant?s
trunk is SO
strong it can hold a log of
wood
．
13
．
The current
was SO strong he couldn?t swim against
it
．
14
．
Mr.
Tumbrill is SO fat he can?t tie up his
own shoes
．
15
．
He?S not very
good SO I can?t marry him
．
16
．
He said he was
SO thirsty he could drink a well
dry
．
17
．
You don?t eat
much
；
that amount
wouldn?t keep a sparrow
alive
．
18
．
There is not
much beer
，
SO you
can
，
t all have a
drink
．
19
．
There was a
lot of food left over
：
it
would have fed a dozen
more people
．
20
．
I have very
little wool
；
it will not make
a jumper·
第三则是填空练习：第一段选文要求用<
/p>
t0
一不定式和
so
< br>that
结构表示
“
目的
”
；第二段选文
要求用
t0
．不定式结构，
s0
．
．
．
that
结构和<
/p>
so(that)
结构表示
“
结果
”
。
EXERCISE 32C
Complete the
following passages
：
a)using SO as
t0
—
infinitives and 50 that
—
constructions
：
I decided to repaint my kitchen
last week
，
(1
．
it
—
look)more
cheerful
．
I first cleaned the
walls
carefully
，
(
2
．
there
—
be)no grease on them
，
and
then I bought myself some over
—
< br>a11s(3
．
not
get)paint on my
clothes
．
I got a good brush
，
(4
．
not
leave)marks on the walls
，
and
some pale
yellowDaint
，
(5
．
the rOom
—
look)sunny
．
I
borrowed a book aboutpaintin9
，
(6
。
avoid)making
mistakes
．
I
started painting onFridav
evening(7
．
have)the whole
week
—
end before
me
，
and mv
wife
made sandwiches(8
．
we
< br>—
not have)to cook inthe
kitchen
．
We decided to have
lunch out on
Sunday(9
．
have)a
good meal
．
(10
．
I
—
not be)disturbed
during mypaintin9
，
my wife
warned our
friends not to
call
．
Beforestartin9?I
covered the floor with newspapers(11
．
it
—
notget)spots of
paint
on
it
，
and
I
mixed
the
paint
thoroughly(12
．
it
—
be)the
same
colour
everywhere
．
1
wore
rubbergloves(13
< br>．
not get)my hands
dirty
．
I started at the top
ofeaeh wall
，
(14
．<
/p>
cover)up any drips
lower
down
，
and used
aladder(15
．
my arms-not
get)too tired
．
I had a rest
after anhour
，
(16
。
not get too s
tiff
．
)(17
．
the brush
—
not
get)hard
．
I kept some turpent
ine(
松节油
)ready
．
I have kept
the bru
sh(18
．
it
—
< br>use)again
，
and I have
cleaned it carefully(19
．
it
．
not get)stiff
．
Furthermore
，
I have
kept what is leftof the
paint(20
．
use)it if anything
needs touching up
．
b
、
using t0
一
|t00…t0
一
|eno
ugh to-
／
50…as
t0—
infini
—
tives and SO(that)
／
50
．
．
．
that
—
constructions
：
Mr and Mrs Jones were(1<
/p>
．
kind
—
i
nvite)me to Christ
．
mas
dinner
．
I had expected to
have it in the
hostel(
大
学
生
宿
舍
)(2
．
I
—
be)delighted
when
I
got
their
invitat
ion
．
Infact
，
1
was(3
．
happ
y
—
I
—
da
nce)a waltz with myself in mylittle
rOOm
．
How lucky l
was(4
．
get)such an
invitation!The only thing that spoilt
my joy a little was that l
was(5
．
unfortunate-not
have)anything
typical of my country
towear at the dinner
．
It
was
a
white
Christmas
that
year
．
It
must
havesnowed
very
hard
during
the
night
，
I
thought
．
(6
．
thesnow
—
be)(7
< br>．
thick
—
cover)m
y shoes
．
It felt(8
．
cold
—
freeze)me
in my tracks
when l went
out
．
I
had
quite
a
lot
of
friends
among
the
student
s
，
(9
．
I
．
have)a
number
of
cards
and
little
presents
．
My tutor
hadbeen(10
．
kind
．<
/p>
send)me some fur gloves!
