成熟英文窦卫霖跨文化商务交际教案讲稿3-4

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Chapter 3

Comprehending Verbal Communication

4

学时

《跨文化商务交际

第二版》

高等教育出版社

2011

年出版

知识目标：

1.

理解并掌握语言和文化的关系；

2.

通过案例欣赏理解跨文化沟通的特点；

3.

理解汉语和英语常见差异中体现的文化因素；

4.

学习跨文化商务沟通相关词汇。

能力目标：使学生在理解沟通和商务沟通的基本理论的基础上，培养其文化意

德育目标：

1.

提高学生对文化差异 的敏感性、

宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，

培养学生跨文化交 际能力；

2.

激发学生对中西方沟通形式差异的思考。

汉语和英语差异中的文化因素

语言行为中语用规则的跨文化比较分析

1.

多媒体教学

2.

讨论法

3.

讲授法

4.

视频观看

Ⅰ

. The Basics of Language

0.5

学时

Ⅱ

. Meanings of Words

1

学时

Ⅲ

. Speech Acts and Politeness Across Cultures

1

学时

Ⅳ

. Discourse Pattern Across Cultures

1

学时

Ⅴ

. Verbal Styles

0.5

学时

1.

预习本章教学内容并完成课前学习任务；

2.

复习并掌握本章相关理论知识；

3.

通过相关练习题巩固知识；

4.

通过商务对话练习和案例分析进一步理解本章理论与知识。

Preview

：

Previewing the next part.

Oral Practice

：

Practicing a conversation on intercultural business communication.

同意上述安排。

教研室主任签字：

200

年

月

教学目标

教学重点

教学难点

教学方法

教学内容及

时间安排

学习指导

作业及思考题

教研室审阅意见

教

学

程

序

教学的基本内容

(1)

时间安排

教学方法

5 mins:

Warm up

10 mins:

Group study

Warm-up Activities

Enjoy the following Chinglish-style translation:

Chinglish

Chinese

English

If you have trouble ask for

遇到紧急情况时

Call the police in case of

the policeman.

请报警

emergency.

Engine room is serious

Engine room: No

机房重地

place.

unauthorised access.

Don't forget to take your

Don't forget your personal

勿忘随身物。

thing.

belongings.

The price is very suitable for

这个价格挺合适

The price is right.

me.

的。

Please Keep the

Please Keep the Place

请保持环境卫生

Environment sanitation

Clean and Tidy

Sorry, we have no seats

对不起，

没座了。

Sorry, no seats available.

now.

This website can't be visited

网站暂时无法访

Website Temporarily

temporarily.

问。

Unavailable.

I. The Basics of Language

1. Language Variations

Language: A symbolic code of communication consisting of a set of sounds with

understood meaning and a set of rules for constructing messages.

There are usually variations within language groups:

?

Dialect:

the

unique

pronunciation,

grammar,and

vocabulary

we

use

when

speaking.

?

Accent:

a

more

specific

mode

of

personal

discourse

characterized

by

how

people articulate certain words using a unique inflection or tone.

?

Argot: a secret or covert vocabulary developed by an in-group to keep outsiders

from understanding their message.

?

Jargon:

a

type

of

code

or

specialized

vocabulary

that

is

shared

among

knowledgeable in-group members.

?

Slang: designating those terms, used in instances of extreme informality, which

serve as a means of marking social or linguistic identity.

?

Branding:

a

phenomenon

created

in

corporate

marketing

that

frequently

transcends language differences.

Linguistics: It is one of the many ways to think about language.

?

Semantics

It

is

the

study

of

meaning,

that

is,

how

words

communicate

the

meanings we intend in our communication.

?

Syntactic It is the study of the structure or grammar of a language, that is, the

rules for combining words into meaningful sentences.

?

Pragmatics

It

is

the

study

of

how

meaning

is

constructed

in

relation

to

receivers,

how

language

is

actually

used

in

particular

context

in

language

communities.

?

Phonetics

It

is

the

study

of

sound

system

of

language

–

how

words

are

pronounced,

which

units

of

sounds

are

meaningful

for

specific

language

and

which sounds are universal.

