长裤的英文医学英语 老年痴呆

Unit 2

Human Growth and Development

Human growth and development is a process that begins at birth

and

doesn’t

end

until

death.

During

all

stages

of

growth

and

development, individuals have different needs that must be met. And

as

aging

occurs,

certain

physical,

psychological,

and

even

social

changes also occur in all individuals. Some individuals can learn to

adapt to and cope with the changes, but others experiences extreme

frustration

and

mental

distress.

It

is

important

for

the

health

care

workers

to

be

aware

of

the

various

life

stages

in

order

to

provide

quality health care.

Text A

Confusion and Disorientation in the Elderly

Although most elderly individuals remain mentally

aler

t until

death, some experience of confusion and

disorientation

. Signs of

confusion

or

disorientation

include

talking

incoherently

,

not

knowing

their

own

names,

not

recognizing

others,

wandering

aimlessly, lacking awareness of time or place, displaying hostile and

combative

behavior

,

hallucinating

,

regressing

in behavior

, pay

less intention to personal

hygiene

, and being unable to respond to

simple commands or follow instructions.

Confusion

and

disorientation

is

sometimes

a

temporary

condition.

Stress

and/or

depression

due

to

physical

and

psychological

changes

is

one

possible

cause.

Use

of

alcohol

or

chemicals

is

another

.

Kidney

disease,

which

interferes

with

1

electrolyte

balance;

respiratory

disease,

which

decreases

oxygen;

or

liver

disease,

which

interferes

with

metabolism

,

are

other

causes.

Elderly

individuals

are

also

more

sensitive

to

medications, and drugs can sometimes accumulate in the body and

cause confusion and disorientation. Even poor nutrition or lack of

fluid

intake

can

interfere

with

mental

ability.

Frequently,

identification

and treatment of any of these conditions decreases

and even eliminates the confusion and disorientation. Foe example,

changing

a

medication

or

giving

it

in

smaller

does

may

restore

normal function.

Disease and/or damage to the brain can sometimes result in

chronic

confusion or disorientation. A

cerebrovascular

accident,

or stroke, which damages brain cells, is one possible cause. A blood

clot

can

obstruct

blood flow to the brain, or a vessel can

rupture

and

cause

hemorrhaging

in

the

brain.

Arteriosclerosis

,

a

condition in which the walls of blood vessels become thick and lose

their

elasticity

, is common in the elderly individuals. If the vessels

become narrow due to deposits of fat and minerals, such as calcium,

the condition is called

atherosclerosis

. These conditions can cause

transient ischemic attacks

(TIAs), or ministrokes, which result in

temporary periods of diminished blood flow to the brain. Each time

an attack occurs, more damage to brain cells results.

Dementia

, also called brain

syndrome

, is a loss of mental ability

characterized by a decrease in intellectual ability, loss of

memory,

impaired

judgment,

personality

change,

and

disorientation.

When

the

symptoms

are

caused

by

high

fever

,

kidney

infection,

dehydration

,

hypoxia

(lack

of

oxygen),

drug

toxicity

,

or

other

treatable

conditions,

the

condition

is

called

acute

.

When

the

symptoms are caused permanent,

irreversible

damage to brain cells,

the

condition

is

called

chronic.

Cerebral

vascular

accidents,

arteriosclerosis,

and

TIAs

can

be

contributing

causes

to

chronic

dementia.

One

modern

theory

suggests

that

chronic

dementia

is

caused

by

either

a

complete

lack

or

an

inadequate

amount

of

an

enzyme

. Whatever the cause, chronic dementia is usually regarded

as a progressive, irreversible disease.

Alzheimer’s

disease

2

is

a

form

of

dementia

that

causes

progressive changes in brain cells. It can occur in individuals as young

as 40 years of age, but frequently occurs in those in their sixties. The

cause

is

unknown,

but

there

are

many

theories

currently

being

researched.

