美语发音视频教程Paul Gruber主讲全程15个系列教程文本

2021年1月25日发(作者：山谷)

Pronunciation Workshop





—
The American dream does not come to
those who fall out quick.



Session One

1. Consonant R

2. Consonant W



Hi, I‘m your instructor Paul Gruber and welcome to the Pronunciation
Workshops---First Training Session.

I am very excited that you have taken this first step to improve your English
pronunciation and I do hope that you would enjoy this program and receive great
benefits from it. Before we begin I wanna make sure that you have downloaded and
printed out the training manual which accompanies this course. If you have not yet
done so, please do it soon because you‘ll definitely need it.

Now you may be wondering how is it that I am going to help you change the way
you speak. Well, basically, when you learned English as a second language, you
kept many of the sounds and speech rules from your first language and you were
continuing to use them when you speak English. This is what gives you an accent.
You were using the sounds and speech rules from your native language instead of
the sounds and speech rules of English. And you know why? Well, because when
you learned English, nobody ever showed you what the sounds and speech rules of
English were until now.

That‘s why I‘m coming . Because I am going to show you and train you on how t
o
use these sounds and speech rules correctly. Knowing in using these rules will
help you reduce or possibly even eliminate your accent. Now throughout the
program you‘re often going to see me point to my mouth to show you how to
produce a particular sound. I want you to pay close attention and try to copy exactly
what it is I am doing. I would be showing you how to correctly form new sounds by
changing the position of your tongue or changing the shape of your lips. These
small changes are going to make ver
y big changes in your speech. We‘re going to
practising and I recommend that you use the training manual and try to practise
often. When you practise, I recommend that you start out speaking slowly out loud
in a strong voice while exaggerating all the mouth movements. What would you be
doing is retraining the muscles of your mouth in your tongue to move in new ways,
which will produce a new pronunciation patterns. These new speech patterns will
slowly and eventually involve into your own spontaneous fast speech, but it is
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important that you start out going very slow. If you can pronunce words and
sentences correctly speaking slowly, well, then you‘ll have no problem in saying
them fast.

I believe practising is important, but I do not believe it‘s the only ke
y towards
success. Being aware of your errors. That‘ s the key. Being aware and also
recognizing mistakes when you hear them will probably be the most important
factors towards your improvement.

Another thing I‘d like you to keep in mind and I‘m sure you m
ay have noticed this
already is that when most Americans speak you will notice that we seem to open
our mouth a lot and there is a great amount of mouth movements. Watch my mouth
when I say something like ―Wow, was there really raining on Wednesday!‖ Did y
ou
see how my mouth seemed to move? It wasn‘t with my lips flat. It wasn‘t ―Wow, was
there really raining on Wednesday.‖ There was a lot of movements. My mouth
opened wide, but also my whole mouth moved forward. Now I find many foreign
speakers, maybe beca
use of their language characteristics, they don‘t move their
mouths much. There is very little facial movement. Because of this, to an American
listener, the words often sound mumble, making it very very difficult for an
American listener to understand what it is you said. One way

to be better
understood immediately is to become more aware of your speech and to really start
opening and moving your mouth.

I‘d like to try to observe what I‘m talking about. When you speak to native
-borned
Americans or watch TV or movies, notice how when Americans speak, generally
our mouths really open big and our lips come forward. These movements have a lot
to do with the sound of American English.

I also want to add that I‘ll often be asking you to repeat words and sentences
on
these videos. Try to think as if we were both sitting in the same room and I am
directly right in front of you. Listen carefully to the words and sounds that I give
you. Listen carefully to my pronunciation and watch my mouth, then repeat the
words bac
k to me in your own voice with the techniques that I‘m showing you as
clearly as you can. Now at first you may feel a bit of foolish talking to your
computer screen, but really you shouldn‘t. Make believe you‘re speaking directly to
me. You‘ll find this wi
ll to be extremely helpful and effective.

During the course of this program, I will begin by addressing consonant sounds
and then later on we‘ll work with vowel sounds. Now vowel sounds, as you know,
are A E I O and U, like ahh, ohh, eee, ehh, ihh and ooo. And consonant sounds are
basically all the other letters‘ sounds, like b, ch, s, t, f, g, sh, w and of course, there
are many many more sounds.

The consonants that we are going to cover in this first session are the consonant R
and the consonant W. Ok, ar
e you ready? Here we go. Let‘s get started. Let‘s start
with the American R.

R‘s are everywhere. They‘re probably the most commonly occurring consonant
sound in English. One reason for this is that R‘s affect vowel sounds, especially
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when an R falls at the end of word or after a vowel sound as in the word CAR, or the
word AIR, or the word TURN.

After working with so many non- native English speakers from around the world, I
believe the R sound is one of the main causes for being misunderstood in
American Eng
lish. Therefore, this is why I‘ve chosen to start out with this sound.
Now when some languages, like our speaking Spanish, the R is produced by
bringing the tongue forward in the front of the mouth behind the upper teeth and
rolling or trilling the tongue~, like that. Now when some other languages, like
German and French, the R is produced in the back of the throat, but this is not how
we produce an R sound in the United States. In American English, in order to say a
clear R sound, two distinct things hafta(have to) happen. The first thing is that our
mouth and lips come tightly forward as if you would be saying the OO sound. Do
this with me, say OO and make sure you bringing your lips all the way forward. Say
OO. That‘s it. You see how your lips are forward? That‘s what you wanna do. This is
the position your mouth should be in when you producing an American R, like that,
and I‘ll bet you know whenever I told you that. Now, the second thing is that your
tongue moves back in your mouth. It doesn‘t come forward. It‘s pulled back. This is
probably the opposite of what you‘re doing right now. So, for example, in the word
Rock, notice how my lips are coming forward and my tongue moves back in my
mouth and I push out the R sound. Watch this: RRRock. Do with me and exaggerate
the R: RRRock. Watch with my head turn:RRRock. You see that? See how the whole
bottom of my face came forward. Don‘t be afraid to do this. This forward mouth
movement is what is going to give you an American R sound. It‘s not~ and it‘s not
Rock with your lips flat. Your whole mouth really hasta( has to ) come forward. Now
latter I recommend that you practise doing this in front of a mirror while watching
your mouth. Really push out the R and remember to pull your tongue back. Now
one way of check
ing if you‘re doing this correctly with your tongue is by actually
putting your finger around an inch into your mouth while saying an R sound. Watch
this, RRRock, like that. You should be able to take the tip of your finger and feel the
tip of your tongue. If you do these two simple things ---bringing your mouth forward
and pulling your tongue back. I‘m telling you your speech‘s going to be clear and
you‘re going to sound so much better.

Ok, we‘ re going to start out with R‘s at the beginning of words. Here
we go. Repeat
after me.

Rock

Rip

Reach

Road

Rain

Rich

Rome

3
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Raise

Robe

Rice

Very good. Now repeat this sentence.

The round rooste
r
rushed into the wrong road.

Very good. Now pronuncing R‘s like this may feel a little weird to you, but if you
notice this is how most Americans talk.

Ok. Now let‘s do R‘s at the end of words or after a vowel. When a foreign speaker
produces R which at the end of word of follows a vowel, it‘s usually very
weak---gets not really heard and leaves the word opener unfinished, like in the word
CAR. Now you may say CAR
ending with the A vowel. But it‘ s not CAR. It‘s CAR/r/.
Your tongue hasta pull back. CAR. And also your lips close a little bit in the front.
The R needs to be very strong and you need to close the word. CAR
. Let‘s pract
ise
these words. Repeat after me.

Car

Far

Star

Door

Bear

Four

Air

Year( now has a high vowel sound .)

Turn

Poor



Very good. Ok. Now let‘s discuss R‘s in the middle of words.

In the word Very, for example, which is a frequently used word in English. The R
occurs in the middle of the word. It‘s not a D sound. The word is not Vedi, or Vehi,
it‘s Ve
ry. Make sure that the R sound is strong and your lips are coming forward.
Your tongue is back and you push out the R: Very, like that. Practise these
sentences with me nice and slow. He is Very Very nice, like that. See how my lips
are

coming all the way forward? Next one. She is Very Very tall. Here are


some
more practice words with R in the middle. Repeat after me.

