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高考中的省略
在英语中,有时为了避免
结构上或内容 上的重复,并使上下文紧密连接;有时因为语
法的客观要求,
句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表 达出来,
这种现象称为省略。
英语中的省
略要求不破坏语法结构,
要保持句子 意义的准确无误。
省略有词法上的省略,
也有句法上的
省略,
还有一种替代省 略。
省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是
有章可循的,英语的省略大 致有以下几种情况:
一、简单句中的省略
1
)感叹句中常省略主语和谓语,如:
What a hot day
!
How wonderful!
2
)
在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分,如:
Anything else ?
—
Are you feeling better now ?
—
Much better .
This way,
please.
二、
并列句中的省略
1
)
如果主语不同,而谓语动词中的一部分相同,则省略谓语动词中相同的部分,如:
John must have been playing basketball and Mary doing her homework.
2
)
主语相同,
谓语动词也相同,
则二者都可以省略,
如:
His advice made John happy,
but Mary angry.
3
)
主语相同,
而谓语不同,
则可以省略主语,
如:
He gave up drinking for several days,
but soon returned to his old ways.
4
)在并列复合句中,如果
that
从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词 和宾语等其它
一些成分与第一个并列句相同,
that
从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分,
如:
Jack will danceat
the party, but I know Tom won't .
三、复合句中的省略
I
)
名词性从句中的省略
(
1)作宾语的
what
从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同,
则
what
从句可以省略谓语,甚至
主语,如:
Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who .
He has gone, but no one knows where.
(
2
)
引导宾语从句的连词
that
在口语中常常省略
,
或并列的宾语从句 中的第一个连词
that
也能省略,如
:
He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.
(
3
)在某 些表虚拟语气的主语从句、
宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语动
词中的助动词should
可以省略。
这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词:
一个坚持(insist)
,
二个命令
(order, command)
,
三建议
(suggest, propose, advise )
,
四要求
(demand, require, request,
ask)
,如:
It's important that we speak to the old politely.
Jane's
pale
face
suggested
that
she
was
ill
and
her
parents
suggested
that
she
have
a
medical
examination.
(4) It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that...
主语从句
中,如
: It is necessary that the problem be solved at once.
(5)
有时也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分,如:
Sorry
I've
kept
you
waiting so long.
II
)定语从句中的省略
(
1
)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词
that, which, who (whom)
常可以省略,如:
The man I saw is called Tom.
Where is the pen I bought this morning?
(
2
)
关系副词
when, where, why
及
that
在
the time when, the place where, the reason why, the
way
that
结构中 引导限制性定语从句时,在非正式场合下,可以省略关系副词
when,
where,
why
和
that
等,如:
I shall never forget the day we first met.
The reason he came so early is his own affair.
I don't like the way you speak to yourmother.
III
)状语从句中的省略
(
1
)当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致,或状语从句中的主语是it
,并且又含有
be
动词时,
常可以省略从句中的主语和
be
动词,
如:
He did as told.
Though tired, they went
on working.
You shouldn't come to his party unless invited.
He paused as if expecting her to speak.
< br>(2)
虚拟条件句中
,
含助动词
,
情态动词
,
动词
be
或
have
等
,
若将它们提到句首
,< br>则需省略
if
,
如
: Should it rain tomorrow ,we would have to put off the visit till next week.
(
3
)
在
as(so)... as..., than
引导的比较状语从句中,
如:
I know you can do better than Peter .
This car doesn't run as fast as that one
.
(
4
)在
as
引导的让步状语从句中,当作表 语的单数名词提前时,不定冠词要省略,如:
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
四、动词不定式中的省略
1
)有些动词,如:
believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove
等后作宾补的结构
to
be + n. / adj.
中的
to be
可以省略,如:
I consider him stupid.
His mother found him a clever boy.
2
)感官动词
see, hear, feel, watch, notice
等以及使役动词
let, make, have
后作宾补的动
词不定式中的 不定式符号
to
要省略,
但变为被动结构时,
to
必须保留,
如:
They made the boy
go to bed early.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
3)
动词不定式在
like, love
,
care
,
want
,
hope
,
wish
,
expect
,
prefer
,
refuse
,
decide, mean, intend, try
,
promis
等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复
,
常承前省略不定式后的
内容
,
但要保留不定式符号
to
,
如
: I have asked her to come
,
but she does not want to
.
---Are you and Jane getting married
?
---We hope to
.
注意:
want
,
like
用在
when
,
if ,what
,
as
引导的从句中,其后的
to
也常可省略,如:
I've
decided to do what I like
.
I'll teach you if you like
.
I would do it for you, but I don't know how to
4
)在
can not but, can not choose but,
do nothing but...,
can't help but...,
prefer to do
rather than do ....,
would do... rather than...
之后的动词不定式一般不带
to
;
but< br>之前有实义动
词
do
的某个形式
do, does, did, done
而且其宾语是
something
,
nothing
,< br>anything
和
everything
等不定代词时,也不带
to ,
否则要带
to
,如:
We have nothing to do now but wait.
I can not but admire his courage.
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