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英国文学第一学期名词解释
Allegory:
a story or
description in which the characters and events
symbolize some
deeper underlying
meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.
Alliteration:
A poetic
device where the first consonant sounds or any
vowel sounds in
words or syllables are
repeated.
Allusion:
A
reference to a familiar literary or historical
person or event, used to make an
idea
more easily understood.
Ballad:
A short
poem
that tells a simple
story and has a repeated refrain. Ballads were
originally intended to be sung. Early
ballads, known as folk ballads, were passed down
through generations, so their authors
are often unknown. Later ballads composed by
known authors are called literary
ballads.
Blank Verse:
unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.
Carpe Diem
:
A
Latin term meaning
theme
of
Poetry
,
especially lyrics. A
carpe
diem
poem
advises the reader
or the person it addresses to live
for
today and enjoy the pleasures of the moment.
Two celebrated
carpe
diem
poems are Andrew Marvell's
Herrick's poem beginning
Conceit:
an unusually far-
fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting
a
surprisingly apt parallel between two
apparently dissimilar things or feelings.
Connotation:
The impression
that a word gives beyond its defined meaning.
Couplet:
Two lines of
Poetry
with the same
rhyme
and
Meter
, often expressing a
complete and self-contained thought.
Denotation:
The definition
of a word, apart from the impressions or feelings
it creates in
the reader.
Dramatic Monologue
Epic:
A long
narrative
poem
about the adventures of
a
hero
of great historic or
legendary
importance. The setting is
vast and the action is often given cosmic
significance through
the intervention
of supernatural forces such as gods, angels, or
demons. Epics are typically
written in
a
classical
style
of grand simplicity
with elaborate
Metaphor
s and
allusions that
enhance the symbolic
importance of a hero's adventures.
Frame story:
a
story in which another story is enclosed or
embedded as a “tale within a
tale”, or
which contains several such tales.
Foot:
The
smallest unit of rhythm in a line of
Poetry
. In English-language
poetry, a foot is
typically one
accented syllable combined with one or two
unaccented syllables.
There are many
different types of feet. When the accent is on the
second syllable of a two
syllable word
(con-
tort
), the foot is an
tor
-ture) is a
unaccented syllables
followed by an accented syllable as in in-
ter-
cept
, and
accented syllable followed by two
unaccented syllables as in
su
-i-cide.
Grub
Street Writers:
Hack writers in the
Eighteenth Century England. Many of them
lived on Grub Street. They took writing
as a profession.
Heroic
Couplet:
A rhyming
couplet
written in iambic
pentameter (a
Verse
with
five
iambic feet).
Humanism:
A philosophy that
places faith in the dignity of humankind and
rejects the
medieval perception of the
individual as a weak, fallen creature.
believe in the perfectibility of human
nature and view reason and education as the means
to that end.
Iambic
pentametre:
If a line of a poem has
five feet, and in each foot there are two
syllables, the first being unstressed,
the second, stressed, the line is an iambic
pentameter
line.
Irony:
In literary
criticism
, the effect of
language in which the intended meaning is the
opposite of what is stated.
Metaphysical Poetry: The body of
poetry
produced by a group
of seventeenth-century
English writers
called the
Andrew Marvell. The
Metaphysical Poets made use of everyday speech,
intellectual
analysis, and unique
imagery
. They aimed to
portray the ordinary
conflict
s and
contradictions of life. Their
poem
s often took the form of
an
argument
, and many of
them
emphasize physical and religious
love as well as the fleeting nature of life.
Elaborate
conceit
s are typical in
metaphysical poetry.
Metaphysical
Poets: a group of 17
th
century English poets whose work is notable for
its
ingenious use of intellectual
concepts in surprising conceits, strange
paradoxes, and
far-fetched imagery.
Meter:
In
literary
criticism
, the
repetition of sound patterns that creates a rhythm
in
Poetry
. The
patterns are based on the number of syllables and
the presence and
absence of
accent
s. The unit of rhythm
in a line is called a
Foot
.
Types of meter are
classified according
to the number of feet in a line. These are the
standard English lines:
Monometer, one
foot; Dimeter, two feet; Trimeter, three feet;
Tetrameter, four feet;
Pentameter, five
feet; Hexameter, six feet (also called the
Alexandrine); Heptameter,
seven feet
(also called the
The most common
English meter is the iambic pentameter, in which
each line contains ten
syllables, or
five iambic feet, which individually are composed
of an unstressed syllable
followed by
an accented syllable.
Oedipus
Complex:
A son's amorous obsession with
his mother. The phrase is derived
from
the story of the ancient Theban
hero
Oedipus, who
unknowingly killed his father and
married his mother.
Oxymoron:
A phrase combining
two contradictory terms. Oxymorons may be
intentional
or unintentional.
Paradox:
A statement that
appears illogical or contradictory at first, but
may actually
point to an underlying
truth.
Poetic License:
Distortions of fact and literary
convention
made by a writer
—
not always
a
poet
—
for the sake of the effect gained. Poetic license
is closely related to the concept of
Renaissance:
The
period in European history that marked the end of
the Middle Ages. It
began in Italy in
the late fourteenth century. In broad terms, it is
usually seen as spanning
the
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries,
although it did not reach Great Britain,
for example, until the 1480s or so. The
Renaissance saw an awakening in almost every
sphere of human activity, especially
science, philosophy, and the arts. The period is
best
defined by the emergence of a
general philosophy that emphasized the importance
of the
intellect, the individual, and
world affairs. It contrasts strongly with the
medieval
worldview, characterized by
the dominant concerns of faith, the social
collective, and
spiritual salvation.
Rhyme:
When used as a noun
in literary
criticism
, this
term generally refers to a
poem
in
which
words sound identical or very similar and appear
in parallel positions in two or more
lines. Rhymes are classified into
different types according to where they fall in a
line or
stanza or according to the
degree of similarity they exhibit in their
spellings and sounds.
Some major types
of rhyme are
In a masculine rhyme, the
rhyming sound falls in a single
accent
ed syllable, as with
and
as with
the
two unaccented syllables that follow:
Romance
: is a tale in verse,
embodying the life and adventures of knights.
Romance was
characteristic of the early
feudal age, as it reflected the spirit of
chivalry, i. e., the quality
and ideal
of knightly conduct. The content of romance was
usually about love, chivalry,
and
religion. It generally concerns knights and
involves a large amount of fighting as well
as a number of miscellaneous
adventures;
Scansion:
The
analysis or
poem
to
determine its
Meter
and
often
its
rhyme
scheme. The most common system of scansion uses
accent
s (slanted lines
drawn above syllables) to show stressed
syllables, breves (curved lines drawn above
syllables) to show unstressed
syllables, and vertical lines to separate each
Foot
.
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