certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
2017
年
12
月四级真题
讲义说明：
2017
年
12
月四级真题是配套
2017
年
12
月
四级真题词汇学习参考
使用，不用于真题练习使用。
2017.12-A
仔细阅读
P1
That people
often experience trouble sleeping in a different
bed in unfamiliar surroundings is
a
phenomenon
known as the
“first
-
night” effect. If a
person stays in the same room the following
night they tend to sleep more soundly.
Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University
set out
to investigate the origins of
this effect.
Dr. Sasaki knew the
first-night effect
probably
has something to do with
how humans
evolved.
The
puzzle
was
what
benefit
would
be
gained
from
it
when
performance
might
be
affected the
following day. She also knew from previous work
conducted on birds and dolphins
that
these animals put half of their brains to sleep at
a time so that they can rest while remaining
alert enough to avoid
predators
（捕食者）
. This led her
to wonder if people might be doing
the
same
thing.
To
take
a
closer
look,
her
team
studied
35
healthy
people
as
they
slept
in
the
unfamiliar
environment
of
the
university’s
Department
of
Psychological
Sciences.
The
participants
each
slept
in
the
department
for
two
nights
and
were
carefully
monitored
with
techniques that looked at the activity
of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected,
the participants
slept less well on
their first night than they did on their second,
taking more than twice as long to
fall
asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep
sleep, the participant
s’ brains
behaved in
a
similar manner seen in birds and
dolphins. On the first night only, the left
hemispheres
（半球）
of
their brains did not sleep
nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.
Curious if the left hemispheres were
indeed remaining awake to process information
detected
in
the
surrounding
environment,
Dr.
Sasaki
re-ran
the
experiment
while
presenting
the
sleeping
participants with a mix of regularly
timed beeps
（蜂鸣声）
of the same tone and irregular beeps of
a different tone during the night. She
worked out that, if the left hemisphere was
staying alert to
keep guard in a
strange environment, then it would react to the
irregular beeps by stirring people
from
sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones.
This is precisely what she found.
46.
What did
researchers find puzzling about the first-night
effect?
[A]
To
what extent it can trouble people.
[B]
What role it
has played in evolution.
[C]
What circumstances may trigger it.
1
[D]
In what way
it can be beneficial.
47.
What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki
doing her research?
[A]
She found birds and dolphins remain
alert while asleep.
[B]
She found birds and dolphins sleep in
much the same way.
[C]
She got some idea from previous studies
on birds and dolphins.
[D]
She conducted studies on birds and
dolphins sleeping patterns.
48.
What did Dr.
Sasaki do when she first did her experiment?
[A]
She monitored
the brain activity of participants sleeping in a
new environment.
[B]
She recruited 35 participants from her
Department of Psychological Sciences.
[C]
She studied
the differences between the two sides of
participant
s’
b
rains.
[D]
She tested
her findings about birds and dolphins on human
subjects.
49.
What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running
her experiment?
[A]
She analyzed the negative effect of
irregular tones on brains.
[B]
She recorded
participant
s’
adaptation to
changed
environment.
[C]
She exposed
her participants to two different stimuli.
[D]
She compared
the responses of different participants.
50.
What did Dr.
Sasaki find about the participants in her
experiment?
[A]
They tended to enjoy certain tones more
than others.
[B]
They tended to perceive irregular beeps
as a threat.
[C]
They felt sleepy when exposed to
regular beeps.
[D]
They differed in their tolerance of
irregular tones.
2017.12-A
仔细阅读
P2
It’s
time
to
re
evaluate
how
women
handle
conflict
at
work.
Being
overworked
or
over-
committed
at home and on the job will not get you where you
want to be in life. It will only slow
you down and hinder your career goals.
Did
you
know
women
are
more
likely
than
men
to
feel
exhausted?
Nearly
twice
as
many
women than men ages 18-
44
reported feeling “very tired” or
“
exhausted
”, according to a
recent
study.