Direction

Arrange

Erase

Correct

Marry

Garage

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Original

Hurry

Zero

Marine

Berry

Operation

Caring

Arrive

Everyone



Ok. Very good. Now, R‘s are often combined with other consonants and form
what we call R Blends. It is important to understand that the R sound is the
stronggest sound of the blend and your lips often come forward before you even
say the word. And example of this is the word Grape. Now notice how my mouth
comes forward before I even say the word. Grape. Did you see that? And notice in
the word Grape the R sound is strongger and you even hear it more than the G
sound. Grape. Here are some practice words with R Blends. First at the beginning
of words. Here we go.

Training

Trust

Trip

Great

Tropical

Bring

Print

President

Product

Cracker

Crawl

Break



Ok. Now in the middle of words.

Subtract

Waitress

Nutrition

Australia

Introduce

Compress

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Oppression

Betray

Very good. Ok now let‘s practise R sounds in sentences. These sentences are filled
with R‘s. Keep the R sound strong. Don‘t forget to bring your mouth forward and
pull your tongue back. Say these sentences with me. Here we go.

The story he read on the radio was incorrect.

Her career in the law firm is permanent.

Richard and Brooke took a ride in their brand new Range Rover truck.

Everyone will respect the Royal Family when they arrive at the airport.(Be shorter
close to the word Air
. It‘s not ai
r
port. It‘s Ai
r, Airport, like that with strong R sound.)

The trip to the Rocky Mountains will be rescheduled on Friday.



Very good. Ok now let‘s talk about W sounds. W sounds are very similar to R
sounds. The major thing to keep in mind is that in English when you see a W, it
always has a W sound. Like in the word What. Again notice how my mouth moves
forward. One way to make sure you were doing this correctly is to first say oooo
with your whole mouth forward, oooo, like that, and then, open and close your lips
to make the W sound, like this, ooooWaWaW
a. That‘s how you produce a W.
Wa,
like that. It‘s never a V sound, /v/,or you‘re like biting down on your lower lip, never.
We‘ll be going over V sounds
in the fourth session. The reason I mention this is
because many foreign speakers, especially the German speakers say, for example,
Vhat with V for the word W
hat. Instead of saying ―
What will w
e do?‖, which is
correct. They may say ―Vhat vill ve do?‖ And
that is not right and many people may
not understand you. Bring your mouth forward on those W words. What will we do.
Say with me. What will we do. Very good.



Now as I said the W and the R are similar, both of them are made with your mouth
in the forward position and your tongue pulled back. Your mouth should be a little
bit tighter when you‘re saying an R. Listen to the similarities and differences
between these R and W words.

Rick
–
Wick

Right
–
White

It‘s not Vhite with V. It‘s White with W.

Very good. Also be aware that the W sound occurs in some words beginning with
the letter O, like in the words: One, Once. You might not be aware of this. Practise
the W words with me. We‘ll start out with W at the beginning of words. Don‘t forget
to bring your mouth forward at the beginning of each word.



Why

Which

When

What

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Wipe

Wish

Weight

Wing



Very good. Ok now W in the middle of words.

Always

Away

Beware

Awake

Someone

Rewind

Halloween

Hollywood

Now practise these W sentences.

The wind from the west was very wet. (Remember Very starts with the V sound
followed by a strong R. --Was very wet. Very good.)

We woke up and washed the white washcloth.

We waited for the waitress to give us water.

We had a wonderful time in Washington and Wisconsin.




Very good. Now whi
le we are talking the W sounds, I‘d like to mention Q sounds.
How are Q sounds related? Well, Q sounds are made with the K/k /sound and the W
sound/w/ put together. You may have known that. So, for example, the word Quick
is pronunced with the K and the strong W sound. KWICK, like that. Repeat some of
these words beginning with the Q sound.

Question

Quiet

Queen

Qualify

Quit

Quebec

Quilt

And also in the CH word Choir

Very good. Ok, here now is a paragraph which contains many R and W sounds. You
may wanna practise reading this paragraph a few times . Notice how my lips come
forward and all my Rs and Ws. Try to do the same thing and don‘t forget. Do not roll
your R‘~. Don‘t do that. Here we go.

Ray was born in Russia. He dreamed of building the perfect roller coaster at the
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Grand Canyon in Arizona. He had a friend named Fred who lived in Norway. Fred‘s
profession was designing railroad tracks and his career involved traveling all
around the world. Ray thought it would be perfect if Fred designed his roller
coaster ride. Fred was creative, brilliant and worked well with railroad tracks. He
would be the perfect engineer for the project. The ride took two years to construct
and was painted red and white. Everyone really wanted to ride the brand-new roller
coaster.




Very good. Now if you strongly push out those Rs and Ws when you practise
eventually your Rs and W sounds are going to be clear and your speech will be
much easier to understand.

If you have the time watch the session again and practise your pronunciation along
with me, then take out your training manual and practise on your own. All the word
lists and reading passages that are on these videos are in the munual as well. I
hope you enjoy our first session together. Fell free to watch this session again. I‘
m
Paul Gruber with the Pronunciation Workshop and I‘ll see you next time.



Session Two

1. Voicing

2. Consonant pairs

3. Consonant S

4. Consonant Z Voicing



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops---Second Session. I hope things have been going well since we last met.
I would like to just mention again there are literarlly hundreds of languages around
the world and every language has its own set of characteristics. What I‘ ve done in
this program is to address the most significant pronunciation errors made by most
foreign speakers that you may find that not every lesson pertains to you
individually pronunciation problem. If that‘s the case, well, that‘s great cause you‘ll
get less to work on. But I hate you to miss out anything important. Therefore, I still
do recommend that you watch all of the sessions in chronological order from the
first session to the last session to get the most out of this program and latter on if
you feel you meed more practice, review the sesions which you feel may need more
attention.

Ok. Let‘s get started with today‘s session. In this video, we‘re going to talk about
Voicing. We‘ll also talk about Consonant Pairs and what they are and then we‘ll
cover S sounds and Z sounds. Ok, here we go.

Voicing. You‘re going to hear me say this word a lot and you need to understand
what it is what I‘m talking about. All speech sounds , all of them are either voiced or
unvoiced. Now, what did that mean? Well, first, let‘s take a look at this video. It
may
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look a little bit disgusting . Do you have any idea what it is. It‘s look like something
that is opening and closing. I‘ll give you a hint. You‘ve got pair of these and you use
them when you speak. Any idea? Those were vocal chords. Vocal chords are those
tiny muscles that are right here when your throat that vibrates quickly and creat
sound and that sound is your voice that you can easily make you vocal chords
vibrate by just saying AH. That‘s it. That‘s voicing. Voicing is when your cocal
chords are vibrating, producing a sound, and you can feel the vibrations if you put
your hand right here on your throat. Do this with me. Put your hand on your throat
and now let‘s loud say AH. Do you feel the vibration? Those your vocal chords
vibrating. Now all vowel sounds are voiced A, Oh, OO, AE, EE

. You can not produce
a vowel sound without voicing it. Nothing would come out. You see? You need
voicing. AH. So all vowels are voiced. Now, consonants are completely

different
story. Some consonants are voiced and some consonants are not voiced. And
many consonants are what we call paired. So, let‘s talk about Paired Consonants.
Let‘s look at the sound. The letter P makes /p//p//p/
--
that‘s the sound of the letter P
.
Are your vocal chords vibrating when you‘re sayin
g the sound?/p//p//p/.You feeling
vibrations in your throat? No, your vocal chords now are not producing a sound so
therefore the P sound is what we call unvoiced because there is no voicing. And
this is the sign that I‘m going to make when there‘s no voic
ing.


