tone是什么意思语篇结构介绍

二．

语篇的翻译要求和步骤

语篇翻译是翻译的高级阶段，是对各种翻译技巧进行综合

运用的理想 翻译单位。

只有通过语篇翻译才能使各种技巧不断增

强，最终达 到融会贯通的高层境界。

要求：

< /p>

以语篇语言学为理论指导，

以语篇分析为语篇理解的手段和

语篇翻译的基础，

并借鉴传统的翻译理论和方法的合理部分，

最

大限度的使原文和译文达到意义上的对等。

三．

语篇的组织结构：

（一）语篇的组织结构

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语篇的组织结构也是语篇理解和 语篇翻译的重要方面。

语

篇的组织结构是由语篇的交际目的、环 境、方式、题材、体裁、

语言风格、修辞手段等多种因素决定的。

语篇的组织结构关系大体有下列几种：

1

．顺序关系结构：

指语篇按事物发展的先后顺序展开，是一种比较简单的叙

述方法，适用于按步骤或按固定程序进行描叙的语篇。例如：

Until 1952 I had been quite content to eke out

（竭力维

持

）

an

existence

in

London

，

though

even

in

those

uninflated days an assistant lecturer

’

s salary required very

carefully budgeting. At the time I had a room in a cheap

boarding

house

in

Brunswick

Square.

I

enjoyed

it

enormously

and

after

two

years

had

begun

to

think

of

myself as a Londoner.

（这个语篇的结构基本上是按时间顺序关系组织的。

）

My house consists of two floors: the ground floor and the

first floor.

On the ground floor, there is the dining-room, the lounge

or

sitting-room,

the

kitchen

and

the

hall.

In

the

hall,

we

keep

a

stand

for

hats,

coats

and

umbrellas.

A

staircase

leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor. On this

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floor there are four bedrooms, a bathroom and lavatory

…

（这个语篇的是按空间顺序关系组织的。

）

2

．层次关系结构

是指句 子不是横向直线发展，

而是分几个意义层次纵向展开，

但都属于 一个主题或主题句。

如：

There is something wrong with the morality of a saying

like

“

Honesty is the best policy

”

. (1) The wrongness lies in

equating

virtue

with

profit.

Any

tolerably

observant

person must see that the equation

is false. (2) There are

countless occurrences in life when doing what we believe

to be right does not bring us material rewards. Indeed we

may sometimes suffer for it. (3) To offer sound policy as an

excitement to good moral is therefore in itself dishonest.

(4)

Honesty,

if

it

requires

a

motive,

must

be

valued

for

reasons other than politics.

第一句是主题句

第（

1

）层次的两句话是对主题句的进一步阐释

第（

2

）层次是对主题的论证

< br>

第（

3

）层次是作者提出的反 论

第

(4)

层次是一句结论，用来反扣主题。

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3

．递进关系结构

< br>句子采用环环相扣，

层层推进的方式排列，

语义也随之前

呼后应，逐步递升，直到推出一个结论来。如：

Smoking

gives

you

bad

health.

That

makes

you

unpopular.

Unpopularity

leads

to

loneliness.

Loneliness

drives you to smoke more heavily.

4

．

平衡关系结构

指句子以平衡方式排列 。

在层次上是平等的，

没有先后之

别； 各围绕主题的某个侧面展开叙述。句子结构大体相同，总体

上呈现一种平衡关系结构。但 在表意上，往往采取对比手段；或

两种相反事物对比、或同一事物两个对立方面对比，正 反兼说，

互相映衬。如：

Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was

a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt,

but

became

a

millionaire;

a

scientist

with

a

love

of

literature,

an

industrialist

who

managed

to

remain

an

idealist.

He

made

a

fortune

but

lived

a

simple

life,

and

although cheerful in company he was often sad in private.

A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love

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