This may not
be surprising
given that
this is the age range when women have
children.
It’s
also the age range when many women are
trying to balance careers and home. One reason
women
may feel exhausted
is
that they have a hard time saying “no.” Women want
to be able to do it all
--
volunteer for school parties or cook
delicious meals -- and so their answer to any
request is often
2
“Yes, I can.”
Women struggle to say “no” in the
workplace for similar reasons, including the
desire to be
liked by their colleagues.
Unfortunately, this inability to say “no” may be
hurting women’s health
as well as their
career.
At
the
workplace,
men
use
conflict
as
a
way
to
position
themselves,
while
women
often
avoid
conflict or strive to
be the
peacemaker, because they don’t want to be viewed
as
aggressive
or
disruptive
at
work.
For
example,
there’s
a
problem
that
needs
to
be
addressed
immediately,
resulting in a dispute over who should
be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face
that dispute
from the perspective of
what benefits them most, whereas women may
approach the same dispute
from the
perspective
of what’s the easiest and
quickest way to
resolve the problem --
even if that
means doing the boring
work themselves.
This difference in
handling conflict could be the deciding factor on
who gets promoted to a
leadership
position and who does not. Leaders have to be able
to delegate and manage resources
wisely
--
including
staff
expertise.
Shouldering
more
of
the
workload
may
not
earn
you
that
promotion. Instead, it may highlight
your inability to delegate effectively.
51.
What does the
author say is the problem with women?
[A]
They are
often unclear about the career goals to reach.
[B]
They are
usually more committed at home than on the job.
[C]
They tend to
be over-optimistic about how far they could go.
[D]
They tend to
push themselves beyond the limits of their
ability.
52.
Why do working women of child bearing
age tend to feel drained of
energy?
[A]
They struggle
to satisfy the demands of both work and home.
[B]
They are too
devoted to work and unable to relax as a result.
[C]
They do their
best to cooperate with their workmates.
[D]
They are
obliged to take up too many responsibilities.
53.
What may
hinder the future prospects of career women?
[A]
Their
unwillingness to say
“no”.
[B]
Their desire
to be considered powerful.
[C]
An
underestimate of their own ability.
[D]
A lack of
courage to face challenges.
54.
Men and women
differ in their approach to resolving workplace
conflicts in that
[A]
women tend to be easily satisfied
[B]
men are
generally more persuasive
.
3
[C]
men tend to
put their personal interests first
[D]
women are
much more ready to compromise
55.
What is
important to a good leader?
[A]
A dominant
personality.
[B]
The ability to delegate.
[C]
The courage
to admit failure.
[D]
A strong sense of
responsibility.
2017.12-B
仔细阅读
P1
Nobody really
knows how big Lagos is. What’s
indisputable is that
it’s
growing very quickly.
Between
now
and
2050,
the
urban
population
of
Africa
could
triple.
Yet
cities
in
sub-
Saharan
Africa are not getting richer
the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most
urban Africans live
in
slums(
贫民窟
); migrants are
often not much better off
t
han they were in the
countryside. Why?
The immediate problem
is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanizing at a
lower level of income
than
other
regions
of
the
world
did.
That
means
there’s
little
money
around
for
investment
that
would
make
cities
liveable
and
more
productive.
Without
upgrades
and
new
capacity,
bridges,
roads and power systems are unable to
cope with expanding populations.
With
the exception of
South Africa, the
only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa
is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Traffic
jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things
that keep investors away.
In
other
parts
of
the
world,
increasing
agricultural
productivity
and
industrialization
went
together. More productive farmers
meant there was a surplus that could
feed cities; in turn, that
created
a
pool
of
labor
for
factories.
But
African
cities
are
different.
They
are
too
often
built
around consuming natural resources.
Government is concentrated in capitals, so is
the money.