So now let‘s look at the same sound the P sound /p//p//p/. But this time we‘ll add
voicing by vibrating our vocal chords. Now we won‘t change the thing with our
mouth. We‘ ll keep that the same, we‘ ll just add voicing. So what happens to the P
sound /p//p/---/b//b/. It becomes a B sound. Watch again. P
—
no voicing, /p//p//p/.
/b/--B, voicing. /p/--/b/. You see that everything here stays the same. The only
differences my vocal chords are either vibrating or they‘re not vibrating. So we say
the P sound
and the B sound are Paired Consonants. They‘re produced exactly the
same way here in your mouth, but the P sound has no voicing and the B sound
/b//b/ does have voicing. Ok. Having said that, let‘s look at another set of
consonants. How about the letter T. What sound does that make? /t//t//t/. Is that
voiced or unvoiced? /t//t//t/--
It‘s unvoiced. Your vocal chords are not vibrating. /t//t/.
Now don‘t change the thing with your mouth. Just take the same sound and add
voicing. What does that T sound become?/t//t/---/d//d//d//d/---becomes a D sound. So
we say that the T sound /t/ and the D sound /d/ are also Paired Consonants.


Ok. Now let‘s look at the F sound /f/. We‘re biting down on your lower lip
---/f/. Is
that a voiced sound or unvoiced sound? /f/---
it‘s
unvoiced. Your vocal chords are
not vibrationg. /f/. Now same sound but this time we add voicing. /f/---/v/. V. It
becomes a V/v/. You see that? F/f/---no voicing. V---voicing./v/. So the F and V are
also Paired Consonants.

There are many more consonants t
hat are paired and we‘ll get to those at another
time. But for now, I‘m going to to mention just one more. The S consonant, made
with the air going through your front teeth. /s/. Any voicing going on with the sound
/s/. No, the S sound is unvoiced./s/. Wha
t would be if you didn‘t change the thing.
You just add voicing. What would the S sound become. /s/---/z/. It will become a Z
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sound/z/. So S has no voicing /s/, Z has voicing/z/. So we say the S sound and Z
sound are also Paired Consonants. And this brings us to what I would like to cover
today---S sounds/s/, Z sounds /z/and how they work in terms of word endings. I find
that most people who learn English as a second language do not use the proper
voicing on /s/ and /z/ endings. So what happens is it can cause your speech to
sound unclear and sometimes may cause you to be misunderstood. I‘m going to
show you three easy rules that will help you pronunce many of these words
correctly.

This first rule is easy and this one I know you probably do already. Rule 1: If the last
sound in a word is unvoiced, and you‘re adding an S, well, then the S remains
unvoiced, too. Let me explain that. Take the word Cup. Cup. It ends with the
unvoiced P /p//p/Cup /p//p/or then if you add an S to the word Cup to make a plural.
The S you add also remains unvoiced. So, for example, you have one cup or two
cup
s. There‘s no voicing at the end of that word. The S remains unvoiced. One cu
p.
Two cups
. That‘s easy. You already do this. I‘ll show you another word Ca
t. Cat ends
with the unvoiced T/t//t/. One cat. Two cats. Again the S ending is unvoiced. Cats.
This also goes for verbs like in the verb Break. I Break. Break ends with the
unvoiced K sound/k//k/. There‘s no voicing on that K. So when you put the word in
the third person. He Breaks. The S you add also remains unvoiced. He breaks.

I stop(ends with the unvoiced P /p/). I stop. He stops./s/---unvoiced S. Stops. Now as
I said you already follow this rule and there really isn‘t anything you don‘ t know.








But on rule No.2, now this one you probably do not do, So pay close
attention to this rule. When adding an S to a word to make a plural. If a word ends
with any of these sounds S Z SH CH or DG(J)

as in Judge. Don‘t worry. You really
don‘t need to memorize this. It will become auto
matic. When you add an S ending,
this time, we always add the ending IZZZZZ with the voiced Z. It doesn‘t matter that
it‘s spelled with an S. It‘s never S, unvoiced, never. It‘s always IZZZZZ with voiced Z.
Ok. Do this with me. Put your hand on your throat, cause I want you to feel the
vibration in your neck and say IZZZZZ. Feel that right here IZZZZZ. Ok, so let‘s look
at the word Page, for example, which ends in a voiced sound. One Page becomes
Two Page with that voiced Z. Two Pages. It‘s not Two Pages/s/,unvoiced,no. It‘ s
Two Pages /z/ with the voiced Z. Even though you spell the word like this, in
American English you pronunce the word like this PAGEZZ. You‘ re probably saying
I never knew that. See what you‘ re learning from me. Ok, let‘s look at anoth
er word
in the word BUS, for example, BUS ends with an S sound /s/. BUS. So if you make a
plural, you‘ re going to add the ending IZZZZZ with the voiced Z. So we‘ ve got One
Bus or Two Buses. Buses. Two Buses. The last sound you hear is that voiced Z,
Buses.

Next one. Lunch. Lunch ends with the CH sound

[
?
]

. So we‘ve got One Lunch or
Two Lunches. Lunches./IIIZ/. Very good. Let‘s do some verbs. Raise. Meaning like to
raise my hand. This word is a bit unusual because even though it is spelled with an
S, it‘
s pronunced with the voiced Z. So we say I Raise with the voiced Z ending.
And he Raises. Raise. He Raises his hand. It‘s voiced. Next one. Brush. Like to
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Brush our teeth. I Brush. He Brushes. Brushes. It‘ s a voiced ending. Push. I Push.
He Pushes. He pushes. Very good. By voicing these endings, your speech will
become clearer, sharper and cleaner. Most likely you haven‘ t noticed that American
English spoken this way, but now as I pointed out listen forward when you hear
people speak. To an a native listener, this makes a very big difference.

Ok, here comes the thrid rule. This one‘ s easy. If a word ends with a vowel sound,
all you do is add a voiced Z. It‘s simple. Let‘s look at the word Tr
ee. The last sound
you hear in that word is the vowel /EE/ and remember a vowel is always voiced. So
the word ends in a voiced sound. Tree
. So what you wanna do if you‘ re going to
add an S to word like this to make a plural is you continue the voicing throughout
the whole word and add on a voiced Z. So here we go. You‘
ve got One Tree or Two
Trees
. It‘s not Trees /s/

with the unvoiced S. It‘s Tress /z/ with that voiced ending.
You see that. Another example, the word Day. It ends with the voiced sound /e/, so
you have One Day or Two Days
. It‘s not D
ays/s/---unvoiced S. Days/z/, with voiced Z
ending. Next one. Shoe. One shoe. Two shoes. Next is the verb Fly, which ends with
the voiced sound


[а
?
]

. So you‘ ve got I Fly. He Flys.

Keep that ending voiced. Flys.
The last sound you hear in the word Game is the M sound /m/, which is a voiced
consonant. So because of that, when you add an S, the S should also be voiced.
One game. Two games. Games. Another word. Head ends with the voiced D/d/, so
we got One Head or Two Heads. Heads
. It‘s voiced. Two hea
ds. Very good. Next
word. Train
ends with the voiced n. See that? So you‘ ve got One Trai
n or Two
Trains. Two Trains with the voiced Z ending. Song ends with the voiced NG sound,
so if you make a plural, don‘t forget to add a voiced Z ending. You‘ ve got One So
ng
or Two Songs. Two Songs.

Now what I just showed you take some practice to actually incorporate into your
English. But I can tell you from past

experience

that most my clients were able
tomaster these S and Z voiced endings in just a few weeks.

Ok, now for something else. As you know by now, English is a difficult and crazy
language. All these words that I‘m going to show you now are written with an S,
however, they‘ re all pronunced with voiced Z. Why this is I have no idea, but this is
how English is.


Here we go. The word Is
. It‘s not /Is/(unvoiced). It‘s pronunced as if it were a Z/IZ/.
This is good. You hear that. Is. His. Same thing. It also has a voiced Z ending. His
mom is Mary. As. You pronunce it with voiced Z. As the phone ring. Was, which

is a
very common word. It was raining.

These, voiced ending. These are my children.
Those. Those are my books. Easy, again, the S is like a voiced Z. Easy. This is easy.
Because, which is another common word. Because we were late.

Ok, now let‘s do some practice with reading passages.
Each of these has many
voiced and unvoiced S and Z sounds. All of the unvoiced Z sounds you‘ ll see are
underlined. If you printed out the training manual using a color printer, you‘ ll notice
that the voiced Z sounds are all printed in red. This will help you visually see which
sounds should be voiced. I‘ m going o slow and exaggerate the sounds. You may
just wanna listen to me first, then stop the video, practise on your own and then
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later on watch this video again and pratice with me. Whatever feels right to you.
Now this first one has many voiced Z sounds. Here we go.



