管制语法讲义第七讲虚拟语气

2021年1月24日发(作者：rambo)

语
法
讲
义虚拟语气


第七讲

第一
.
虚拟语气应用范围概述

虚拟语气 用来表示一种假设的情况或主观的愿望，
是一种表示非真实
情况或主观设想的动词形式。
按照不同的时间，
主从句中动词的形式
发生变化。以动词
do
或
b e
为例。

.
虚拟语气在带有条件从句的复合句中的构成和用法

时间

现在

过去

将来

从句

did/were
主句

would/should/could/might do
would/should/could/might have done
had done
did/were to do/
would/should/could/might do
should do
第二
.
几种从句中的虚拟语气用法

2.1.
主语从句中的虚拟语气




当虚拟语 气用在主语从句中时，
用于该句型主语谓语的动词主要是表示
说话人的态度或愿望的词。常用于 这类形容词或分词有：

essential,important,natural,pre ferable,required,suggested,
demanded,desired,n ecessary,urgent,advisable,desirable,
imperative,proper
, mandatory,obligatory,vital,
compulsory, crucial,fitting,better
,best,appropriate,
recommended, requested
等。该类虚拟语气的句型为：













essential
It is/was+



urgent

+that +
主语
+(should)+
动词原形













suggested
It is urgent that a new law (should)be enacted to protect children.
目前迫切需要制定一项法律来保护儿童。

[
例
]It is recommended that the project





until all the preparations have been
made.

[a]not be started






[b]will not be started

[c]is not started







[d]is not to be started
[
例
]It is most desirable that he





the conference.


[a]attends







[b]is to attend
[c]will attend





[d] should attend
2.2.
同位语从句及表语从句中的虚拟语气



在表示建议、命令、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和
同位语从句中，谓语要用虚拟语气， 即“
should+
动词原形”
。这类名
词常见的有

suggestion, proposal,motion,order
,pray,request,
recommendation, requirement, idea,aim,wish,plan,
demand,decision,preference ,necessarity,resolution,desire
等。

Any proposals that John should be dismissed must be resisted.
必须抵制任何开除约翰的提议。

Our suggestion is that we (should)put on a play at the English evening.
我们建议在英语晚会上演一个剧。

[
例
]John
W
agner
’
s
most
enduring
contribution
to
the
study
of
AfroAmerican
poetry
is
his
insistence
that
it





in
a
religious,
as
well
as
worldly,
frame
of
reference.

[a]is to be analyzed

[b]be analyzed

[c]has been analyzed

[d] should have been analyzed
[
例
]The final recommendation was that the employee on probation




a special
night class for one semester
.

[a] has attended





[b]attended

[c]attends










[d]attend

2.3.
宾语从句中的虚拟语气

用在表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等动词的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。


英语 中有些表示“提议、主张、要求、命令、需要”等概念的词语，
本身隐含说话者主观的意见，认为某事“ 该（如何）
”或“不该（如
何）
。因此，这些词语后面的
that
从 句应采用“
虚拟语气”
，而且“
that
从句”
中以
sho uld
表示这种语气。
但在实际应用中
（尤其是美国英语中）
，
“< br>that

从句”
should
常被省略，因此从句中的动词短语可能只出现原形动词。

其句型
为：主语
+suggest(ed)/insist(ed)+that+主语
+(should)+
动词原形
.



I suggest that we (should) adopt a different policy.
常用于该句型主句谓语的动词主要有：


表示“提议”的动词
suggest, propose, recommend, move
等


表示“主张”的动词
insist, maintain, hold, urge
等


表示“要求”的动词
ask,request,require, demand, desire
等

表示“命令”的动词
order, command
等

表示“忧虑”的动词或短词：
dread, fear, tremble, be afraid
等

{
注
}
：该句型中的主句的谓语动词无论采用
“现在式”
或
“过去式”
，
其后的
“
that
从句”固定以“
should+
动词原形”

[
例
]W
e desire that the tour leader




us immediately of any change in plans.



[a] inform



[b]informs




[c]informed


[d]has informed
[
例
]He asked he



an opportunity to explain his case.


[a]be given



[b] gives


[c] is given



[d] should give
2.3.1.
动词
wish
后宾语从句中的虚拟语气




wish
后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在这种句型中，宾语从句表示与主句 谓语动
词同时存在或先于主句谓语动词存在的与事实相反的情况，
或将来不太可能实现
的愿望。其句型为：



S+wish+
过去式（
be
动词用
were
）
……

同时的情况

had+
过去分词
……

先于的情况

would


+
动词原形
……

将来的愿望

should
could
might



I wish that he weren
’
t so lazy.



I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.




但愿那时他对这件事不那么大惊小怪。



I wish that the rain would stop.


要是雨能停下来就好了。



[
注
]
在“
It is wished
that”
句型以及
wish
做名词所引导的表语和同位语从句也
要求虚拟语气，形式同以上句 型。

[
例
] I wish I





longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
[a] have slept




[b]slept
[c]might have slept

[d] could have slept
[
例
]I wish you




like that .



[a]don
’
t talk


[b]won
’
t talk



[c] wouldn
’
t talk


[d]not to talk
[
例
] I wish you





with us tomorrow.
[a]would go


[b] did go
[c] had gone


[d]will go
that +S+
that +S+

that+S+

rather
,
had
rather,
would(just)
as
soon,
would
sooner
,would prefer,
等后宾语从句中的虚拟语气



would rather
, had rather
, would(just) as soon, would sooner
, would prefer
等后
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
.
该句型中的虚拟语气实质上是“
had,would
rather
”
等词
代替了
wish.

该宾语 从句往往省略
that
，从句的主语和主句的主语不是同一个
（些）
人时，< br>该句型表示希望或婉转的责备，
从句动词用过去式表示
当时或将来的情况；
用过 去完成时表示过去的情况，
意味
“宁愿某人
做某事”



I
’
d rather you posted the letter right away.


我倒希望你把这封信立即寄出。



I would prefer he didn
’
t stay there too long.


我倒希望他不要在那儿待得太久。



I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.



我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

此外，该句型还用于以下情况：

1
．

接动词原形时，表示现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择。







I’
d rather do it today.



我宁愿今天做这件事。







Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender
.





刘胡兰宁死不屈。

2
．

接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当。








I
’
d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.







我宁愿没有告诉他那消息，她真是长舌妇。


[
例
] I
’
d much rather that you





tomorrow than today.







[a]came



[b]will come








[c]had come


[d]is coming
2.4.
状语从句中的虚拟语气

2.4.1.
目的状语从句中的虚拟语气




在
for fear that , in order that ,

so that, lest, in case (that)
引导的目的状语从
句 中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用
should(could, might)+
动词原
形。在以
lest
引导的从句中，谓语动词用“
(should)+< br>动词原形”
。



I reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.


我提醒她两次，怕她忘了。



I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb him.


我不会做声的，以免打扰他。



He put his coat over his son in case he should catch cold.


他把大衣盖在儿子身上以免他着凉。

[
注
]
：如果
in
order
that
和
so
that
前的主句是现在时，其后的从句有时亦可用