Most urban Africans work
for a small minority of the rich, who tend to be
involved in either
cronyish(
有
裙
带
关
系
的
) businesses or politics. Since African
agriculture is still broadly
unproductive, food is imported,
consuming a portion of revenue.
So what
can be done? Though African countries are poor,
not all African cities are. In Lagos,
foreign oil workers can pay as much as
$$ 65,000 per year in rent for a modest apartment
in a safe
part of town. If that income
were better taxed, it might provide the revenue
for better infrastructure.
If city
leaders were more accountable to their residents,
they might favor projects designed to help
them more. Yet even as new roads are
built, new people arrive. When a city’s population
grows by
5% a year, it is difficult to
keep up.
4
46.
What do we learn from the passage about
cities in sub-Saharan
Africa?
[A]
They have
more slums than other cities in the world.
[B]
They are
growing fast without becoming richer.
[C]
They are as
modernized as many cities elsewhere.
[D]
They attract
migrants who want to be better off.
47.
What does the
author imply about urbanization in other parts of
the world?
[A]
It
benefited from the contribution of immigrants.
[B]
It started
when people’s
income was relatively
high.
[C]
It benefited from the accelerated rise
in
productivity.
[D]
It started
with the improvement of people’s
livelihood.
48.
Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing
to
investors?
[A]
It lacks adequate transport facilities.
[B]
The living
expenses there are too high.
[C]
It is on the
whole too densely populated.
[D]
The local
governments are corrupted.
49.
In what way
does the author say African cities are
different?
[A]
They have attracted huge numbers of
farm laborers.
[B]
They still rely heavily on agricultural
productivity.
[C]
They have developed at the expense of
nature.
[D]
They
depend far more on foreign investment.
50.
What might be
a solution to the problems facing African
c
ities?
[A]
Lowering of
apartment rent.
[B]
Better education for residents.
[C]
More rational
overall planning.
[D]
A more responsible government.
2017.12-B
仔细阅读
P2
For the past several
decades, it seems there’s been a general
consensus on how to get ahead in
America: Get a college education, find
a reliable job, and buy your own home. But do
Americans
still believe in that path,
and if they do, is it attainable?
The
most recent National Journal poll asked
respondents about the American dream, what it
takes to achieve their goals, and
whether or not they felt a significant amount of
control over their
ability to be
successful. Overwhelmingly, the results show that
today, the idea of the American
5
dream -- and what it takes to achieve
it -- looks quite different than it did in the
late 20th century.
By
and
large,
people
felt
that
their
actions
and
hard
work
--
not
outside
forces
--
were
the
deciding
factor in how their lives turned out. But
respondents had decidedly mixed feelings about
what actions make for a better life in
the current economy.
In the last seven
years, Americans have grown more pessimistic about
the power of education
to lead to
success. Even though they see going to college as
a fairly achievable goal, a majority --
52
percent
--
think
that
young
people
do
not
need
a
four-year
college
education
in
order
to
be
successful.
Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a
master’s degree
and works in
public health, was the first in his
family to go to college, which has
allowed him to achieve a sense of financial
stability his parents
and grandparents
never did.
While some, like Maeda,
emphasized the value of the degree rather than the
education itself,
others still see
college as a way to gain new perspectives and life
experiences.
Sixty-year-old Will
Fendley, who had a successful career in the
military and never earned a
college
degree,
thinks
“personal
drive”
is
far
more
important
than
just
going
to
college.
To
Fendley, a sense of drive and purpose,
as well as an effective high-school education, and
basic life
skills, like balancing a
checkbook, are the necessary ingredients for a
successful life in America.
51.
It used to be
commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America,
one had
to have
[A]
an advanced
academic degree
[B]
an ambition to get ahead
[C]
a firm belief
in their dream
[D]
a sense of drive and purpose
52.
What is the
finding of the latest National Journal poll
concerning the American
d
ream?
[A]
More and more
Americans are finding it hard to realize.
[B]
It remains
alive among the majority of American people.