Another zippy, zappy, crazy day comes to a close. As we z
oom up to Joe‘
s snooze
zone,Zoe Jones of Zodiac Zoo plays with her zipper.



Very good. Next one.

Last week, Jim‘
s brothers were picked to represent their country in the Olympic
Games. Two of the brothers were swimmers, while the other two were long distance
runners. All of the brothers wore glasses. These athletes worked hard at qualifying
for the games and were hoping to come home with prizes. Since the brothers go to
the same university, they often take the same courses. This makes studying easier
and gives them more time to do other things.




O, here‘ s the last one.

On Thursday, I had a very lazy day. I woke up early and first squeezed oranges into
juice. I then got dressed and watched the sunrise come up over the mountains. It
was so beautiful that I took many pictures with my camera and I used three rolls of
film. After drinking two cups of coffee, I got dressed, left the house, and walked
three miles home.






Very good. Now another good way to practise these voiced S and Z endings is
to do a naming activity. What you do is you just sit in your rome and out loud name
everything you see. First in singular form, and then in plural form. For example, you
look around and you say out loud One door, Two doors with the voiced Z ending.
One table. Two tables. One computer. Two computers. One light. Two

lights. Some
of my clients found this to be very helpful. In addition, try listening for these voiced
sounds when you hear native-
borned Americans speak. It‘s very good ear
-training
and that‘ ll help you improve. Soon , slowly begin to put these sounds into your
ownspeech. You‘ ll find that by adding these voiced endings your English wil
l
sound cleaner and people will have an easier time understanding you. Believe me
it‘s going to really make an improvement.






Before we finish, I have one more suggestion that comes from clients who
have taken this program. I think it‘s really a good id
ea. If you can find a very small
mirror and attach it maybe with some tape right onto the side of your computer
monitor right next to the screen. By having a mirror right in front of you during our
sessions you can easily read the text on the screen, watch my mouth and then look
right into the mirror at your own mouth. You‘ ll be able to compare your mouth

with
what I‘m doing. And you‘ ll know whether you‘ re forming your lips and tongue into
the correct positions. Through imitation and following my instruc
tions, you‘ ll be
becoming closer to speaking with American accent. Well, that is for today. Relax.
Have fun and practise what I‘ ve shown you until next time. I‘m Paul Gruber with
Pronunciation Workshop and I‘ ll see you on the next session.



12
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Session Three

1. The Unvoiced TH Sound

2. The Voiced TH Sound

3. THR Blends

4. Voicing the T Sound



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops---Third Training Session.

In this class, we will cover the American TH
sounds,
both the unvoiced TH[θ]

and the voiced TH[?
]. This is one of my favourite
areas because when you correctly produce TH sounds, you will significantly
improve the way you speak English. Later on in this video, we‘ ll also address
voiced T sounds.

Now except for maybe a few languages, English is one of the only language in the
world that has TH sound when your tongue comes out between your teeth[θ]

that
you may have a difficult time with this sound because this sound probably does not
exist in your own native
language. Therefore, you don‘t think to use the sound
when you speak English. Most likely, you just sbustitute another sound, like a T or
an S. So instead of saying a word like Thumb, my Thumb, which this is and notice
my tongue is coming out. My thumb. Yo
u‘ ve been saying Tumb. My Tumb or my
Sumb and your tongue is not coming out. That is not correct. If you made mistake
like this and connected speech over and over again. There‘ s a good chance people
are not going to understand you. I have found that some people from different
cultures of the world find the idea of sticking out their tongue when they speak to
be rude and offensive even if it is to produce a TH sound, I want you to understand
that this is how American speak English and it is something that you must become
comfortable with if you wish to speak well. To produce TH sound correctly you need
to first stick your tongue out between your teeth and bite down slightly[θ],

then
blow[θ]. This created Air Friction. The sound comes from the air friction a
nd should
be pretty loud[θ]

. Keep your tongue flat and maintain it even steady flow of air. I‘ m
not just saying stick it out a little bit, I‘ m saying stick it way out at least while you‘
re practising to get used to the feeling. The TH sound comes from the air and the
friction. You have got to hear it and should be somewhat loud

[θ], like that. If you‘ re
like most people, you may need to work on this a little bit but trust me I know you
can do it. Hundreds of my clients who have never produced a TH sound in their
lives are speaking English English clearly and beautifully, because they‘ ve learned
how to do this. It may help if you look at a mirror and watch your mouth and tongue.
See if you can maintain the air flow for these sounds

[θ],like that. I know
this may
feel very strange and uncomfortable to do possibly, but soon you‘ ll get used to it
and the small change in your speech is going to really improve how your English
sounds. Now the TH sound is a friction sound and it‘s not as aloud as other speech

sounds. Therefore American speakers stretch them out a little bit we don‘ t even
realize we do this, but this make the sound come out clearer. Let me show you what
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I mean. Let‘s look again at the word Thumb. For practicing purposes, think of the
word in two beats: One. Two.

[θ]Thumb. You see that? Notice how long I‘ m holding
the TH sound.

[θ]

Thumb. It‘s not good enough just to put your tongue between
your teeth and say a TH word. Like this~. You see that, my tongue came out. But
there was never any air f
riction. That‘s not good. You must stretch out the TH sound
and hear the air friction. Thumb. Like that. Let‘s pratise some words with TH sounds.
First at the beginning of words. Here we go.

Thanks

Thick

Thunder

Thursday

Think

Now in the middle of words.

Anything

Bathmat

Toothpick

Athletic

Mouthwash

Now at ends of words.

Bath

North

Beneath

Fourth

South

Very good. Ok now let‘s talk about voiced TH sounds. To make a voiced TH sound,
all you have to do is take the TH sound that I just showed you and just add voicing

[?]. There‘s the voiced TH. You should be able to feel the strong vibration in your
throat and on your tongue

[?
].

Let‘s go over some of these voiced TH sounds. This first set of words are some of
those the most commonly used words in English and yes they should all be voiced
and all made with your tongue coming through your teeth. First at the beginning of
words.

The (The book)

That (That house)

They (They came over)

Them (Give them water)

There (There it is)

This (This is my nose)

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Those (Those boys are good)

These (These are my parents)




You know, another good way to practise these words is by going around your
room and naming everything you see using a TH word. For example, the chair, that
window, those books, this door, like that. Then go around and name your body
parts in some clothing like that shoe, this watch, these feet. Ok. That may be helpful.
Let‘s look at these voiced TH sounds in the middle of words.

Clothing. Notice how my tongue comes out in the middle of the word and the TH
sound is pushed out. Clothing.

Leather. Same thing. Stick out your tongue and make a very strong vibration.
Leather.

Mother

Another

Weather

Northern




And now at the ends of words.

Smooth. Believe it or not. The TH in Smooth is voiced. Most foreign speaker say
thi
s word incorrectly. They say Smooth, the unvoiced TH. But it‘s voiced. Smooth

[?
].

Bathe. The word Bath is a noun, with an unvoiced TH. Bath. But when you change it
into a verb ―to bathe‖ the vowel changes to an /e/ sound and the TH is voiced.
Bathe, like

again. Batheing suit.

Breathe.

Same thing.

Breath is a noun. Take a breath, unvoiced. But when you
change it into a verb, the vowel changes and becomes Breathe. I am breathing with
the voiced TH. Now, let‘s do some practice phrases. These all have voiced a
nd
unvoiced TH sounds. Repeat after me.

This and that

A tablecloth

Winter clothing

Athens, Greece

That‘s the one

Her skin is smooth

Thirty Day‘s notice

A famous author

Here and there

False teeth

Thread the needle

A thoughtful gift

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Thunder and lightening

Thumbs up



Repeat these sentences.



Thelma arrived in town last Thursday.

I‘m having trouble threading this needle.

I need 33 thick thermometers.

The thing they like best about Athens is the weather.

This thrilling novel was written by a famous author.

He will be through with his work at three-thirty.

Now and then, she likes to buy new clothing.

They thought they were going to Northern Spain.

Which tablecloth shall we use for the party?

That was the thirty-third theatre to open.



