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2010
年
12
月大学英语四级真题阅读部分
Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go overthe passage quickly and answer the questio
ns on Answer Sheet1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked [A], [B],
[C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with theinformation given in the passage.
A Grassroots Remedy
Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf,go fishing,
sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in thesuburbs, go to the se
aside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activityin Britain is going for a walk
. And when joggers (
慢跑
者
) jog, they
don’t
run the streets. Every oneof them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my
profound belief that not only do we allneed nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are d
oing so or not.
But despite this, our children are growing up nature- deprived (
丧
失
). I spent my boyhoodclimbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are
robbed of theseancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and od
d newperceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather thant
hings that can be found.
The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housingand the chil
dren were assessed for ADHD
—
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (
多动
症
). Thosewhose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who
hadthe same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.
A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a naturalenvironment had less
illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normalplayground. A US study suggeste
d that when a school gave children access to a naturalenvironment, academic levels were raised across
the entire school.
Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds,children crea
te a hierarchy (
等
级
) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the when a grassy area was planted
with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play,and the social hierarchy was now based on i
magination and creativity.
Most bullying (
恃强凌弱
) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (
柏油碎
石
) playground;the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This r
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eminds meunpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang a
boutin corners fantasising about wildlife.
But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health andsafety reas
ons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead,the damage is done
to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.
One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensivelytreated with
drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives hugebenefits to ADHD childr
en. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.
The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasingemphasis fo
r the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. Andstudy after study fi
nds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.
In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundingsimprove a
ll kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced whenthere is contact
with the natural world.
Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in hisstudy,
“A
natural environment can reduce violent behaviour because its restorative process helpsreduce anger
and impulsive
behaviour.”
Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matterhow small their contri
bution.
We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings aregranting to the n
atural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature forthemselves, but the ver
y idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things isprofoundly damaging.
Human beings are a species of mammals (
哺乳动
物
). For seven million years they lived on theplanet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natu
ral world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat un
der a tree with a pint of beer, givenor received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park o
n a nice day, understandsthat.
We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without thewild wor
ld we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less thanhuman.
Five ways to find harmony with the natural world
Walk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make acircuit of the p
ark at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself movingin moving air, look, li
sten, absorb.
Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden,anywhere
that’s
no
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t in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under atree, look at water, feel ref
reshed, ever so slightly renewed.
Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is incompany. Take
a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and thewind with birdsong for b
ackground.
Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five birdsongs. Tha
t way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greateramount of wildness in y
our life.
Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Takea weeken
d break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through thewoods, for the birds
, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lastsforever, after all.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。
1. What is the
author’s
profound belief?
[A] People instinctively seek nature in different ways.
[B] People should spend most of their lives in the wild.
[C] People have quite different perceptions of nature.
[D] People must make more efforts to study nature.
2. What does the author say people prefer for their children nowadays?
[A] Personal freedom.
[B] Things that are natural.
[C] Urban surroundings.
[D] Things that are purchased.
3. What does a study in Sweden show?
[A] The natural environment can help children learn better.
[B] More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.
[C] A good playground helps kids develop their physical abilities.
[D] Natural views can prevent children from developing ADHD.
4. Children who have chances to explore natural areas ________.
[A] tend to develop a strong love for science
[B] are more likely to fantasise about wildlife
[C] tend to be physically tougher in adulthood
[D] are less likely to be involved in bullying
5. What does the author suggest we do to help children with ADHD?
[A] Find more effective drugs for them.
[B] Provide more green spaces for them.
[C] Place them under more personal care.
[D] Engage them in more meaningful activities.
6. In what way do elderly people benefit from their contact with nature?
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[A] They look on life optimistically. [C] They are able to live longer.
[B] They enjoy a life of better quality. [D] They become good-humoured.
7. Dr William Bird suggests in his study that ________.
[A] humanity and nature are complementary to each other
[B] wild places may induce impulsive behaviour in people
[C] access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence
[D] it takes a long time to restore nature once damaged
8. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world canbe______________________
__.
9. The author believes that we would not be so civilised without________________________.
10. The five suggestions the author gives at the end of the passage are meant to encouragepeople to s
eek _________________ with the natural world.
Part
Ⅳ
Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for
each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through
carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not
use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or
able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in
which you were 47 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as
behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing
information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.
Any research that suggests that 50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial.
Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based on something that is beyond
your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as
sex, race and eye color. But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how 52 they are,
or what career they are likely to choose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 53 to which all of
these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture(
养育
), by genetic makeup and the environment.
Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From this perspective,
people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but the way it 56
appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basic picture is there from the
beginning.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。
[A] abilities [I] extent
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[B] achieve [J] indicates
[C] appeal [K] proceeds
[D] complaints [L] psychological
[E] contributions [M] raised
[F] displayed [N] smart
[G] essentially [O] standard
[H] eventually
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should
decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through
the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck
in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the
biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to
a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (
学术界
) outweigh
any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a
medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia
mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of
inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy
Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of
Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (
制药的
) company before returning to
university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater
intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a
wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (
转换
) to academia more
attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as
how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed
to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when
they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a
small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who
already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than
someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
注意：
此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。
57. By “a one
-
way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the
author means ________.
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