[C]
Americans
idea of it has changed over the past few decades.
[D]
An increasing
number of young Americans are abandoning
it.
53.
What do Americans now think of the role
of college education in achieving
success?
[A]
It still remains open to debate.
[B]
It has proved
to be beyond doubt.
[C]
It is no longer as important as it used
to be.
[D]
It is
much better understood now than ever.
.
6
54.
How do some
people view college education these days?
[A]
It promotes
gender equality.
[B]
It needs to be strengthened.
[C]
It adds to
cultural diversity.
[D]
It helps broaden their minds.
55.
What is one
factor essential to success in America, according
to Will Fendley?
[A]
A desire to learn and to adapt.
[B]
A strong
sense of
responsibility.
[C]
A willingness
to commit oneself.
[D]
A clear aim and high motivation.
2017.12-C
仔细阅读
P1
Aging happens to all of us,
and is generally thought of as a natural part of
life. It would seem
silly to call such
a thing a “disease.”
On the
other hand, scientists are increasingly learning
that aging and biological age are two
different things, and that the former
is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart
disease, cancer
and many more. In that
light, aging itself might be seen as something
treatable, the way you would
treat high
blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.
Biophysicist Alex Zhavoronkov believes
that aging should be considered a disease. He said
that describing aging as a disease
creates incentives to develop treatments.
“It unties the hands of the
pharmaceutical(
制药的
)
industry so that they can begin treating
the disease and not just
the side effect
s,” he sai
d.
“Right now, people think of aging as
natural and something you can’t control,” he said.
“In
academic circles, people take aging
research as just an interest area where they can
try to develop
interventions. The
medical community also takes aging for granted,
and can do nothing about it
except keep
people within a certain health
range
.”
But if
aging were recognize
d as a disease, he
said, “It would attract
funding and
change the
way we do health care. What
matters is understanding that aging is
curable
.”
“
It was always known that
the body accumulate
s damage,” he added.
“The only way to cure
aging
is
to
find
ways
to
repair
that
damage.
I
think
of
it
as
preventive
medicine
for
age-
related
conditions.”
Leonard
Hayflick,
a
professor
at
the
University
of
California,
San
Francisco,
said
the
idea
that
aging
can
be
cured
implies
the
human
lifespan
can
be
increased,
which
some
researchers
7
suggest is possible. Hayflick is not
among them.
“There’re many people who
recover from cancer, stroke, or heart
disease. But they continue
to age,
because aging is separate from their disease,”
Hayflick said. “Even if those causes of death
were eliminated, life expectancy would
still not go much beyond 92
years.”
46.
What do
people generally believe about aging?
[A]
It should
cause no alarm whatsoever.
[B]
They just
cannot do anything about it.
[C]
It should be
regarded as a kind of disease.
[D]
They can
delay it with advances in science.
47.
How do many
scientists view aging now?
[A]
It might be
prevented and treated.
[B]
It can be as risky as heart disease.
[C]
It results
from a vitamin deficiency.
[D]
It is an
irreversible biological process.
48.
What does
Alex Zhavoronkov think of “describing aging as
a
disease”?
[A]
It will
prompt people to take aging more
seriously.
[B]
It will greatly help reduce the side
effects of aging.
[C]
It will free pharmacists from the
conventional beliefs about aging.
[D]
It will
motivate doctors and pharmacists to find ways to
treat aging.
49.
What do we learn about the medical
community?
[A]
They now have a strong interest in
research on aging.
[B]
They differ from the academic circles
in their view on aging.
[C]
They can contribute
to
people’s health only to a limited
extent.
[D]
They have ways to intervene
in people’s aging
process.
50.
What does Professor Leonard Hayflick
believe?
[A]
The
human lifespan cannot be prolonged.
[B]
Aging is
hardly separable from disease.
[C]
Few people
can live up to the age of 92.
[D]
Heart disease
is the major cause of aging.