Now, I‘d like to talk abou
t THR Blends which is the combination of TH sonund and
the R sound. Like in the word Thrill or Throw. When producing these blends, I want
to be aware that the R is the stronggest sound of the blend and it‘s louder than the
TH. Just like what we talked about in the first session. So when you say a word
which begins with THR. First make the TH sound and then strongly push out the R.
Let‘s practise a few of these .

Thread (thread the needle)

Throw (throw the ball)

Throat (my throat is sore)

Thrill (a thrilling ride)

Three (three more days)

Threw (yesterday he threw the ball)

Throne (the king sits on a throne)

Ok, now let‘s go over this reading paragraph. It has many TH sounds and it might
be difficult, but it is a very good paragraph to practise on. You may wanna watch me
do this a number of times. Keep your eyes on my mouth and notice how often my
tongue comes out. Try to do the same thing. Here we go.

Nurse Thatcher was thankful it was Thursday. She knew that on Thursday she had
to deliver 33 boxes of thermometers to the North American Athletic Club. They
thoughtthat thermometers were necessary for testing the hydrotherapy baths. This
was thought to benefit the athletes with arthritis. The athletic trainers required
authorization to provide hydrotherapy to the youthful athletes on the three bulletin
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boards withthumbtacks throughout the athletic club. Rather than risk the health of
the athletes, they thoroughly checked the thousands of thermometers to insure
their worthiness; otherwise they needed to be thrown away.

Very good, I hope that wasn‘ t too bad. As I said that is an excellent paragraph to
practise on. You should review it a few times if you can.

Ok, now as I always said English is a crazy language and there are always to be
exceptions. Here are a few TH
exceptions that I‘d like to point out. Although these
next words and names are spelled with TH. They‘ re pronounced as if they were
spelled with a normal T/t/, like that. And these words are:

Thomas

Thompson

Theresa

Thailand

Thames, likethe river

Esther

Thyme,which is a spice




Ok, now let‘s take a moment and talk about T sounds. The T sound is the
unvoiced sound like in the name Tom or the word TV. If you add voicing to a T, what
do you get? /t/---/d/, a D. Remember? We went over this in the first session, but I
want to tell you is in American pronunciation we like to make things easy. So if a
letter T falls between two vowel sounds, which are voiced. So if it falls in the middle
of vowels, then the T is pronunced as a D and the whole word is voiced. This is very
easy and you may already be doing this correctly. Here are three examples:

Water is pronunced as Wader, the T into a D and the whole word is voiced. Water . I
want water.

Better becomes Bedder. She‘ s feeling better.

And Butter becomes Budder. Please pass the butter.

This should be simple. So now that you know that. Practising this poem with me.
Remember all the Ts are pronunced as Ds because they fall between vowels.

Betty bought a bit of

better butter. But, said she, this butt
er‘s bi
tter. If I put itin my
batt
er, it‘ll make my ba
tter bitter.



Again, notice that you do not hear any T sounds /t/. they are only Ds /d/, which are
voiced. Go over this poem a few times. It‘s also printed in your manual. Once you
get good at it, try to speed it up. I‘ ll
do it one more time for you a little bit faster:



Betty bought a bit of better butter. But, said she, this butt
er‘s bi
tter. If I put itin my
batt
er, it‘ll make my ba
tter bitter.



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Well, that was

marvellful. Ok, start by practising it slow and then later get faster.
Try to let the words just roll out of your mouth. That‘s for today‘s session. Try
spending some time in front of a mirror and practising these TH sounds like Thumb
and Throw. The small change will really improve your English and make you a lot
more understandable. I‘ m Paul Gruber with the Pronunciation Workshop and I‘ ll
see you at our next session. Good bye!



Session Four

1. Consonant ‘F’

2. Consonant ‘V’

3. The Unvoiced ‘SH’ Sound

4. The Voiced ‘ZSH’ Sound



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops ---Fourth Training Session. I hope things have been going well. Today,
we‘ ll cover F and V sounds as well as SH and voiced SH sounds. Just a reminder
all of the material covered in those videos are also printed in your training manual
for pratising later on. Let‘s get started.

In the last session, we talked about Air Friction with TH sounds

[θ]

that the sound is
made with air friction. Well, today we‘ re going to talk about Air Friction again, but
this time it is with F and V sounds.

The F and V are paired consonants and they are both produced exactly the same
way except the F sound is unvoiced and the V sound is voiced. They are both
produced by contacting your upper teeth to your lower lip. It‘ s sort
of feels like
your biting down on your lower lip /v/,like that. Now remember all the voicing
means that your vocal chords here on your throat are vibrating and making a sound.
So the F sound is unvoiced and sounds like this /f/ and the V sound is voiced, and
sounds like this /v/. Correctly pronuncing these sounds will make your speech
nuch clearer and you more intelligible, like the TH sounds from the last session. Fs
and Vs are

friction sounds and not that loud. So we stretch these sounds out a little
bit
, so they can be clearly heard. Let‘s start by looking at the F sound in the word
Foot. Now many foreign speakers may use the right positioning by biting down on
their lower lip, but they still keep the F very short and they don‘t creat air friction.
There
fore , you do not hear the F clearly and it sounds like~. That‘s no good. Let me
show you what you need to do. First think of the word is having two beats: one- two.
Hold the F sound for the first full beat. F--- oot, like that. Do it again. F---oot. Do you
see how long I‘ m holding that F? Now I know that‘s a little bit exaggerated, but you
get the idea. You need to hear the air friction when practising. Try to give the F one
beat F---
oot. Let‘s work with words beginning with the letter F. Here we go.

Find

Finally

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Family

Freedom,with the strong R, freedom

Laugh, notice the gh combination in that word,laugh.

Telephone, notice the ph combination in that word, it‘s also pronunced as an F

telephone, It‘s the same thing in this next word

Symphony, this is a trick
y one because you‘ ve got the M sound followed by an F
sound, symphony.

And the last word

Rough, notice the gh combinatin in that word,rough.


Let‘s work on this paragraph.

Do you feel like a physical wreck?

Are you fed up with your feeling of fatigue?

Have you had enough of feeling rough?

Why don‘t you fight fever with

Pharaoh‘s Friend.

A medicine that is tough on Flu.



Very good. Ok now let‘s talk about the V sound. First of all, like the F sound. Don‘ t
make the V sound too short. Let‘s look at the word

Vote, you‘ ve got to stretch out
the V. Like this.V--- ote, V---
ote. Are you hearing that long V sound. That‘s what you
should be doing. Now, depending on your native language, you may be replacing
your V sounds for W sounds. Be careful not to do this. The
word is not Wote, it‘s
Vote. Every V that you‘ ll see in English is made with this lip
-biting position./v//v//v/.
When you say a V, it‘s never WaWaWa. It‘ s never a W sound. It‘s always V
---, V---ote,
like that. Let‘s practise some words with the V sounds
, Here we go.



Vine

Oven

Evaluate

Voice

Travel

River,notice the strong R, River

Every


And now the ends of words



Glove

Alive

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And Leave. This last word Leave is very different from the word Leaf , like from the
tree, which has an unvoiced F

The word is leave,with voiced V.

Keep the voicing going throughout the whole word and voice the V. Leave, like that.
If you stop the voicing at the end of the vowel /i/, then you‘ ll be saying Leaf with an
unvoiced F and the word we‘ re trying to say is Leave with the
voiced V. Ok, now
let‘s look at the paired words with F and V. You‘ ll see here just by adding voicing,
you can completely change the meaning of the word. Here we go.



Feel
–
Veal

Safe
–
Save

Fat
–
Vat

Fine
–
Vine

Face
–
Vase

Fan
–
Van

Foul
–
Vowel

Proof
–
Prove

Very good. Ok now we‘ re going to work on listening exercises and ear
-
training. I‘ m
going to displace some words with V sounds, however, some words I‘ ll be saying
correctly and then some others are purposely saying incorrectly. I want you to
listen carefully to my pronunciation and to the voicing of the V sounds and see
whether or not you can tell if I‘ m saying the words correctly or incorrectly. Here we
go. Here‘ s the first word.

Stove-- I cooked dinner on a hot stove. Was that correct? No. I should have said
Stove/V/. I cooked dinner on a hot stove with a voiced V.