Then
a parcel arrived from home!They must haveposted it
at just the right time(11
．
it
．
arrive)on
ChristmasDay
．
1
was feeling(12
．
excited
—
untie)it
，
(1
3
．
I
．
cu
t)it open with the bread
．
kni
fe
．
It
was our
national costume!I thad arrived just in time(14
．
I
．
wear)a
t the dinner l
32
．
2
一
in9
分词分句
以一
in9
分词作谓语动词
的分句结构口
“
做
ing
分词分句。
1)
．
in9
分词分句的结构模式
．
in9
分词分句有的既不带主语，也不带连词；有的
带主语；有的带连词。分述如下。
a)
不带主语和连词的一
in9
分词分句
一
in9
分词分句通常不带自己的主语
，也不带连词。所谓不带主语，是指一
in9
分词分句的
逻辑主语通常可以在特定的上下文或情景中判定。例如：
[1]One of my bad habits is biting nails
(
咬指甲
)
．
[2]He denied having been there(
到过那儿
)
．
[3]I
have a friend living in London(
住在伦敦
)
．
[4]I
heard him singing in the next room(
在隔壁房
内唱歌
)
．
[5]Beatin9
口
child(
打小孩
)will do
more harm than good(
< br>有害无益
)
．
不言而喻，
例
[1]-in9
分词分句的逻辑主语是
“
我
”
，
例
[2]
是
“
他
”
，
例
[3]
是
“
朋友
”
，
例
[4]
是
“
他
”
，
例
[5]
为泛指
“
人们
”
。
有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的一
in9
分词分句，已经成为固定用语，其逻辑主语
< br>有时是说话人，有时是泛指人们。例如：
Judging#om what you say(
从你所说
的来判断
)
，
he has
donehis best
．
Generally speaking(
一般地说
)
，
this book is not
very difficult
．
这
是以一
in9
分词分句作评注性状语。
b)
带连词的一
in9
分词分句
有时，
．
in9
分词分句可以带有连词。带连词的一
in
9
分词分句
的逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语。例如：
When sleeping(
入睡的时候
)
，
I never hear a
thin9
．
He wrote
his greatest novel while working as an ordinary se
a
—
man(
当三等水兵的时候
)
．
Whether working or sleeping(
不论工作还是睡觉
)
，
the
sub
—
ject IS
always in his mind
．
Though understanding no Greek(
虽然不懂希腊语
)
，
Charle
swas able to
communicate(
交谈
)with
them
．
C)
带主语的．
in9
分词分句
一
in9
分词分句
也能带有自己的主语，这有以下几种情况：
第一，
．
in9
分词分句作宾语时：
Do you mind
my
／
me making a
suggestion(
我提个建议
)?
My parents object to
me
／
my going out alone(
我单独外出
)
．
第二，一
in9
分词分句作介词补足成分
(
即介词宾语
)
时：
I'm annoyed about
John
／
John's forgetting to pa
y(
约翰忘记付钱
)
．
John doesn?t like the idea of
me
／
my being,nixed“P in
。
thisaffair(
我参与此事
)
．
第三，一
in9
分词分句作主语时：
You
／
Your falling
into the river(
你掉入河中
)was the
cli
．
max(
高潮
)of the whole trip
．
It helped them to make friends
quickly
，
his being the only
doc
—
tor in the vi
llage(
他是村里唯一
的医生
)<
/p>
．
It?s no use your
pretending to be deaf(
你装聋
)
．
第四，
一
in9
分词分句作通常所说的
“
独立结构
??