2017.12-C
仔细阅读
P2
Female applicants to
postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly
half as likely to
receive excellent
letters of recommendation, compared with their
male counterparts. Christopher
8
Intagliata reports.
As in
many other fields, gender bias is widespread in
the sciences. Men score higher starting
salaries, have more mentoring(
指导
), and have better odds of
being hire
d. Studies show they’re
also perceived as more competent than
women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
and
Mathematics) fields. And new
research reveals that men are more likely to
receive excellent letters
of
recommendation, too.
“Say,
you know, this is the best student I’ve
ever had,” says
Kuheli Dutt, a social
scientist
and diversity
officer at Columbia University’s Lamont
campus
. “Compare those
excellent letters
with
a
merely
good
letter:
‘The
candidate
was
productive,
or
intelligent,
or
a
solid
scientist
or
something that’s clearly
solid
praise
,’ but nothing
that
singles out the candidate as
exceptional or
one of a
kind.”
Dutt and
her colleagues studied more than l,200 letters of
recommendation for postdoctoral
positions in geoscience. They were all
edited for gender and other identifying
information, so Dutt
and her team could
assign them a score without knowing the gender of
the student. They found
that female
applicants were only half as likely to get
outstanding letters, compared with their male
counterparts. That includes letters of
recommendation from all over the world, and
written by, yes,
men and women. The
findings are in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Dutt says they were not able to
evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of
the applicants
using
the
data
in
the
files.
But
she
says
the
results
still
suggest
women
in
geoscience
are
at
a
potential
disadvantage
from
the
very
beginning
of
their
careers
starting
with
those
less
than
outstanding letters of recommendation.
“We’re
not
trying
to
assign
blame
or
criticize
anyone
or
call
anyone
consciously
sexist.
Rather, the point is
to use the results of this study to
open up meaningful dialogues on
implicit
gender bias, be it
at a departmental level or an institutional level
or even a discipline
level.” Which
may lead to some recommendations for
the letter writers themselves.
51.
What do we
learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions
in geosciences?
[A]
There are many more men applying than
women.
[B]
Chances for women to get the positions
are scarce.
[C]
More males than females are likely to
get outstanding letters of recommendation.
[D]
Male
applicants have more interest in these positions
than their female counterparts.
52.
What do
studies about men and women in scientific research
show?
[A]
Women
engaged in postdoctoral work are quickly catching
up.
[B]
Fewer
women are applying for postdoctoral positions
due to
gender bias.
9
[C]
Men are
believed to be better able to excel in STEM
disciplines.
[D]
Women who are keenly interested in STEM
fields are often exceptional.
53.
What do the
studies find about the recommendation letters for
women applicants?
[A]
They are hardly ever supported by
concrete examples.
[B]
They contain nothing that distinguishes
the applicants.
[C]
They provide objective information
without exaggeration.
[D]
They are often filled with praise for
exceptional applicants.
54.
What did Dutt and her colleagues do
with the more than l,200 letters of
recommendation?
[A]
They asked unbiased scholars to
evaluate them.
[B]
They invited women professionals to
edit them.
[C]
They assigned them randomly to
reviewers.
[D]
They deleted all information about
gender.
55.
What
does Dutt aim to do with her study?
[A]
Raise
recommendation
writers’
awareness of gender bias in their
l
etters.
[B]
Open up fresh
avenues for women post-doctors to join in research
work.
[C]
Alert
women researchers to all types of gender bias in
the STEM disciplines.
[D]
Start a public discussion on how to
raise women’s
status in academic
circles.
10
2017
年
12
月四级真题词汇
2017.12-A
仔细阅读
P1
一、基础词汇
1
、
surrounding
a.
周围的
eg: The development of the site will
affect the surrounding countryside.
2
、
surroundings
n.
环境
When you are describing the place where
you are at the moment, or the place where you
live, you
can refer to it as your
surroundings.
eg: I need to work in
pleasant surroundings.