Next word, Five. There, four, t? Yes , I said Five with voiced V.

Leave
—I‘ m in a hurry, and I need to leave. Is that correct? No , it‘s not Leaf with an
unvoiced F. I should have said Leave with the voiced V sound.

Visa
—
She just received her international Visa. Correct? No , I said Fisa with an
unvoiced F. I should have said Visa with voiced V.

Living
—
I am living in a house. Is that correct? Yes, the V is voiced. Living. T
hat‘s
correct.

Ok, now repeat these phrases.



A famous athlete

A food vendor

The Foreign Service

Summer vacation

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Vocabulary test

Over the rainbow

Our first victory

Harvard University

Husband and wife

Very well done

Good. Ok now repeat these sentences with me.



Her promotion in the firm was well deserved.

There was only one survivor on the island.

Steve noticed that the olive juice must have stained his sleeve.

The street vendor was selling souvenirs to tourists.

Dave gave me his car so that I could drive
on New Year‘s E
ve.

There were several dents in the rear fender.

Tom placed several tomatoes from the vine into a basket.



Very good. Now we‘ re talking about English so you know that there‘s always an
exception to everything. I would like to show you what I call the OF Exeception.
Many foreign speakers make this mistake. Even though the word OF is spelled with
an F, we pronunce the word OF with the voiced V. I know this sounds crazy, but it‘ s
true. For example, Statue OVVV

Liberty. And notice how I connected the word OF
with the word. Liberty of Liberty. You see OF is voiced. Here‘ s another example. It‘s
made ovvv Glass or it‘s made ovvv Wood. It‘s not OF with unvoiced /f/. It‘ s all
voiced and it‘s all connected. It‘s made ovvv wood, like that.

Very goo
d. Ok now let‘s go on to something new. Let‘s talk about SH sounds

[
?
]

and voiced SH sounds

[
?
]. First, to make the SH sound, you bring your lips forward,
keep them open, and leave your teeth slightly apart. Blow air through your teeth
and produce the sound

[
?
]

. It‘s an easy sound. What you may not know was that
there are some words in English that are written with the letter S, but are pronunced
with the SH sound. Words like Sugar and Sure. And to make things even more
difficult. There are a couple of words that are spelled with CH and are also
pronunced the

[
?
]

sound. Words like Chef and the city of Chicago. Ok, having said
that let‘s go over these words:

She

Sugar

Sure

Shadow

Sheep

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Shirt

Shoe

Shape

Chicago

Chef

Very good. Ok now let‘s do

[
?
]

sounds in th
e middle of words. You‘ll notice that
there are many different spellings for these sound, but the sound is always the
same. Here we go.

Nation

Motion

Mission

Special

Reputation

Official

Machine

Fishing

Insurance

Sunshine

Ocean

Tissue

Addition

Subtraction

And now at the end of words.

Rush

Dish

Establish

Splash

Irish

Fresh

Finish

Very , let‘s do some sentences now.



The fishing trip was planned and we left to go to the ocean.

Was the chef ashamed to use the precious sugar?

Sharon gave a special performance.

He will be stationed in Washington, D.C, the nat
ion‘s capital.

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She went to a fashion show after taking a shower.

She sells seashells by the seashore.

The social club was praised for their cooperation.




Now try this.

Joe‘s weather ma
chine shows a sharp drop in air pressure, especially offshore.

Ships in motion on the ocean should be sure to use caution.



Very good. Ok, now let‘s work on the voiced SH sound

[
?
].

To produce this sound,
first make a

[
?
]

sound and then you add voicing

[
?
]
--
[
?
]-, like that.

[
?
]. Now, for
some people this may take a little bit of practice, you should feel the vibrations right
here in your throat

[
?
]. Believe it or not. This is a very important sound in American
English. Many none-native English speakers mispronunce the words with the
sound, especially the words Usual and Uusual, which are very very common. If you
were someone that pronunce the word Usual as ~(a wrong pronunciation). I‘ m
telling you you‘ re not being understood. Let me show you how to pronunce the
word Usual correctly. Break it up into three syllables. U-ZSHU-
AL. That‘ s second
syllable ZSHU, the one with the underline needs to be voiced. Put your hand on
your throat and feel for the vibration in the second syllable U-ZSHU-AL. Now, put it
together U-ZSHU-AL, Usual, like that. Ok now try Usual, UN- U-ZSHU-AL, Unusual,
like that. Very good. Now let‘s practise some more words. It may help if you keep
your hand right here on your throat to feel the vibrations. Here we go.

Vision

Visual

Conclusion

Asia

Version

Division

Casual

Television




Very good. Now there are only a few words that have the voiced

[
?
]sound at
the end. A few of these words are:

The color Beige.

The word Massage.

And the word Prestige.



Ok. Now that you‘ re great at this. Let‘s go over some s
entences.



It‘s not unu
sual for people to study division in Asia.

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I usually use a measuring cup to measure erosion.

The beige walls were the usual color in the treasury building.





Very good, you‘ ll find in your manual that there is a worksheet that yo
u could list
things that you would consider usual and things that you would consider to be
unusual. For pratice, fill this list and

read your answers out loud in full sentences.
Like this:



It‘s usually hot in the summer.

And it‘s unusual for me to be lat
e for an appointment.




Great. Well now it‘ s time to go on practice. You may want to wait a day or two
and then watch this training session again. You‘ ll find that the things in this video
again would probably be very helpful. Ok, have fun practising. I
‘ m Paul Gruber for
the pronunciation workshop and I‘ ll see you at our next session.

Session Five

1.



Consonant L



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops---
Fifth Training Session. We‘ re really moving alo
ng. In this session, we
will cover the L sound, which happens to be another important speech sound.
Dpending on your native language, some speakers have a very difficult time with
the L sounds. L sounds are actually very easy. Here are a few things to remember.

No.1. When you‘ re saying a word which begin with an L, your mouth should be
wide open and your jaw should be down, like this. That‘ s an easy one.

tongue should rise up and push just behind your top teeth, like this.
Notice my mouth is open.

No.3. And this is an important part. You pronunce the L sound by dropping and
relaxing your tongue~, like that. Now, again you‘ ll notice that my mouth and jaw are
open. This is the key. What I don‘ t want you to do is to be moving your jaw along
with y
our tongue. I don‘ t want you to be doing this Ah Ah Ah. Your jaw should not
be moving at all. Keep it open. Here‘ s a trick that may help you. Take your finger
and put it in your mouth and pull down hard on your lower lip and force your mouth
open and your jaw down. Like this. Now, while your jaw is down, bring your tongue
tip all the way up behind your teeth and do this LaLaLa. My tongue is coming up but
my jaw is staying down. What you‘ re doing is forcing your mouth and your lower
jaw to stay open while
you‘ re raising your tongue up, and that‘ s what I want. I want
your jaw to stay down, your mouth to stay open and your tongue to rise up
independently of your jaw LaLaLa, like that and that‘ s how you produce a beautiful
and clear L. Ok, let‘s do some pr
atice. Repeat these words beginning with the letter
L. Here we go.

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Lunch

Local

London

Learn

Large

Life

Lobby

Library

Lucky

Lift

Laugh

Long




Very good. Here are some words with L in the middle of them. When you say
these words, focus on the L sound and really push them out.

Inflation

Believe

Volume

Glue

Elevator

Solve

Pulling

Flood

Delete

Elect

Alive

Color






Ok, let‘ s talk about when L falls at the end of a word. This is a big problem for
many foreign speakers, so pay close attention to this. To produce an L sound at the
end of a word. Keep in mind that the sound of the L comes from the movement of
the Tongue Rising. It does not come from the placement of the tongue, but from the
actual movement. Watch me as I say this word. Hill. The L comes from the
movement of my tongue. You may want to use that finger trick again. Put your
finger in your mouth, pull down on your lower tip and slowly say the word. The only
thing that should be moving is your tongue should be coming up. Hill. Your jaw
should not be
moving at all to let your tongue rise up. Hill. If you‘ re having difficulty,
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produce this in front of a mirror and watch your jaw and your tongue and be sure
you don‘ t produce the L sound by closing your mouth which many foreign
speakers do. Hill. Hill.
See how my mouth is closing. Hill. You don‘ t want to do that.
That produces a weak L and to an American listener it is not clear and you may not
be understood. Let‘s start in practising these words ending with Ls. Here we go.

