hollander古希腊生活

2021年1月26日发(作者：download是什么意思)
古希腊人的生活

HOW THE GREEKS LIVED
古希腊人是如何生活的

BUT
how,
you
will
ask,
did
the
ancient
Greeks
have
time
to
look
after
their
families
and
their
business
if
they
were
forever
running
to
the
market-place
to
discuss affairs of state? In this chapter I shall tell you.
也许你会问，
古希腊人如果一听到召唤就赶去集市讨论国家 大事，
那他们怎
会有时间来照顾家庭打理生意呢？在这一章，我会给你们解释这个问题。

In all matters of government, the Greek democracy recognised only one class of
citizens--the freemen. Every Greek city was composed of a small number of free born
citizens, a large number of slaves and a sprinkling of foreigners.
在所有政府事务中，
希腊的民主政治 只承认自由民这个阶层的公民。
每一个
希腊城市都是由少数自由民、绝大多数奴隶和为数不多的 外国人组成的。

At rare intervals (usually during a war, when men were needed for the army) the
Greeks
showed
themselves
willing
to
confer
the
rights
of
citizenship
upon
the
“barbarians” as they called the foreigners. But this was an exception. Citizenship was
a matter of birth. You were an Athenian because your father and your grandfather
had
been
Athenians
before
you.
But
however
great
your
merits
as
a
trader
or
a
soldier, if you were born of non-
Athenian parents, you remained a “foreigner” until
the end of time.
只在少数时候（ 通常是战争期间，需要征召兵员时）
，希腊人才愿意给予他
们所谓的“野蛮人”即外国人以公民 权，但这种情形只是例外。公民的身份是一
个出身问题。你是一个雅典人，那是因为你的父亲和祖父在你 之前就是雅典人。
然而，
无论你是一个多么出色的士兵或商人，
只要你的父母不是雅典 人，
那你永
远是一名“外国人”
。

The Greek city, therefore, whenever it was not ruled by a king or a tyrant, was
run by and for the freemen, and this would not have been possible without a large
army of slaves who outnumbered the free citizens at the rate of six or five to one and
who
performed
those tasks
to
which
we
modern
people
must devote most
of
our
time
and
energy
if
we
wish
to
provide
for
our
families
and
pay
the
rent
of
our
apartments.

因此，希腊城市，不管统治者是国王还是暴君，管理者总 是自由民，并为其
利益服务。这种体制，如果没有由奴隶组成的庞大军队，也是不可以实现的。军
队中奴隶的数量远远超过了自由民，
大概是五比一或者六比一。
他们养家糊口等
种种 繁重的劳动就由奴隶来承担。

The slaves did all the cooking and baking and candlestick making of the entire
city.
They
were
the
tailors
and
the
carpenters
and
the
jewelers
and
the
school- teachers and the bookkeepers and they tended the store and looked after the
factory while the master went to the public meeting to discuss questions of war and
peace or visited the theatre to see the latest play of AEschylus or hear a discussion of
the revolutionary ideas of Euripides, who had dared to express certain doubts upon
the omnipotence of the great god Zeus.
奴隶们把整个城市的烹饪、
烤面包、
制作蜡烛等工作全部包揽下来。他们中
有裁缝、木匠、珠宝商、小学教师和记账员。他们负责管理工厂和商店。因为主
人们 要么参加公共会议，
讨论战争或和平问题；
要么前往剧院，
观赏埃斯库罗斯
的 最新演出；
要么去听有关欧里庇得斯的革命性观念的激烈讨论。
因为这位剧作
家竟敢对 伟大的、万能的神——宙斯的威严表示质疑。

Indeed, ancient Athens resembled a modem club. All the freeborn citizens were
hereditary
members
and
all
the
slaves
were
hereditary
servants,
and
waited
upon
the
needs
of
their
masters,
and
it
was
very
pleasant
to
be
a
member
of
the
organisation.
事实上，
古代的雅典就像是一个现代俱乐部。
所有的自由民都是世袭的会员，
而所有的奴隶也都是世袭的仆人，
随时得听候主人的使唤。
当然，
能成为这个组
织的会员也是件很快乐的事情。

But when we talk about do not mean the sort of people about whom
you
have
read
in
the
pages
of
“Uncle
Tom's
Cabin.”
It
is
true
that
the
position
of
those
slaves
who
tilled
the
fields
was
a
very
unpleasant
one,
but
the
average
freeman who had come down in the world and who had been obliged to hire himself
out as a farm hand led just as miserable a life. In the cities, furthermore, many of the
slaves were more prosperous than the poorer classes of the freemen. For the Greeks,
who loved moderation in all things, did not like to treat their slaves after the fashion
which
afterward
was
so
common
in
Rome,
where
a
slave
had
as
few
rights
as
an
engine
in
a
modern
factory
and
could
be
thrown
to
the
wild
animals
upon
the
smallest pretext.
不过，我们提到的“奴隶”
，并不是你在《汤姆叔叔的小屋》里读到过的那
种人。
当然，
每天替人耕田种地的日子 确实很悲惨，
但是那些家道中落的自由民
们也好不到哪里去。
他们在富人的农庄作帮工 ，
他们的生活其实跟奴隶一样悲惨。
在城市里，许多奴隶甚至比下层自由民还富有。对“万事追 求适度”的古希腊人
来说，
他们宁愿以温和的方式对待奴隶。
在古罗马，
奴隶 就像是现代工厂里的机
器，没有丝毫的权利，还常常因微小的过失，就会被扔给野兽。

The
Greeks
accepted
slavery
as
a
necessary
institution,
without
which
no
city
could possibly become the home of a truly civilised people.
古 希腊人视奴隶制为一种必要的制度。
他们认为，
如果没有奴隶，
任何城市
都无 法成为一个真正的、文明的家园。

The slaves also took care of those tasks which nowadays are performed by the
business men and the professional men. As for those household duties which take up
so much of the time of your mother and which worry your father when he comes
home from his office, the Greeks, who understood the value of leisure, had reduced
such
duties
to
the
smallest
possible
minimum
by
living
amidst
surroundings
of
extreme simplicity.
庙宇奴隶们也从事像今天由商人和专业人员从事的 工作。
至于那些占据了你
妈妈的大部分时间，
并让你爸爸下班回来就头疼的家务劳动，
闲逸的希腊人会尽
可能把它减少到最低限度。

To begin with, their homes were very plain. Even the rich nobles spent their lives
in
a
sort
of
adobe
barn,
which
lacked
all
the
comforts
which
a
modern
workman
expects as his natural right. A Greek home consisted of four walls and a roof. There
was a door which led into the street but there were no windows. The kitchen, the
living rooms and the sleeping quarters were built around an open courtyard in which
there was a small fountain, or a statue and a few plants to make it look bright. Within