时：
The
last bus having gone(
因为末班车开走了
)
，
we had towalk
home
．
The report
having been read(
报告宣读之后
)
，
a livelv
discus
—
sion
began
．
So many
members being absent(
由于那么多会员缺席
)
，
themeeting had to be put
off
．
“
独立结构
”
中的
having bee
n
或
being
有时可以省去。
例如：
1
问
题解决之
后
)
，
the meetinga
由
ourned(
休会
)
．
1)
．
in9
分词分句的结构模式
．
in9
分词分句有的既不带主语，也不带
连词；有的带主语；有的带连词。分述如下。
a)
不带主语和连词的一
in9
分词分句
一
in9
分词分句通常不
带自己的主语，也不带连词。所谓不带主语，是指一
in9
分词
分句的
逻辑主语通常可以在特定的上下文或情景中判定。例如：
[1]One of my bad habits is biting nails
(
咬指甲
)
．
[2]He denied having been there(
到过那儿
)
．
[3]I
have a friend living in London(
住在伦敦
)
．
[4]I
heard him singing in the next room(
在隔壁房
内唱歌
)
．
[5]Beatin9
口
child(
打小孩
)will do
more harm than good(
< br>有害无益
)
．
不言而喻，
例
[1]-in9
分词分句的逻辑主语是
“
我
”
，
例
[2]
是
“
他
”
，
例
[3]
是
“
朋友
”
，
例
[4]
是
“
他
”
，
例
[5]
为泛指
“
人们
”
。
有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的一
in9
分词分句，已经成为固定用语，其逻辑主语
< br>有时是说话人，有时是泛指人们。例如：
Judging#om what you say(
从你所说
的来判断
)
，
he has
donehis best
．
Generally speaking(
一般地说
)
，
this book is not
very difficult
．
这
是以一
in9
分词分句作评注性状语。
b)
带连词的一
in9
分词分句
有时，
．
in9
分词分句可以带有连词。带连词的一
in
9
分词分句
的逻辑主语通常也是主句的主语。例如：
When sleeping(
入睡的时候
)
，
I never hear a
thin9
．
He wrote
his greatest novel while working as an ordinary se
a
—
man(
当三等水兵的时候
)
．
Whether working or sleeping(
不论工作还是睡觉
)
，
the
sub
—
ject IS
always in his mind
．
Though understanding no Greek(
虽然不懂希腊语
)
，
Charle
swas able to
communicate(
交谈
)with
them
．
C)
带主语的．
in9
分词分句
一
in9
分词分句
也能带有自己的主语，这有以下几种情况：
第一，
．
in9
分词分句作宾语时：
Do you mind
my
／
me making a
suggestion(
我提个建议
)?
My parents object to
me
／
my going out alone(
我单独外出
)
．
第二，一
in9
分词分句作介词补足成分
(
即介词宾语
)
时：
I'm annoyed about
John
／
John's forgetting to pa
y(
约翰忘记付钱
)
．
John doesn?t like the idea of
me
／
my being,nixed“P in
。
thisaffair(
我参与此事
)
．
第三，一
in9
分词分句作主语时：
You
／
Your falling
into the river(
你掉入河中
)was the
cli
．
max(
高潮
)of the whole trip
．
It helped them to make friends
quickly
，
his being the only
doc
—
tor in the vi
llage(
他是村里唯一
的医生
)<
/p>
．
It?s no use your
pretending to be deaf(
你装聋
)
．
第四，
一
in9
分词分句作通常所说的
“
独立结构
??
时：
The
last bus having gone(
因为末班车开走了
)
，
we had to walk
home
．
The report
having been read(
报告宣读之后
)
，
a lively discussion
began
．
So many
members being absent(
由于那么多会员缺席
)
，
the meeting had to be
put off
．
“
独立结构
”
中的
having
been
或
being
有时可以省去。
例如：
1
问
题
解决之后
)
，
the meeting
a
由
ourned(
休会
)
．
The
children were watching the acrobatic show(
< br>杂技表演
)
，
their
eyes(being)wide open(
眼睛睁得
大大的
)
．
这样，
前一例就成了一
ed
分词分句，后一例则成了无动词分句
(Verbless
Clause)
。
独立结构有时也可
由介词
with
引出，其句法功能与通常的独
< br>
立结构相同。例如：
With the tree growing tall(
树
长高了
)
，
we get more
shade
．
He sat with his arms
hanging straight
down by his sides(
两臂直垂身旁
)
．
<
/p>
2)
．
in9
分
词分句的句法功能
关于一
in9
分词分句作宾语的用法已在第
21
讲重点阐
述，这里
讲其他几个用法问题。
<
/p>
a)
．
in9
分
词分句和不定式分句一样都可在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语和宾语补语，有时
意义没有
区别，有时意义略有不同。例如：
{Flying a
plane is dangerous
．
f To
fly
口
plane is
dangerous
．