Will

Ball

Tall

Call

Small

Control

Bowl

Apple

Miracle

Powerful

Control

Financial

People




Notic in this last word People is not pronunced People with your tongue not
moving. It‘s people with your tongue slowly moving up and your jaw remaining
down. Stretch out that L sound. People, li
ke that. Here‘ re some sentences that have
many Ls in them. Listen carefully to my example and then repeat. Don‘ t forget to
push your tongue behind your upper teeth and to use strong L sounds. Here we go.



The lollipop fell into the cool water.

Her drive
r‘s license was pulled out of the blue golf bag.

Blake‘s bowling ball fell under his tools.

Carl could not locate the lemons or the limes.

The school was a mile away from the hill.

The golf club was made of steel.

Al‘s goal was to play baseball with Carol.

A certified letter was delivered for the enrollment list.

It was revealing to look at the smiling lawyer.




Very good. Now let‘s try reciting this poem with FL Blends. Here we‘ re
combining two sounds that we have already covered. The F sound and now the L
sound. Don‘ t forget to first bite your lips for that F/f/, like that and then quickly push
your tongue up and against your teeth for the L to creat the FL blend Fly, like that.
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Ok, let‘s try this slowly.

A flea and a fly, flew up in a flue.

Said the fl
ea, ―Let us fly!‖

Said the fly, ―Let us flee!‖

So they flew through a flaw in the flue.



Ok, let‘s do that one more time. This time a little bit faster.

A flea and a fly, flew up in a flue.

Said the flea, ―Let us fly!‖

Said the fly, ―Let us flee!‖

So they flew through a flaw in the flue.





Very good. Ok, these next sentences all have the word Will in them. The word Will
may be difficult for you because it has that final L sound. Remember try to keep
your mouth open, your jaw down as your tongue rises up.
By doing this, you‘ ll
produce good final L sound. Again, if you‘ re having difficulty, try looking at a mirror,
use your finger and push down on your bottom teeth as you say the word Will, like
that. This will force you to keep your bottom jaw down as your tongue moves up.
Here we go.



Will you empty the garbage?

Will you ask her to clean the kitchen?

Will you prepare a meal for the children?

When will you begin your studies at college?

When will she purchase the dress for her wedding?

Why will he ask them to stay late at work?

Why will she bring her baby to the meeting?

How will they know if our flight is delayed?

Where will the child be going next year?

Where will they put all of the pillows?

What will she do with the millions of dollars she won?






Very good. Now some Janpanese and Chinese speakerS in particular have
difficulties distinguishing between the L sound and the R sound. Now that we have
covered hoth of these sounds I would like to go over some paired words

containing
these sounds. Keep in m
ind when you‘ re producing an L, your tongue moves
forward and up behind your tip. When you‘ re producing an R sound, your lips
move forward but your tongue moves all the way back. Basically, the L and the R
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are completely opposite sounds. Listen carefully and repeat these paired words.

Red - Led

Rick - Lick

Reef - Leaf

Rear - Lear

Rest - Less

Grass - Glass

Crime - Climb

Free
–
Flee



Very good. Well, I call the next words LR combinations. These words and phrases
having an L sound and an R sound right next to each other. This forces you to make
a clear L and then roll it right into a strong R. Here we go. Repeat after me.



Seal ring

Toll road

Already

Civil rights

Railroad

Rivalry

Coral reef

Jewelry

Schoolroom

Gravel road





Very good. As you can see. Ls are very important sounds when they come to
speaking understandeable English. You should review this material a few times for
practice. Have fun and I‘ ll see you next time. I‘ m Paul Gruber with the
Pronunciation Workshop. Goodbye.



Session Six

1.



Word Endings



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops--- Sixth Training Session. In this session, we will cover Word Endings.
Often people who speak English as a second language drop the endings or final
sounds

off their words, well,

they do not pronunce the final sounds correctly. If this
is done consistantly in conversation, chances are you‘ ll not be understood. I‘ve
noticed that the majority of my clients clip off the endings of words without even
realizing that
they‘ re doing this. What I mean by

clip off

is when saying words a
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common mistake that foreign speakers make is that they drop off the last sound in
a word, especially those words that end in B, P
, D or a T. For example, in the word
Job, you may be sayin
g Jo_ without a B sound or the B is so weak you don‘ t even
hear it. I have a good Job. You see that. You did not hear the B sound. For Cap, you
may be saying Ca_. I am wearing a Ca_ and you don‘ t hear the P sound. For bed,
you may be saying Be_. I sleep in a Be_ and there is no D. For the word Plate, you
may be saying Pla__. I eat on a Pla__ and you don‘ t hear the T sound. The problem
with your listeners is not hearing that last consonant sound and the person you‘ re

speaking with does not hear with the
last sound is in your words. They‘ ll
consistently be guessing at what you‘ ve trying to say. Therefore don‘ t drop off the
endings. Make sure that the final sounds come through clearly and fully. Don‘ t
shorten them. Let‘s practise these following sentenc
es. Be aware not to drop the
endings off. We‘ re going on starting with words ending with P
.


I hope the group will sleep on the ship.

The soda pop spilled out of the cup, over the map and onto her lap.

Was the Egg Drop Soup cheap?




Very good. Now another mistake that foreign speakers make is unvoicing a
sound when it should be voiced. For example, Job ends in a B, which is a voiced
sound. Job. It‘s not Jop with an unvoiced P
. Keep the voicing going throughout the
whole word. Job, with a voiced B ending. Same thing with Robe, also has a voiced
B ending. It‘s not Rope with an unvoiced P
. It‘s Robe. OK? Let‘s go over these
sentences ending with Bs.

We cleaned the cobweb from the doorknob near the bathtub.

Rob broke his golf club when he slipped on the ice cube.

The crab was under the cement slab at the yacht club.

The ticket stub was found in the taxi cab.



Now T endings. Make sure the Ts come through clearly.



Kate left her cat on the mat as she flew a kite.

The sailboat came into the port to join the fleet.

What bait will make the fish bite? A cricket or a piece of meat?





Very good. Now also remember to add a voicing

towards

with D endings. Bed has
a voiced D ending. It‘s not Bet with an unvoiced T. It‘s Bed with a voiced D. Road
also has a voiced D end
ing. Road. It‘s not Roat,unvoiced. It‘s Road. The whole word
is voiced. Let‘s go over these sentences ending with voiced Ds.



Fred will decide which sled should be painted red.

David tried to send a refund back to England.

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He could not hide his report card behind the chalk board.




Very good. Ok now let‘s talk about ED Endings. Many verbs that are in the past
tense end with ED. For example. Clean. Today I clean. Yesterday I cleaned. Now ED
Endings have similar rules as the S and Z endings that we discussed in the second
session.

Here‘s the first rule and probably you already do this correctly. If a word ends in an
unvoiced consonant, all we do is add an unvoiced T. So let‘s look at the word Jump,
for example, the final sound in Jump is P
, which is unvoiced. So when you put it in
the past tense, all you do is add a T, so Jump becomes JumpT with the T sound at
the end. Jumped. Of course the word is spelled with ED Ending. It‘s just pronunced
as a T. Jumped, like that. The word Walk, which has an unvoiced K sound at the end.
Walk becomes walkT. Yesterday I walked.

Here‘s the second rule. If a word ends in a voiced consonant, you add a voiced D. In
other words, to keep the whole word voiced. So for example, the word Rub ends
with the voiced B. Rub. Today I rub. Yesterday I rubD. All I did was add a voiced D
sound at the end. Rubbed. It‘s not Rubbet with the unvoiced T. It‘ s Rubbed, like that.
Here‘s another example. Clean ends with a voiced N. So today I clean. Yesterday I
cleaned. I cleaned the kitchen. Pour becomes PourD. I poured the milk. Scrub
becomes scrubD. I scrubbed the floor. Tag becomes TaggD. I tagged the clothing.
Spill ends with the voiced L sound, spill, so becomes SpillD. I spilled the juice. Trim
becomes TrimmD. I trimmed the tree. Move has that voiced V sound. Move. So it
becomes moved. I moved to California. Buzz becomes BuzzD. The clock buzzed all
night. Ok. So that‘s the second rule.