A

genetic

defect,

a

missing

enzyme,

toxic

effects

of

aluminum, a virus, and the faulty metabolism of glucose have all been

implicated

as

possible

causes.

Whatever

the

causes,

Alzheimer’s

disease is viewed as a terminal, incurable brain disease usually lasting

from

3

to

10

years.

In

the

early

stages,

the

individual

exhibits

memory

loss,

mood

and

personality

changes,

depression,

poor

judgment, confusion regarding time and place, and an ability to plan

and follow through with many activities of daily living. As the disease

progresses, nighttime

restlessness

occurs, mood swings becomes

frequent, personal hygiene is ignored, weight

fluctuates

,

paranoia

and

hallucinations

increase,

and

full-time

supervision

becomes

necessary.

In

the

terminal

stage,

the

individual

experiences

total

disorientation regarding person, time and place; becomes incoherent

and is unable to communicate with words; loses control of

bladder

and

bowel

functions; develops

seizures

; loses weight despite eating

a balanced diet; becomes totally dependent; and finally, l

apses

into a

coma

and dies. Death is often caused by pneumonia, infections, and

kidney

failure.

Progress

through

the

various

stages

of

this

disease

varies among individuals.

Whatever the cause of confusion or disorientation, certain courses

of care should be followed. A primary concern is to provide a safe and

secure

environment.

Dangerous

objects

such

as

drugs,

poisons,

scissors, knives, and cleaning solutions should be kept out of reach

and

in

a

locked

area.

If

the

individual

tends

to

wander

,

doors

and

windows should be secure.

Following

the

same

routine

is

also

important.

Meals,

baths,

dressing, walks, and bedtime each occur at approximately the same

time each day. Any change in routine can cause stress and confusion.

Even though the individual should be encouraged to be as active as

possible, activities should be kept simple and last for short periods of

time.

A

calm,

quiet

environment

is

also

important.

Loud

noises,

crowded rooms, and excessive commotion can cause the individual to

become

agitated

and more disoriented.

Reality orientation (OR) consists of activities that help promote

awareness of person, time and place. The activities should be followed

by anyone caring for the confused individual, whether the care is in

the

home

or

in

a

long-term

care

facility.

Some

aspects

of

reality

orientation are the following:

1.

Address the person by the name they prefer

, for example, “Mr

.

Smith” or “Mike.”

2.

Avoid terms such as “sweetie,” “baby,” and “honey.”

3.

State your name and correct the person if he or she calls you a

wrong name. For example, if a patient thinks you are his or her

daughter

, say “I am not your daughter Lisa. I’m Mrs. Simmers,

your nurse for today.”

4.

Make

constant

references

to

day,

time,

and

place.

“It

is

8:00

Tuesday morning and time for breakfast

.”

5.

Use clocks, calendars, and information boards to point out time,

day, and activities.

6.

Keep the individual oriented to day-night circles. During the day,

encourage

the

person

to

wear

regular

clothes.

Also,

open

the

curtains and point out the sunshine. At night, close the curtains,

use the night light if necessary, and promote quiet and rest.

7.

Speak slowly and clearly and ask clear and simple questions.

8.

Never rush or hurry the individual.

9.

Repeat

instructions

patiently.

Allow

time

for

the

individual

to

respond.

10.

Encourage

conversations

about

familiar

things

or

current

events.

11.

Encourage the use of a television or a radio, but avoid over

stimulating the individual.

12.

Keep familiar objects and pictures within view. Avoid moving

the person’s furniture or belongings

.

13.

Don’t agree with incorrect statements. Gently provide correct

information.

For

example,

when

a

person

states

it

is

time

to

dress for work, say, “You don’t have to go to work today. You

retired 7 years ago.”

14.

Don’t hesitant to use touch to communicate with

the person.

15.

Encourage independence and self help whenever possible.

Caring for a confused or disoriented individual can be frustrating

and

even

frightening

at

times.