2. Moving Between Languages

Bilingual: People who speak two languages.

Multi-lingual: People who speak more than two languages.

Translation: The process of producing a written text that refers to something said

and written in another language.

?

O

riginal language text

–

source text

?

T

ranslated text

–

target text

Interpretation: The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in

another language.

?

S

imultaneous

?

c

onsecutive

3. The Relationship Between Language and Culture

1) The influence of culture on language

a. Language as a reflection of the environment

?

L

anguage reflects the environment in which we live. We

label things that

are around us. (examples)

?

T

he environment influences the development of technology, products, and the

appropriate vocabulary. (examples)

b. Language as reflection of values

?

L

anguage reflects cultural values.

?

L

anguage is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human

relationships, reflects the way the society operates.

e.g. Kinship

Chinese

English

外祖母、祖母

grandmother

外祖父、祖父

grandfather

哥哥、弟弟

brother

姐姐、妹妹

sister

表哥、表姐、表弟、表妹、堂哥、堂姐、堂弟、堂妹

cousin

舅舅、叔叔

uncle

姑姑、阿姨

aunt

2) The Influence of language on culture

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:

?

L

anguage not only serves as a mechanism for communication , but a guide to

social reality.

?

R

eality for a culture is discoverable in its language.

5 mins:

Explanation

10 mins:

Group study

Linguistic Determinism:

?

L

anguage structure controls thought and cultural norms

?

T

he world as each of us knows it is to a large extent predetermined by the

language of our culture

?

T

he differences between languages represent basic differences in the

worldview of diverse cultures.

II. Meanings of Words

1. Denotational Meanings and Connotational Meanings

Denotational meaning:

?

I

t refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word

selection.

?

D

enotation means a dictionary definition.

Connotational meaning:

?

I

t refers to extended meanings or associated meanings.

?

C

onnotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and

especially by poets and writers.

2. Comparison between English and Chinese

?

Some words have the same denotational and conntational meanings.

?

There are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different

connotational meanings.

?

Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.

(1) Animals and metaphors:

Chinese

English

?

过着牛马般的生活

?

Lead a dog’s life

?

壮如牛

?

As strong as a horse

?

倔得像头牛

?

As stubborn as a mule

?

蠢得像头猪

?

As stupid as a goose

?

那家伙像个泥鳅

?

As slippery as an eel

?

摸老虎屁股

?

As twist the lion’s tail

?

狼吞虎咽

?

Makes a lion’s meal of

?

骑虎难下

?

Have a wolf by the ears

(2) Cultural Associations of Color:

Culture

Europe

and North

America

Japan

Red

Danger

Anger

Danger

Joy

Celebration

Power

Yellow

Caution

Cowardice

Grace

Nobility

Childish gaiety

Honor

Royalty

Green

Blue

Safety

Masculinity

Growth and

Sweetness

rebirth

calm

Future

Youth

Energy

No special

association

villainy

No special

association

5 mins:

Explanation

25 mins:

Group study

China

Strength

No special

Happiness

Fertility

Arabic

Faith

association

prosperity

virtue

countries

Truth

e.g. In business doing Chinese businessmen hope to make a good beginning (

开

门红）

. When business is in prosperity the investors can share the profit bonus

（分红利）

.To

the

staff

member

who

makes

remarkable

achievements

in

the

work the employer would give him or her a red paper envelop containing money

as a gift

（发红包）

.

An

American

agriculturalist,

while

visiting

northern

China,

carried

with

him

green caps bearing his company’s logo and passe

d them out to helpful Chinese.

Not

knowing

the

connotation

of

―green

hat‖

in

Chinese

culture,

which

implies

one’s wife has an

affair with another man, he was puzzled to see no on put on the

cap he gave.

(3) Number words:

In

China,

6

means

everything

goes

smoothly

for

you.

8

mans

to

make

a

great

fortune

in

the

near

future.

In

the

West,

13

is

most

unwelcome

because

of

its

connection with the betrayal of Jesus Christ by Jodas Iscariot.

