架构英文口腔医学专业英语题库-四川大学华西口腔医学院

Ulceration of the sulcular epithelium is one of the typical signs of acute gingivitis.

外科

L9

1

、

However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure, presents in five to seven days with an elevation of

temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation, then that space should be surgically

explored.

然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无 波动感，就需要外科手

术的探查了。

2

、

After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in

order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.

急性症 状缓解后，病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。

L10

1

、

Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occurs that symptoms

develop.

许多涎石是无自觉症状的，只有当发生部分 或是完全阻塞的时候症状才会发展。

2

、

The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing

inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.

造成阻 碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿，而造成的管腔狭窄。

修复

L13

1

、

Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which

it has been removed

purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.

再植术：

再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。

这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝

,

且具有很 高的成功率。

2

、

< br>Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted

tooth.

移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。

3

、

The autotransplant (a transplant from one place to another within the same mouth) enjoys a high success rate

often with ind

efinite survival, by vltue of prompt transfer of the tooth to its new ansplantation’s tooth is

best performed when the root of the donor tooth is almost completely formed but its apices are still most

commonly used donor tooth for autotransplantation to first and second molarsite is third allogenic tooth

probably was the first transplanted human organ.T

eeth have been transplanted for tooth inserted

may be an old reserved one which has been extracted for a long time, or it may be a freshly extracted tooth from

another individual.

自体移 植物（同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物）迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率

,

但常常不确定是

否能存活。

当供体 牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好。

最常移植到第一二磨 牙区的自

体移植牙是第三磨牙。

外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植 的人体器官。

牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史。

植入的牙可以使< /p>

很早以前拔除后保留下来的牙

,

或者是刚 从另一个个体拔除的牙。

4

、

Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into

four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics and carbon.

种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝

(

生物替代品

)

。

< br>能植入的材料可以分为四类

,

比如金属

< br>(

钛和钴铬合金

)

、

陶瓷

(

氧化铝< /p>

)

、以及碳。

5

、

Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or

cancellous bone. Compact bone transplants may be used in the form of solid pieces or in the form of chips.

Cancellous bone is commonly used in the form of chips. The grafts may be taken from ribs or iliac crest.

骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。

骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。

密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用 。

松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以从肋骨或髂嵴上获取

L14

1

、

The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and

transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is

established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.

第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离 及正中关系。这种关系固定后转移到合架上。此外

,

还要纪录反 常的关系及髁导

斜度。再这次就诊中可选择出前牙。

2

、

In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where

the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the

crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The

additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.

理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比。无论是由 于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿

,

都无法对冠提供 足够的

支持

,

也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动 所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败。

L16

1

、

A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or

more major connectors; several minor connectors two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers a

varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing.

Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a

retentive clasp arm.

一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分：

一个或多个基托；

一些小连接体；

两个或多个 直接固位

体；

一个或多个间接固位体；

数目不等的树脂牙、

瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。

当采用卡环作为直接

固位体时

,

他通 常包括一个合支托

,

一个卡环对抗臂

,

一个卡环固位臂。

2

、

The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained

from the underlying ridge structure.

基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分

,

因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。

3

、

Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept

in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.

当卡 环作为直接固位体使用时

,

作为它的一部分

,

必须有一个合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上

,

并保持其固位

,

而合支托可 以阻止装置对基牙的颈向运动。

4

、

The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer

reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is

accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as

“the height of contour”.

组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。

.

它是通过把固位末

端安置在牙齿最大 直径上实现的

,

通常被称为外形最高点。

L17

1

、

A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires.

This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are

constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the

maxillary or mandibular arch.

即刻义齿是现今 广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述

,

这种形式与全口 义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并

在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即 戴入。

2

、

For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants

of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.

针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题

,

可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持。这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供 支持。

3

、

It should be appreciated, however, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give

spport against occlsual stresses.

然而

,

应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可 以抵抗咬合力的理想结构。

4

、

The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it

should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete

denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.

因此

,

天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获 得这种支持

,

就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘

骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。

5

、

A part from providing the possibility of increased support and retention for a denture, the presence of some

modified teeth may also give to the denture wearer the advantages of alveolar ridge preservation and better

intraoral discriminatory ability.

除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的 可能性

,

一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽嵴的 优势和更好的口内

辨别能力。

6

、

The appear to be little doubt that if a denture is in contact with or attached to roots, the patient has a significantly

increased ability to discriminate between the size of objects placed between the teeth and to sense direction and to

control the amount of force applied to the denture and its supporting tissues. This ability is reduced markedly when

the last tooth or root is removed from the dental arch.

毫无疑问地

,

如果义齿接 触或附着于牙根部

,

患者对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感 受方向

,

以及控制施加于义齿

及其支持 组织上的力的能力会显着提高。当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时

,