{I like getting up
early
．
f I like
to get up early
．
{Our duty is serving the people heart
and soul
．
{Our duty is to
serve the people b
．
eart and
soul
．
{I
taught
him speaking English
．
}I taught him to speak
English
．
在以上各组句子中
，用．
in9
分词分句和不定式分句在意义上没有区别，但在下
列诸句中
用．
in9
分词分句和不定式
分句在语义上便略有不同：
f I hate
telling lies
．
；
I
hate
￡
o tell a
lie
．
f This is a box for
holding chessmen
．
{I am looking for a box to hold
chessmen
．
在上述第一组句
子中，用一
in9
分词分句，表示一般的
“
说谎，
，行为，这时
tellin
g
lies
的逻
辑主语泛指一般的人
。若用不定式分句，
则表示特定的
“
说
谎
”
行为，其逻辑主语应是主句的
主语
l
。在上述第二组句子中，用
for
holding chessmen
，泛指一般的目的，若要指一次特定
的目的，则须用不定式分句。因此如果说：
?I
am looking for a box for holding
chessmen
．
那就成了病句。又例如：
I
noticed an old man crossing the
road
．
I noticed an old man
cross the road
．
在
上述第一句中用一
in9
分词分句表示动作正在进行，即非全过
程；而用不定式分句则表示
动作已经完成，即全过程。
b)
一
in9
分词分
句可在句中作状语，表示多种意义。比如作时
间状语：
Climbing to
the top of the tower
，
we saw a magnificent
view
．
While flying over the
Channel
，
he saw a ship
sinkin9
．
作原因状语：
Bein9
口
hard+working young
man
，
he is praised by all his
fellow workers
．
Haying worked hard all
day
，
1 was ready for
bed by
eight0?clock
．
作条件状语：
A
large
meteor(
流星
)hitting
the
moon(=if
it
hits
the
m00n)would
melt
the
surface
rock
by
the
foree of
collision
．
You
will make yourself more
tired
，
keeping on your feet
(
：
ifyou keep on your
feet)
．
作让步状语：
Knowing
all this
，
they still insisted
on my paying for the dam
—
age
．
Many
boys
，
having had few
advantages in their
youth
，
havenevertheless done
great things for their
country
．
作结果状语：
He spread
a rumour that the president was going to
resign
，
leading to a great
confusion in that
country
．
It rained heavily
，
ca
．
using severe flooding in
that area
．
表示伴随状况：
He ran up
to her
，
breathing
heavily
．
The old
man was fast asleep
，
holding
a book in his hand
．
下面做一则汉译英练
习，
要求使用．
in9
分词分句。
EXERCISE 32D
Translate the following into
English
，
usin9·
ing
participleclauses
：
1
．弹钢琴是我喜爱的消遣。
2
．
做这种试验值得吗
?
3
．他们一定要
为我们开一个欢迎会。
4
．我已习惯于做这种工作。
5
．她买好车票以后就开始收拾行李。
6
．我们不应该批评他，而应该表扬他。
7
．你们对执
行这项计划有什么反对意见吗
?
8
．在会上他强调了走群众路线的重要性。
9
．重修这条运河已经给国民经济带来许多好处。
10
．看到面前坐着这么多人，她感到很紧
张
。
11
．我在四川住过许多年，对那
里情况很了解。
12
．他指着一栋新
房子说道，
“
这就是我们的俱乐部。
”
13
．我们开始敲门，以为那就是他
的住所。
14
．由于江面太宽，我们无法游过去。
15
．情况既然是这样，我就不坚持让你留在这里
了。
16
．天气这样暖和：有人建议在露天举
< br>行晚会。
17
．由于太兴奋，他不知说什么好。
18
．她坐在那里一声不响，泪水顺着面颊流下来。
19
．当他到达村里时，发现姑娘们正在田里摘
棉花。
20
．
昨天下午老师撞见几个小
学生在教
室里抽烟。
32
．
3
一
ed
分词分句
以一
ed
分词作谓
语动词的分句结构叫做一
ed
分词分句。
1)
．
ed
分词分句的结构模式
一
ed
分词分句
也分为不带主语和连词的、带连词的和带主语
的三种。
a)
不带主语和连词的一
ed
分词分句
．
一
ed
分词
分句可以既不带主语也不带连词。
所谓不带主语，
是指一
ed
分词分旬的逻
辑主语通常可以由特定的上
下文判定。例如：
Covered with confus
ion(
心烦意乱
)
，
she hurriedly left
theroom
．
The
castle
，
burnt down in l485(14
85
年烧毁
)
，
was never re
．
built
．
Not a single case of T
．
B
．
was
found in the X
—
rays
studied(=that had been studied)
第一、二例中的
一
ed
分词分句的逻辑主语是主句的主语，第三例的逻辑主语是
介词补足成
分
the X
—
rays(
爱克斯光片子
)
。
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
miser-phoebus
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