(4) Sports and idioms:

Many English idioms originate from sports.

e.g. Team players

Step up to the plate

Game plan

Jocky itself into position

Striking out

Out in the left field

Ⅲ

. Speech Acts and Politeness Across Cultures

1. Pragmatic Rules and Politeness

(1) Pragmatic failure:

For Thomas, it is the inability to understand what is meant by what is said and is

caused by pragmatic transfer.

(2) Face and politeness

a.

Brown

and

Leveinson

define

face

as

an

individual

’

s

self-esteem

and

further

distinguish two kinds of face: positive and negative face.

Positive face: the desire to be approved of.

Negative face: the desire to be unimpeded in one

’

s actions.

b. Cooperative Principle (Grice)

?

Q

uality Maxim: Truth

?

Q

uantity Maxim: Information

?

R

elation Maxim: Relevance

?

M

anner Maxim: Clarity

c. Politeness Principle (G. Leech)

?

T

act maxim

?

G

enerosity maxim

?

A

pprobation maxim

?

M

odesty maxim

5 mins:

Explanation

?

A

greement maxim

?

S

ympathy maxim

2. Comparing Chinese and English Speech Acts

(1) Address

?

T

he arrangement of Chinese and English names.

?

K

inship terms applied in address in Chinese.

?

O

ccupational titles used as address terms in Chinese.

?

T

he usage of the word ―old‖ before or after the

family name.

e.g. ―

家大舍小令外人

‖

对人称自己的长辈和年长的平辈时冠以

―

家

‖

，

如家父

（ 家严）

、

家母

（家慈）

、

家叔、

家兄等；

对人称比自己小的家人时冠以

―

舍

‖

，

如舍弟、舍妹、舍侄等；（舍，舍间，含有家里 的意思。）。称别人家中的

人，冠以

―

令

‖

表示敬重，如令堂、令尊、令郎、令爱等。表示谦逊

:

还可用

―

犬子< /p>

‖

、

―

小女

‖

、

―

足下

‖

等。

(2) Greeting and leave-taking

Chinese culture is relation-oriented. Maintaining or promoting relation calls for

something interpersonal, so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by

asking

private

questions,

while

English

people

have

a

very

strong

sense

of

privacy.

It

is

a

common

practice

for

English-speaking

people

to

greet

friends

every

time

they

meet

during

the

same

day.

Thus

the

same

greeting

are

you?

redundant and hence unnecessary to a Chinese speaker. He may greet his friends

just once in the morning

just say

(3) Invitation and response

The act of inviting is a principal means by which a social commitment is usually

arrived

at.

In

both

English

and

Chinese,

invitations

may

be

classified

into

two

types.

The

first

type

is

unambiguous

invitations,

which

occur

most

frequently

between intimates. This type consists of complete invitations giving time, place,

or activity and a request for a response. The second type is ambiguous invitations

used between non-intimates.

(4) Compliments and response

In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to

compliments is positive. Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also

shy to accept compliments. English speaking people, unlike Chinese, will accept

compliments

by

giving

a

positive

response

like

you

To

them,

compliments

are

not

expressions

of

pride

or

impoliteness.

A

native

speaker

of

English

will

think

it

almost

dishonest

to

deny

an

expression

of

a

sentiment

he

agrees with.

?

The Agreement Maxim

?

The Modesty Maxim

(5) Apologies and response

Apologizing

is

a

speech

act

addressed

to

the

offended

person

’

s

face-need

and

intended

to

remedy

an

offense

for

which

the

offender

takes

responsibility,

and

thus to restore equilibrium between the two.

20 mins:

Group study

Expressions of apology in Chinese are employed not only to apologize

，

but also

to

express

gratitude.

In

contexts

such

as

accepting

a

gift

a

Chinese

recipient

might

say―

让你破费了

.‖

While

an

English

recipient

might

say

―Thank

you‖.

When

leaving

someone’s

home

a

Chinese

guest

might

show

his

gratitude

by

sayi ng―

真是给你们添麻烦了

‖

，

and an English guest might say ―Thank you for a

wonderful

evening.‖

When

thanking

someone

who

has

spent

a

lot

of

time

in

doing something for the thanker, a

Chinese person often says―

对不起

,

浪费了您

许多宝贵的时间

.‖

and

an

English

speaker

might

say―Thank

you

very

much.