Continual

assessment

of

the

individual’s abilities and problems is needed to design a he

alth care

program that will allow the individual to function within the level of his

or her ability. Patience, consistency, and sincere caring are essential

on the part of the health care provider

.

Notes

：

1.

Text A and Text B are adapted from

Diversified Health Occupations

Essentials

4

th

edition by Louise Simmers.

2. interferes with

：

干扰，干涉；妨碍

They say it

interferes with

activities outside schools including

summer employment.

并且他们说这还会干扰校外活动，包括夏季

雇佣

。

3.

Alzheimer’s disease

阿兹海默症；老年痴呆症

First described in 1906 by the German physician

Alzheimer, is a disease that progressively destroys brain cells,

affecting memory, language behavior and ultimately, character. In

the United States about 10% of the population over 65 suffers from

Alzheimer’s disease and up to 45% of those

over 85 may have the

disease. Alzheimer’s patient may live seven to ten years with the

disease.

The symptoms of the disease can be having problems learning

new information and remembering to perform routine tasks, such as

locking the door or turning off the gas; having problems finding the

right words to express oneself; and having difficulties finding one’s

way.

Up to now many things about this disease still remain a mystery.

But research continues to bring us a better understanding of the

disease, more accurate diagnoses and more effective treatments.

Exercises:

Ⅰ

Word-building

Medical

Terminology

is

a

special

vocabulary

used

by

health

care

professionals

for

effective

and

accurate

communication.

Study

the

Prefixes and Suffixes Related to the Systems and Organs of the Body

in the following box.

Prefixes and Suffixes for the Systems and Organs of the Body

名称

血

血管

通用名

前

(

后

)

缀

示例

blood

hemo-/hemato-

hemorrhage / hematology

vessel

vaso-

vasoactive / vasography

venography / venous

arteriography / arteriosclerosis

neural / neuralgia

myeloid / myelitis

neural / neuralgia

cytology/cytobiology

urology/urosurgery

静脉

vein

veno-

动脉

artery

arterio-

neur-/neuro-

神经

nerve

髓

marrow

myel-/myelo-

neur-/neuro-

神经

nerve

细胞

cell

cyto-/cyte-

尿

体

肌

urine

body

muscle

uro-/ur-

somato-/-some

somatology / somatopsychic

Myo-

mycology / myositis

project is a partnership between Bayer Schering and the

Chinese Society of

Hematology

.

investigate roles of

vasoactive

substances in cerebral vascular

diseases.

3. In any case, they note that

venography

is optional.

4.

Arteriosclerosis

affects an increasingly broad segment of the

older population.

5. The doctor diagnosed my illness as

neuralgia

.

6.

Methods Apply conventional and enhanced MRI scan to 10 patients

clinically diagnosed with acute

myelitis

.

7.

Diagnosis is made through

cytology

of the mass.

8.

This article

commented the advancement of tissue engineering

technology in

urology

.

9.

Normal

Somatology

includes

NormalAnatomy,Histology&Embriology, Physiology, Biochemistry.

10.

Heart

myositis

and lobar anxiety patient are sensitive to strong

heart glucoside, should notice dosage.

Ⅱ

Study carefully all the new words and phrases in the box. Fill in the

gaps with words or phrases chosen from the box. Change the form

where necessary.

alert

regress

obstruct

disorientation

impaired

acute.

implicate

incoherent

fluctuate

rupture

hallucinate

diminish

lapse

elasticity

eliminate

intake

irreversible

restless

agitated

combative

1.

Some commentators abroad say that China's current policy is

.

2. No difficulty can ever

the advance of the Chinese people.

3.

The graver threat this time is that countries are tempted to

their debts through higher inflation.

4.

of bridge pavement with cement concrete is a very common

problem.

5.

For

some

fragile

states

in

West

Africa,

these

problems

may

be

, and dangerous.

6. Many

characteristics

of internet language

post-modern

values and cultural connotations.

7.

Some people,

and enthusiastic, seize every opportunity with

both hands and turn it to good advantage