胞妹-minimap
美国文学主要分为五个时期
The Literature in Colonial Period
The Literature Around the Revolution of
Independence
American Romanticism
American Realism
American
Modernism
Early Colonial
Literature. 1607-1700
The Literature of
Colonial America
Puritan
Thoughts:
(The
M
ayflower
voyage
1620)
“Puritans”,
named
after
those
who
wished
to
“purify” the church of
England.
The
First American Writer: Captain John Smith
Anne Bradstreet:
(1612-1672)
One of the most important
figures in the history of American Literature.
She is considered by many to be the
first American poet.
Her first collection of
poems
–
The Tenth Muse Lately
Sprung Up in America
–
The first book
written by a woman to be published in the United
States.
Edward
Taylor (1642-1729)?The best of the Puritan poets
THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The
literature of Reason And Revolution
The
Age of Reason in America
The Age of
Enlightenment
The 18th-
century American Enlightenment was a movement
marked by an emphasis on rationality
rather
than
tradition,
scientific
inquiry
instead
of
unquestioning
religious
dogma,
and
representative
government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment
thinkers and writers were devoted
to
the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as
the natural rights of man.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
America's
He embodied the
Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality.
He was the first great self-made man in
America.
Franklin's Poor
Richard's Almanac, begun in 1732 and published for
many years, made Franklin
prosperous
and well-known throughout the colonies.
themselves.
makes
a
Man healthy,
wealthy, and
wise.
The Autobiography of
Benjamin Franklin is an insp
iring
account of a poor boy’s rise to wealth and
fame and the fulfillment of the
American dream.
It is a book on the art
of self-improvement.
Thomas
Paine (1737-1809)
Thomas
Paine's
pamphlet
Common
Sense
(Jan.
10,
1776)
sold
over
100,000
copies
in
the
first
three months of its
publication.
Common Sense is often
regarded as the greatest of the Revolutionary
pamphlet.
The American Crisis
(1776-1783)
Thomas
Jefferson (1743-1826)
The
Declaration of Independence
POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
“
Poet of the American
Revolution”
“
Father of American
Poetry”
Among his best
lyrics are “The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786) on
morality and “The India Burying
Ground”
(1788) on the imagined afterlife.
He
became
one
of
the
most
outstanding
representatives
of
dawning
nationalism
in
American
literature.
Noah Webster
（
1758-1843
）
1786: the independence of politics as
well as literature
Samuel
Johnson - first combine an English dictionary,
last neoclassicist enlightener
A
Dictionary of the English Language
The literature of Romanticism
美国文学的第一次繁荣
Washington Irving
(1789-1859)
Father of
American literature
The central figure
in the American literary world between 1809 and
the Civil War, esp. after the
publication of his Sketch Book.
The first prose stylist of American
Romanticism
–
a very good
example of an American romantic.
He
wrote for pleasure and to produce pleasure.
He was the first American man of
letters to support himself as a professional
writer.
He
was
the
first
American
author
to
win
international
recognition,
and
was
extreme
popular
in
Europe.
The
Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon
(Irving
‘
s pseudonym)
contains his two best remembered
stories,
“
Rip Van
Winkle
（瑞普
-
凡
-
温克尔）
James Fenimore Cooper
(1789-1851)
Cooper was the
first important writer to be critical of the
United Sates.
The first successful
American novelist
He
stands
rather
as
the
originator
of
the
novel
of
adventure
in
American
literature,
and
is
frequently
termed
The Leather-Stocking Tales
the Deerslayer(1841)
the
Last of the Mohicans(1826),
the
Pathfinder(1840),
the Pioneers(1823)
The Prairie(1823)
The Leather-Stocking Tales is the life
of Natty Bumppo.
Natty Bumppo, Cooper's
renowned literary character, embodies his vision
of the frontiersman as a
gentleman, a
Jeffersonian
The essential American
soul
–
D. H. Lawrence
The first American hero of this type.
Natty
is
the
first
famous
frontiersman
in
American
literature
and
the
literary
forerunner
of
countless cowboy and backwoods heroes.
William Cullen Bryant
first of our American classic poets
One of America’s earliest naturalist
poets
The American
Wordsworth
He writes the poem
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Raven
Annabel Lee
To Hellen
The Purloined
Letter
《被窃的信件》
The first literary critic
–
The Philosophy of
Composition
The Poetic Principle
Gothic style
Father of
Detective novels
Themes 1.
death
–predominant theme in Poe’s writing
“Poe is not interested in anything alive.
Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
2.
disintegration
(separation) of life 3.
horror
Ralph
Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
The towering figure of his era, had a
religious sense of mission.
He was one
of the greatest essayists in the country.
Nature (1836) has been called “the
manifesto of American
transcendentalism”
“
The
American
Scholar”
(1837)
has
been
called
“America’s
Declaration
of
Intellectual
Independence”
Self-Reliance
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
Thoreau's
masterpiece,
Walden,
or
Life
in
the
Woods
(1854),
is
the
result
of
two
years,
two
months, and two days
(from 1845 to 1847) he spent living in a cabin he
built at Walden Pond on
property owned
by Emerson.
Walden is a spiritual book.
It’s seen a
s a classic of American
prose, a book of essays put together,
exploring subjects concerned with
Nature, with the meaning of life, and with
morality.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864)
Many of
Hawthorne's stories are set in Puritan New
England.
Gothic novels
His
greatest novel, The Scarlet Letter (1850), has
become the classic portrayal of Puritan America.
Hawthorne's
reputation
rests
on
his
other
novels
and
tales
as
well.
In
The
House
of
the
Seven
Gables (1851), he again returns to New
England's history.
Kinsman,
Major Molineux“
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, Melville's
masterpiece, is the epic story of the whaling ship
Pequod
and
its
god-like
man,
Captain
Ahab,
whose
obsessive
quest
for
the
white
whale
Moby-
Dick leads the ship and its men to destruction.
Moby-Dick has been called a
in primitive nature
Billy
Budd
Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
The
most important Boston
Brahmin
（婆罗门）
poets were Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Oliver
Wendell Holmes, and James
Russell Lowell.
Longfellow,
professor of modern languages at Harvard, was the
best-known American poet of his
day.
He was the only American
poet to be honored by having his bus
t
placed in the Poet’s Corner of
Westminster Abbey.
He wrote three long narrative poems
popularizing native legends in European meters
Song
of
Hiawatha
(1855),
--
the
first
American
epic
in
blank
verse
about
the
American
Indians
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
His Leaves of Grass (1855), which he
rewrote and revised throughout his life, contains
Myself,
Leaves
of
Grass
is
as
vast,
energetic,
and
natural
as
the
American
continent;
it
was
the
epic
generations of American critics had
been calling for, although they did not recognize
it.
I hear America Singing
“
free
verse”
(1)
no
fixed
rhyme
o
r
scheme
(2)
parallelism,
a
rhythm
of
thought
(3)
phonetic
recurrence
(4)
the
habit
of
using
snapshots
(5)
the
use of a certain pronoun “I” (6)
sentences –
catalogue
technique: long list of names,
long
poem lines
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
Because I Can’t Stop for
Death
I Heard a Fly Buzz
–
When I died
Theme: friendship, love and marriage,
life and death
style
(1)
poems
without
titles
(2)
severe
economy
of
expression
(3)
directness,
brevity
(4)
musical
device
to
create
cadence
(rhythm)
(5)
capital
letters
–
emphasis
(6)
short
poems,
mainly
two
stanzas
(7)
rhetoric
techniques:
personification
–
make
some
of
abstract ideas vivid
Harriet Beecher
Stowe (1811-1896)
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe's
novel
Uncle
Tom's
Cabin;
or,
Life
Among
the
Lowly
was
the
most
popular American book of the 19th
century.
Reasons for the
success of Uncle Tom's Cabin are obvious. It
reflected the idea that slavery in the
United
States,
the
nation
that
purportedly
embodied
democracy
and
equality
for
all,
was
an
injustice
of colossal proportions.
The literature of Realism
(1865-1918)
The Civil War
–
The First World War
Local Colorists
New England:
Sarah Orne
Jewett (1849-1909)
South:
Joel Chandler Harris (1848 -1908)
Kate Chopin(1851-1904)
–
The Awakening
West frontiers: Bret Harte
- The Luck of Roaring Camp
Realists
1. Theme
Howells
–
middle class //James
–
upper class //Twain
–
lower class
2.
Technique
Howells
–
smiling/genteel
realism
//James
–
psychological
realism
//Twain
–
local
colorism
and
colloquialism
William Dean Howells
(1837-1920)
Dean of
American Realism
optimistic realism
Interpreting sympathetically the
“common feelings of commonplace people” was best
suited as a
technique to express the
spirit of America.
The Rise of Silas
Lapham
Henry James
(1843-1916)
Novel of manners
世态小说
Psychological analysis, forefather of
stream of consciousness
Psychological
realism
Daisy Miller
The
Portrait of a Lady’s
The
Wings of the Dove