reader是什么意思中文土木工程专业英语翻译复习进程

(20)

与类似的钢结构相比，混凝土结构需要 使用更多的材料，重量也更大。因此，大跨度的

结构通常使用钢材来建造。

(21)The limit states for reinforced concrete structures can be divided into five

basic groups: durability, fire resistance, ultimate limit states, serviceability

limit states, and special limit states.

(21)

混凝土结构的极限状态包括五个内容：耐久性，耐火性 ，承载力极限状态，正常使用极

限状态，以及特殊极限状态。

(22)Durability means that the structure should withstand environmental exposure

without

excessive

deterioration

of

the

concrete

or

corrosion

of

the

reinforcement.

Fire

resistance

means

the

structure

must

have

the

resistance

required by the applicable provincial building code.

(2 2)

耐久性是指结构能够暴露在环境中而不会发生混凝土材料性能的急剧退化或钢筋的锈

蚀。耐火性是指结构必须具有本地区建筑规范所要求的抗火能力。

(23)The

ultimate limit

states

involve

a

structural

collapse

of

part

or all of

the

structure.

Such

a

limit

state

should

have

a

very

low

probability

of

occurrence since it may lead to loss of life and major financial losses.

(23)< /p>

承载力极限状态指结构局部倒塌或整体倒塌。因为这种极限状态会造成生命和大量财产

的损失，其发生的可能性必须被降到很低。

(24)The ultimate limit states include loss of equilibrium of a part or all of

the structure, rupture of critical parts of the structure, progressive collapse,

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formation of a plastic mechanism, and instability.

( 24)

承载力极限状态包括结构局部或整体失去平衡，结构关键部位的破坏，渐进式的倒 塌，

塑性机构形成，以及失稳。

(25)Serviceability limit states involve disruption of the functional use of the

structure but not collapse. Since there is less danger of loss of life, a higher

probability of occurrence can generally be tolerated.

(25)

正常使用界限状态是指 结构使用功能受到影响但并不发生倒塌。因为对生命安全的威胁

比较小，其发生可以具有 稍高的可能性。

(26)Serviceability limit states include excessive deflections for normal service,

excessive crack widths, and undesirable vibrations.

(26)

正常使用界限状态包括正常使用下结构产生过大的挠度，裂缝宽度过大，以及令人不舒

适的振动。

(27)Special limit states involve damage or failure due to abnormal conditions or

abnormal

loadings.

These

include

structural

effects

of

explosion

or

vehicular

collision, and long-term physical or chemical actions.

(27)

特殊极限状态是指在非正常条件或非正常荷载下发生 的结构损坏或失效。这包括由于

爆炸或交通工具冲撞导致的结构效应，以及长期的物理或 化学作用。

(28)Some

sort

of

safety

factors,

such

as

load

and

resistance

factors,

are

necessary

in

structural

design

because

the

variability

in

resistance

and

variability in loadings.

(28

）由于抗力和荷载的可变性，一些安全系数，例如荷载系数和抗力系数，对结构设计而< /p>

言是必须的。

(29)The

actual

strengths

(resistances)

of

beams,

columns,

or

other

structural

members will always differ from the values calculated by the designer. And all

loads are variable, especially live loads and environmental loads due to snow,

wind or earthquake.

(29)

梁、柱或其他构件的实际强度（抗力）值总是与设计者计算所得到的值有偏 差。并且所

有的荷载都是可变的，特别是活载和由雪，风或地震等导致的与环境有关的荷 载。

(30)In

addition

to

actual

variations

in

the

loads

themselves,

the

assumptions

and approximations made in carrying out structural analysis lead to differences

between the actual forces and moments and those computed by the designer.

(30)

除了荷载本身的 变化之外，在结构分析中所使用的假设或近似也使实际的力或力矩与设

计者的计算值有偏 差。

(31)Loads

may

be

described

by

their

variability

with

respect

to

time

and

location.

A

permanent

load

remains

roughly

constant

once

the

structure

is

complete. An examples is the self- weight of the structure.

(31)

荷载可以根据其是否随时间和位置而变化来描述。永久荷载在结构完工后基本保持恒

定。结构的自重就是一个例子。

(32)Variable loads

such

as occupancy

loads and

wind

loads

change from

time to

time. Variable loads may be sustained loads of long duration, such as weight of

filing cabinets in an office.

(32)

可变荷载例如使用荷载和风荷载随时间而变化。可变荷 载可以是长期作用的荷载，例如

办公楼中档案柜的重量。

(33)Creep

deformations

of

concrete

structures

result

from

the

permanent

loads

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