中国文化(英语版)

2021年1月25日发(作者：抽提)
An Outline of Four Major Schools of Thoughts
Introduction
1.

Confucianism:
1.1

Confucius, the founder
Confucius
(traditionally
28
September
551
BC
---
479
BC)
lived
between
551
and 479 during the late years of the Spring and Autumn Period of China. He was a
great thinker, educator and statesman as well as one of the most learnt people at that
time. So he was horned as
“
the sage of sages
”
and the teacher of all ages.


1.2

Ren
Mencius
claimed
that
human
nature
was
good
meaning
humans
have
inborn
tendencies
toward
virtue.
Without
being
taught,
people
have
at
least
momentary
feelings of compassion for the sufferings of others.
1.3

Yi
If
we
cultivate
this
feeling
of
compassion,
it
will
develop
into
the
virtue
of
benevolence.
If
we
cultivate
our
sense
of
shame,
it
will
develop
to
the
virtue
of
righteousness.
1.4


Li
Moral ways of conduct refers to any of the secular social functions of daily life,
akin
to
the
Western
term
for
culture.
Shaping
the
rituals
in
a
way
that
leads
to
a
content
and
healthy
society,
and
to
content
and
healthy
people,
is
one
purpose
of
Confucian philosophy.


1.5

Comment
Confucianism
has
been
regarded
as
an
ethic-political
system
in
ancient
China
Confucianism's great contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding
of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of
knowledge. It
also has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and
Five Classics.


2.

Mohism
2.1

Mozi, the founder
Mo Zi (470 BC --- 391 BC), original name Mo Di (
墨翟
), was a Chinese philosopher,
thinker, educator, scientist, and militarist. He was born a few
years after Confucius'
death and died a few tears before Mencius' birth.

2.2

Ten Proposals






Inclusive Care







兼爱








Rejecting Aggression


非攻







Elevating the Worthy

尚同








Conforming Upward



尚贤







Rejecting Fatalism



非命








Rejecting Music







非乐








Thrift in Utilization


节用








Thrift in Funerals






节葬







Heaven's Intention



天志








Existence of Ghosts




名鬼


2.3

Comment


Although
popular
faith
in
Mohism
had
declined
by
the
end
of
Qin
Dynasty,
its
views are said to be strongly echoed in Legalist thought.


3.

Daoism
3.1 Laozi, the founder
Li Er was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao
Te Ching(often simply referred to as
Laozi). His association with the Tao Te Ching
has
led
him
to
be
traditionally
considered
the
founder
of
Taoism
(pronounced
as

which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or
is
considered
as
the
father
of
Chinese
philosophy.
In
the
history
of
Chinese
philosophy no one can be compared with Lao Zi who so extensively and thoroughly
studied the laws of motion in the world.

3.2 Dao
It
is
the
mechanism
of
everything
that
exists,
the
natural,
eternal,
spontaneous,
indescribable way things began and pursued their course.

3.3 De


Power of morality or power for good. It is the power of naturalness, or power, of
simplicity, even of weakness. This is possibly the most important point in the Daoist