I

appreciate your time.‖

Assignment:

1. Preview Part 4.

2. Review the terms and key points in this part.

5 mins:

教

学

程

序

教学的基本内容

(2)

时间安排

教学方法

5 mins:

Revision

10 mins:

Explanation

Review the terms in the previous part:

Dialect

Argot

Branding

Linguistics

Politeness

Multi-lingualism

Interpretation

Simutaneous

Ⅳ

. Discourse Pattern Across Cultures

1. Cultural Thought Patterns (CTPs)

(1)

The

first

represents

English

language

group,

typifying

the

linear

logical

development

of

the

English

paragraph

that

begins

with

a

topic

statement,

then

develops

that

topic

with

related

ideas

supporting

it,

and

at

last

makes

a

conclusion

of

the

whole

essay.

Thus,

English

paragraph

development

is

characterized by linearity, directness, clarity and logic.

(2) The second diagram is the representation of Semitic language group, which is

composed of a series of forward-moving, zigzagged lines signifying parallelistic

movements,

(3)

The

third

is

the

representation

of

the

Oriental

language

group

including

Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thailand, and so on.

(4)

The

fourth

is

the

representation

of

―

Romance

‖

language

group

which

is

characterized

as

a

digressive,

back-and-forth

zigzag,

It

means

that

―

Romance

‖

languages

show

greater

freedom

to

digress

or

to

introduce

extraneous

material

(5)

The

last

diagram

represents

language

group,

which

is

similar

to

those of

than docs English, but the

―

Russi an

‖

diagram consists of dotted lines instead of

solid

lines,

which

signifies

the

higher

tolerance

for

subordination

in

―

Russian

‖

paragraph development.

2. Comparing Chinese and English Discourse Patterns

(1) Linear and nonlinear language:

?

L

inear

language

has

a

beginning

and

an

end;

is

logical,

and

object

oriented.

Linear language, such as English, looks on time as a continuum of past, present

and future. This view has affected communication patterns and business practices

in the United States;

?

N

onlinear

language

is

circular,

tradition

oriented

and

subjective,

Nonlinear

language

such

as

Chinese,

looks

at

time

as

cyclical

and

ever-repeating

as

ever-repeating pattern.

(2) Deductive and inductive patterns:

?

I

nduction

is

a

reasoning

process

in

which

particular

or

minor

points

move

towards general or major topic. The inductive pattern---from the specific to the

general.

With

inductive

argument,

specific

or

minor

arguments

are

placed

first

and then the general statement as a conclusion will be reached.

?

D

eduction is a reasoning process in which general or major topic move towards

particular

or

minor

points.

The

deductive

pattern---from

the

general

to

the

specific.

For

a

deductive

argument,

a

general

statement

or

major

topic

is

presented first followed by supporting specific statements.

?

C

hinese

preference

for

inductive

reasoning

and

Westerners’

preference

for

deductive

reasoning

have

great

impact

on

both

oral

and

written

discourse

patterns.

Chinese

tend

to

delay

the

topic

in

conversations

or

expository

and

persuasive

writing.

Native

English

speakers

are

more

inclined

to

advance

the

topic directly.

?

T

he difference in discourse pattern:

‐

t

he

westerner

to

focus

on

the

opening

stages

of

the

discourse

as

the

most

crucial;

‐

t

he Asian speaker will tend to look for the crucial points to occur somewhat

later;

‐

t

here arise the unfair and prejudicial stereotypes of the ―inscrutable‖ Asian or

of the frank and rude westerner.

?

A

western speaker of English

tends to

expect

a discourse strategy of opening

the

discussion

with

the

introduction

of

the

speaker's

main

point

so

that

other

speakers may tenet to the topic and so that he or she can develop arguments in

support as they are needed.