3
、
tend to
倾向于，往往会
If
something tends to happen, it usually happens or
it often happens. eg: People tend to need less
sleep as they get older.
4
、
soundly
ad.
熟睡地
If you sleep soundly, you sleep deeply
and do not wake during your sleep. eg: The baby
slept
soundly all night.
5
、
set out to
打算，着手
If you set
out to do something, you start trying to do it.
eg: We set out to find the truth behind the
mystery.
6
、
origin
n.
起源，起因
You can refer to the beginning, cause,
or source of something as itsorigin or origins.
eg: It is
difficult to explain the
origin of the war.
7
、
have sth to do
with
与
…
有关系
eg: My stomachache may have something
to do with the food I ate yesterday.
8
、
previous
a.
先前的
A previous
event or thing is one that happened or existed
before the one that you are talking about.
eg: Do you have previous experiences in
this type of work?
9
、
conduct
vt.
进行，实施
When you conduct an activity or task,
you organize it and carry it out. eg: I decided to
conduct an
experiment.
10
、
department
n.
（大学的）系
A department is one of the sections in
an organization such as a government, business, or
university.
eg: The president inspected
the labs of each department.
11
、
monitor
vt.
监控
If you monitor something, you regularly
check its development or progress, and sometimes
comment on it.
eg: Patients
who are given the new drug will be asked to
monitor their progress.
12
、
curious
a.
好奇的
11
If you are curious about
something, you are interested in it and want to
know more about it. eg: They
were very
curious about the people who lived upstairs.
13
、
process
vt.
处理
When people
process information, they put it through a system
or into a computer in order to deal
with it.
eg: The new network
will enable data to be processed more speedily.
14
、
detect
vt.
发现，探测
→
detective
To detect
something means to find it or discover that it is
present somewhere by using equipment or
making an investigation.
eg:
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected
early.
15
、
regularly
ad.
有规律地
eg: We meet regularly, once a month.
16
、
irregular
a.
无规律的
eg: She was taken to a hospital
suffering from an irregular heartbeat.
17
、
tone
n.
音调
The tone of a sound is its particular
quality.
18
、
ignore
vt.
忽视
If you ignore someone or something, you
pay no attention to them. eg: He ignored all the
‘No
Smoking’ signs and lit up a
cigarette.
19
、
extent
n.
程度
If you are talking about how great,
important, or serious a difficulty or situation
is, you can refer to
the extent of
it.
eg: The government has little
information on the extent of industrial pollution.
20
、
beneficial
a.
有益的
←
benefit
Something that is
beneficial helps people or improves their lives.
eg: Cycling is highly beneficial to
health and the environment.
21
、
subject
n.
实验对象，研究对象
丨
主题
In an experiment or piece of research,
the subject is the person or animal that is being
tested or
studied.
eg: The
subjects were all men aged 18-35.
22
、
analyze
v
.
分析
→
analysis
If you analyse
something, you consider it carefully or use
statistical methods in order to fully
understand it.
eg: She still
needs to analyze the data.
23
、
negative
a.
负面的
A fact, situation, or experience that
is negative is unpleasant, depressing, or harmful.
eg: My
drinking was starting to have a
negative effect on my work.
24
、
adaptation
n.
适应
Adaptation is the act of changing
something or changing your behavior to make it
suitable for a new
purpose or : He made
a quick adaptation to the new environment.
二、核心词汇
12
1
、
phenomenon
n.
现象
A
phenomenon is something that is observed to happen
or exist. eg: How do you explain this
phenomenon?
2
、
investigate
vt.
研究
To investigate means to find out
information and facts about a subject or problem
by study or
research.
eg: We
conducted an experiment to investigate this issue.
3
、
evolve
vi.
进化
When animals or plants evolve, they
gradually change and develop into different forms.
eg: Birds are widely believed to have
evolved from dinosaurs.