Here is the third rule. If a word ends in a T or a D sound. We add the ending ID which
is a vowel I followed by a D, which is voiced. ID. So, for example, the word Lift. Lift
ends with an unvoiced T
. Lift. So today I lift the ball. Yesterday I liftID(lifted) the ball.
Lift becomes Lifted. And remember in the third session we talked about when a T
falls between two vowels turns into a D, like in the word Water. Water becomes
Wader. Remember that? Well, the same thing happens here when a T comes
between two vowels. So look at this next word Heat. The verb to heat becomes
Heated. I heated up my dinner. Vote becomes VotID. He voted this morning. Hand
becomes HandID. He handed me his report. Trade becomes TradID. I traded in my
old car. Add becomes AddID. She added some information. Ok, now let‘s go over
these exercises with ED Endings. You‘ ll notice that I put a line un
der all the endings
that are voiced to help you remember to add voicing. Here we go.

Bob raked the leaves and then started to wash his car. He then loaded up the
dishwasher and finished washing his dishes.

Susan spilled her drink on the spotted rug.

She cleaned it up with a napkin, which wasted a lot of time.

He thanked me and offered me money, if I picked up the used equipment.

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Very good. Ok now let‘ s talk about words that end in NG. Some people who speak
English as a second language have gone into the bad habbit of adding a K release
sound /k/, like that, after NG Ending. For example, in the word Ring, it becomes
RingK(×
). The word Walking becomes WorkingK(×
). The word Talking becomes
TalkingK, /k/ like that. That is not right. The problem is there‘ s jus
t this little/k/ K
sound at the end of the ING sound. Don‘ t do this. It is not right and it does not
sound good. Let‘s talk about the NG sound. There are three nasal sounds in English.
Nasal sounds are sounds which come out of your nose. Those three nasal sounds
are M/m/,N/n/,NG

[?],like that. Let me show you something. Try to say the M sound
/m/ while closing off your nose. You see you can not do it. Because the M sound
comes out of your nose. It‘s the nasal sound. Same thing with the NG sound
--

[?]
--

com
es out of your nose. It‘s a combination of a N and a G and it‘s found at the ends
of words, like Ring and Sing. And I want you to realize that there‘s not a /k/ K sound.
There‘s not a K sound. The word is not Walking/k/. It‘s Walking

[?]

with that NG
Endin
g, Ok? Walking. Let‘s practise these sentences with NG Endings. Here we go.



I have a feeling that she is working too much.

She has been wearing a hearing aid so that she could sing.

He is looking forward to speaking at the Thanksgiving celebration.




Ve
ry good. Well, that is for today‘s session. I hope that you‘ ve been enjoying
this program so far and I‘ ll be getting to know some improvements in the way you‘
re speaking English. I‘ ll bet you‘ re sounding much better already. Have fun
practising those
ending sounds and I‘ ll see you at the next session. I‘ m Paul
Gruber with Pronunciation Workshop. Good bye!



Session Seven

1. CH sound

2. The American J sound (DG)

3. Consonant H



Hi, welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation
Workshops---Seventh Training Session. In this session, we will cover the CH sound


[
?
] and the American J sound

[
?
]

and then later on the H sound/h/.

Ok, first let‘ s start with CH. It‘ s a common sound in English. It‘s a combination of
the T sound/t/ and the SH sound

[
?
]. When you put these two sounds together, you
get a

[
?
]. It‘s an unvoiced sound. You can hear the sound, for example, at the
beginning and at the end of the word Church. Church. See that. Now if you take this
CH sound and you keep everything in your mouth the same, you just add voicing. It
becomes an American J sound

[
?
]. CH

[
?
], unvoiced. J, voiced. You see that
everything here stays the same. You just add voicing for the J. This voiced J sound
comes at the beginning and at the end of the word Judge. Now the mistake that
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many foreign speakers make is that they unvoice the J sound at the end of a word.
So, for example, many foreign speakers would pronunce the word Judge as Juch,
turning that last sound into an unvoiced CH. Juch . And that is not right. The J
sound in American English is always voiced

[
?
]

Judge, like that. For you Spanish
speakers whenever you say the letter J in English, it always make this

[
?
]

sound.
It‘s never a Y sound. Never. So, for example, the word Job has the

[
?
]

at the
beginning. Job. It‘ s never Yob, my Yob. It‘ s always my job, with the strong J sound.
Job, my Job, like that. Ok, let‘ s do some practice. Let‘ s start with some CH words.
First with CH at the beginning of a word. Here we go.

China

Cherry

Charge

Chocolate

Challenge

Cheese

Chunk

Chairman



Now with CH fallen in the middle.



Key chain

Lunch box

Richard

Picture (That‘s a tricky one. It has two syllables. You pronounce it pic
-ture,picture)

Teacher

Fortune

Nature

Beach ball



Now with CH at the ends of words.

Detach

Teach

Porch

March

Patch

Wrench (notice the strong R sound at the beginning of that word .Wrench)

Coach

Approach(also with the strong R sound,approach)



Very good. Let‘stry this exercise.

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Chop-
chop, children, it‘s Charlie‘s Kitchen adventure
!

Today, Chuck will be teaching future champion cooks how to make a chocolate
cheesecake.



Very good. Ok, now let‘s practise words with the voiced American J sound. We‘ ll
start with the J sound at the beginning of words. Keep in mind that these sounds
can be spelled with both the letter J or the letter G. Here we go.



Juice

Jump

Juggle

Jury

Japan

Giant

Genetic

Junior

Generate

German






Now in the middle of words.



Algebra

Legend

Magic

Subject

Digest

Rejoice

Objective

Majesty

Educate (That has also an unusual pronunciation. Let me break it down for you.
e-du -cate,deucate)

Next one suggestion. (This one also a bit -gestion,suggestion.)






Very good. Now the American J sound at the ends of words. Be sure to keep the
voicing going through the whole word.

Age( It‘s not Ach. It‘ s Age, with voiced ending)

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College

Postage

Stage

Pledge

Village

Average

Page

Courage

Knowledge

.

Very good. Now this paragraph coming up is filled with American J sounds. Don‘ t
forget to voice these endings. Here we go.



A German judge and jury have charged and jailed a strange giant, who sat on the
edge of a bridge throwing jelly onto large barges.

Very good.

You know , later on in this course. You‘ ll get a lot more practice using these sounds
in connected speech. But
for now, I‘ d like to cover H sounds when they come at the
beginning of words. When an H is at the beginning of a word. It is pronunced with
the strong loud air stream. You should first breathing and then loudly out. /h/, like
that. Now is the vowel A, HHHA, HHHA.

Did you hear that sound? Now this may
not pertain to you, but many foreign speakers tend to drop that air sound when a
word begins with the letter H. For example, instead of saying the word Hand. They
would say _and, like my right _and. By not putting in that H sound with the loud
airstream, your speech can be very difficult to understand. Let‘ s practise some of
these words beginning with an H. You may want to put your hand in front of your
mouth for this exercise. You should be able to feel the airstream come out onto the
palm of your hand. /h/, like that.

Note that some words in English that begin with the letter W are also pronunced
just like an H. Here we go.



Hand

Hide

Hope

Hair

House

Harvard

Honey

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Happy

Who

Whole

Let‘ s go over some of thes
e words pairs. The first word in the pair does not have an
H sound. The second word does have an H sound. Here we go. Repeat after me.

Old- Hold

Is- His

It- Hit

At- Hat

Arm- Harm

Ill- Hill

Ate- Hate

As- Has



Now try these words with the strong H sound in the middle.



Ahead

Behave

Anyhow

Inhale

Downhill

Dehydrate

Wholehearted

Overhaul






Now, let‘s do these H practice sentences using the word He for each of these
sentences. You‘ ll be using the same opening phrase. Focus on clear and loud H
sound in the word He.

He thought that he should…

Wash the car.

Thank his teacher.

Watch television.

Use the telephone.

Shut the door.

Breathe deeply. (Voiced TH)

Tell the truth.

Good. Ok now let‘ s try this.

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