X

because of

Y < lopic. background, or reasons)

Ⅴ

. Verbal Styles

1. Characteristics of Verbal Styles

(1) Indirect vs. direct

(2) Elaborate, exacting and succinct

(3) Contextual and personal

(4) Affective and instrumental

20 mins:

Group study

15 mins:

Group

discussion

Verbal

Style

Indirect

vs.

Direct

Variation

Indirect

Direct

Major

Characteristics

Implicit messages

Explicit messages

High quantity of

talk

Moderate amount

of talk

Cultures

in

Which

It

Is

Focused

Collective, high context

Individualistic, low context

15 mins:

Group study

10 mins:

Group

discussion

Moderate uncertainty

Elaborate

avoidance, high context

Succinct

Low uncertainty avoidance,

vs.

Exacting

low context

Elaborate

High uncertainty avoidance,

Succinct

Low amount of talk

high context

Focus on the

High power distance,

Contextual

speaker and role

collective, high context

relationships

Contextual

vs.

Focus on the

Personal

speaker and

Low power distance,

Personal

personal

individualistic, low context

relationships

Language is

process oriented

Collective, high

context

Affective

Affective

and receiver

vs.

focused

Instrument

Language is goal

al

Instrument

oriented and sender

Individualistic, low context

al

focused

ing Chinese and English Verbal Styles

(1) American verbal style:

?

d

irectness and honesty

?

t

wo people:

?

p

laying Ping-pong, tennis game

?

m

ore than two people

?

d

ouble Ping-pong, tennis, or volleyball

(2) Japanese verbal style:

?

b

owling

?

w

ait for a turn (age, status, relationship)

(3) Chinese verbal style

?

i

ndirectness, harmony,

?

s

peaking less

?

h

an xu, ting hua, ke qi, zi ji ren, mian zi

Ⅵ

. Case Analysis

Practicing English

One night a Chinese student majoring in English sat on the steps of the foreign

students’

residence

and

talked

with

two

young

male

foreign

students,

one

German

and

one

American.

They

did

not

speak

a

word

to

her

on

their

own

10 mins:

initiative, but she asked many questions to get a conversation started. Every time

Role play

they

answered

her

with

only

one

or

two

words.

But

she

was

determined

to

practice her English so she tried to keep the conversation going.

―How do

you

spend

your

weekend?‖

she

asked.

The

German

boy

answered

immediately,

―Fishing,‖ and the two boys looked at each other meaningfully.

―Fishing?‖ She

was

really

confused.

―But

where

do

you

fish?‖

she

asked.

―Fishing

has

two

meaning. One is the literal meaning. The other is just sitting here or walking on

the street and waiting for some girls to come up to us.‖ Then they both burst out

laughing.

She was annoyed. She sat there silently and then suddenly stood up

and walked away without saying goodbye.

Ⅶ

. Business Communication Conversation

M: Hello, Bill Breton speaking.

What can I do for you?

F: Hello, Mr. Breton, this is Jenny Jenkins of Bradford and sons returning your

call.

I’m

sorry

you

missed

me

when

you

called

my

office

this

morning.

My

secretary said you called concerning our meeting next Tuesday?

M: Yes Ms Jenkins, thank you for returning my call.

I’m glad to finally get hold

of

you.

I

want

to

let

you

know

I

will

not

be

able

to

make

our

meeting

next

Tuesday. I would be out of town that day. Is there any possibility we can move

the meeting to Monday?

F:

I

am

sorry.

I’m

afraid

I

a

m

completely

booked

on

Monday.

Would

it

be

Possible to postpone until you return?

M: Oh, dear. I was counting on taking care of our meeting before I leave. But I

suppose

I

can

shut

off

a

few

things.

Yes,

we

can

arrange

something.

I

will

be

back Thursday morning. What about Thursday afternoon? Would that work for

you?

F: That should be fine. Shall we say about two o’clock?

M: Perfect! I look forward to seeing you at tw

o o’clock next Thursday afternoon.

If you need to change the time, please feel free to call me on my cell phone.

F: Thanks Burdon, I’ll see you on Thursday.

5 mins

Assignment:

1. Preview the next chapter.

2. Practice the business English conversation.