4
、
evolution
n.
进化
丨
evaluation
Evolution is a process of gradual
change that takes place over many generations,
during which
species of animals,
plants, or insects slowly change some of their
physical characteristics.
eg: In the
course of evolution, some birds have lost the
power of flight.
5
、
alert
a.
警觉的
If you are alert, you are paying full
attention to things around you and are able to
deal with anything
that might happen.
eg: Taking notes is one of the best
ways to stay alert in lectures.
6
、
psychological
a.
心理学的
Psychological means relating to
psychology.
7
、
participant
n.
参与者
←
participate
The participants
in an activity are the people who take part in it.
eg: 40 of the course participants are
offered employment with the company.
8
、
stir
vt.
搅动
eg: A noise stirred me from sleep.
9
、
precisely
a
d.
恰恰，正是：
ex
actly
You can use precisely to
emphasize that a reason or fact is the only
important one there is, or that
it is
obvious.
eg: She’s precisely the kind
of person we’re looking for.
10
、
circumstance
n.
环境，情况
The circumstances of a particular
situation are the conditions which affect what
happens. eg: You
must adjust yourself
to new circumstances.
11
、
trigger
vt.
引起
丨
n.
引发
…
的原因
If something
triggers an event or situation, it causes it to
begin to happen or exist. eg: The incident
triggered the outbreak of the war.
12
、
recruit
vt.
招募
If you recruit people for an
organization, you select them and persuade them to
join it or work for it.
eg: They
recruited several new members to the club.
13
、
expose
vt.
使遭受，使接触
If
someone is exposed to something dangerous or
unpleasant, they are put in a situation in which
it
13
might
affect them.
eg: I believe it almost a
crime to expose children to violence or criminal
activities on TV.
14
、
stimuli
n.
刺激
← stimulate
A stimulus is something that encourages
activity in people or things. eg: Interest rates
could fall
soon and be a stimulus to
the US economy.
15
、
perceive
vt.
认为，视为
If you perceive someone or something as
doing or being a particular thing, it is your
opinion that
they do this thing or that
they are that thing.
eg: This discovery
was perceived as a major breakthrough.
16
、
tolerance
n.
忍耐力
←
tolerate
Tolerance is the
ability to bear something painful or unpleasant.
eg: Many old people have a very
limited
tolerance to cold.
2017.12-A
仔细阅读
P2
一、基础词汇
1
、
evaluate
vt.
评价，评估
If you
evaluate something or someone, you consider them
in order to make a judgment about them,
for example about how good or bad they
are.
eg: The market situation is
difficult to evaluate.
2
、
handle vt.
(
成功地
)
处理
If you say
that someone can handle a problem or situation,
you mean that they have the ability to
deal with it successfully.
eg: To tell the truth, I don't know if
I can handle the job.
3
、
conflict
n.
冲突，争执
Conflict
is serious disagreement and argument about
something important. If two people or groups
are in conflict, they have had a
serious disagreement or argument and have not yet
reached
agreement.
eg: He
often comes into conflict with his boss.
4
、
career
n.
事业，职业生涯
A
career is the job or profession that someone does
for a long period of their life. eg: She has been
concentrating on her career.
5
、
given that
考虑到
If you say
given that something is the case, you mean taking
that fact into account. eg: Given that
they're inexperienced, they've done a
good job.
6
、
range
n.
范围
A range is
the complete group that is included between two
points on a scale of measurement or
quality.
14
eg: Your blood
pressure is well within the normal range.
7
、
address
vt.
处理，解决
If you address a problem or task or if
you address yourself to it, you try to understand
it or deal with
it.
eg: We
must address the problem of traffic pollution.
8
、
result in
导致，致使
丨
result from
If
something results in a particular situation or
event, it causes that situation or event to
happen. eg:
These policies resulted in
many elderly people suffering hardship.
9
、
approach
vt.
对付，处理
n.
方法
①
When you approach a task,
problem, or situation in a particular way, you
deal with it or think
about it in that
way.
eg: It might be possible to
approach the problem in a different way.
②
Your approach to a task,
problem, or situation is the way you deal with it
or think about it. eg:
He decided to
adopt a different approach to teaching language.
10
、
promote
vt.
晋升
If someone is promoted, they are given
a more important job or rank in the organization
that they
work for.
eg: She
worked hard and was soon promoted.
11
、
promotion
n.
晋升
If you are given promotion or a
promotion in your job, you are given a more
important job or rank
in the
organization that you work for.
eg: The
work will afford you a chance of promotion.
12
、
staff
n.
员工，职员
The staff of an organization are the
people who work for it. eg: Over half of the staff
is female.
13
、
shoulder
vt.
承担
丨
n.
肩膀
If you shoulder the responsibility or
the blame for something, you accept it. eg: The
residents are
being asked to shoulder
the costs of the repairs.
14
、
effectively
ad.
实际上
丨
in effect
You
use effectively with a statement or opinion to
indicate that it is not accurate in every detail,
but
that you feel it is a reasonable
description or summary of a particular situation.
eg: The region was effectively
independent.
15
、
optimistic
a.
乐观的
丨
pessimistic
Someone who is optimistic is hopeful
about the future or the success of something in
particular. eg:
The investors are
optimistic about our company's future.
16
、
tend to
倾向于，往往会
If
something tends to happen, it usually happens or
it often happens. eg: People tend to need less
sleep as they get older.
17
、
devoted
a.
热衷于
…
的
If you are devoted to something,
you care about it a lot and are very enthusiastic
about it.
15
eg:
I have been devoted to this
cause
（事业）
for many years.
18
、
cooperate
vi.
合作
If you cooperate with someone, you work
with them or help them for a particular purpose.
eg: The
two groups agreed to cooperate
with each other.
19
、
take up
接受
If you take up
an offer or a challenge, you accept it.
eg: Can you recommend a classmate who
can take up the job?
20
、
unwillingness
n.
不情愿
eg: I was somewhat puzzled at his
unwillingness to help.
21
、
underestimate
vt. n.
低估
If you underestimate someone, you do
not realize what they are capable of doing.
Underestimate is
alos a noun.
22
、
ready
a.
愿意的，乐意的
If you are ready to do something, you
are willing to do it. eg: He was always ready to
help us.
二、核心词汇
1
、
commit
vt.
致力于
If you commit yourself to something,
you say that you will definitely do it.
eg: We commit ourselves to provide the
first class product and service for you.
2
、
committed
a.
尽心尽力的：
willing
to work hard and give your time and energy to sth
eg:
He is a committed reformer.
3
、
hinder
vt.
阻碍，妨碍
←
behind
If something hinders
you, it makes it more difficult for you to do
something or make progress. eg:
Further
investigation was hindered by the loss of some
documents on the case.
4
、
exhausted
a.
筋疲力尽的
eg: You may be physically and mentally
exhausted after a long flight.
5
、
strive to
努力
If you strive
to do something or strive for something, you make
a great effort to do it or get it. eg:
He strives hard to keep himself very
fit.
6
、
aggressive
a.
好强的；好斗的
①
People who are aggressive
in their work or other activities behave in a
forceful way because they
are very
eager to succeed.
②
An
aggressive person or animal has a quality of anger
and determination that makes them ready
to attack other people.
7
、
disruptive
a.
破坏性的，制造混乱的
To be disruptive means to prevent
something from continuing or operating in a normal
way. eg: She
had a disruptive influence
on the rest of the class.
8
、
dispute
n.
争论，纠纷
A dispute is an argument or
disagreement between people or groups. eg: The
firm is involved in a
legal dispute
with a rival company.
9
、
perspective
n.
思维方式，角度
16
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
certainly是什么意思-好大的口气
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