kittenTED英语演讲：为什么你总认为你是对的

2021年1月24日发(作者：hanting)
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TED
英语演讲：为什么你总认为你是
对的

Why do you always think you are right

编订：
JinTai College
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TED
英语演讲：为什么你总认为你是对的

小泰温馨提示：演讲稿是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场合发表的
讲话文稿。
演讲稿是进行演讲的依据，对演讲内容和形式的规范和提
示，体现着演讲的目的和手段，用来交流思 想、感情，表达

主张、见
解；也可以用来介绍自己的学习、工作情况和经验等等；同 时具有宣
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情传达给听众以及 读者，使他们信服并在思想感情上产生共鸣。本文
档根据演讲稿内容要求展开说明，具有实践指导意义， 便于学习和使
用，本文下载后内容可随意修改调整及打印。



有 时我们明明做错了，却还是坚持自己是正确的，一意
孤行非做不可。究竟我们思维中有什么缺陷让我们如 此固执己
见呢
?Julia Galef
带我们重访历史上著名的故事，和日常中的经典场景，探索人类行为模式中的这个谜团。下面是小泰为
大家收集关于
TED
英语演讲：为什么你总认为你是对的，欢迎
借鉴参考。

演说题目：
Remember to say thank you Why you think
you're right -- even if you're wrong


演说者：
Julia Galef

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So I'm here to tell you that we have a problem
with boys, and it's a serious problem with boys. Their
culture isn't working in schools, and I'm going to
share with you ways that we can think about overcoming
that problem. First, I want to start by saying, this
is a boy, and this is a girl, and this is probably
stereotypically what you think of as a boy and a girl.
If I essentialize gender for you today, then you can
dismiss what I have to say.


我在这儿是 想告诉大家我们的对男孩的教育有问题，男
孩子的教育是个严重问题。在学校，男孩文化没有形成。我要
和大家分享我们关于这一问题的解决方法。首先，我首先想说，
这是个男孩，这是个女孩。这可 能是你刻板的关于男孩和女孩
的想法。如果我今天要讲性别的事，然后大家可能不会理睬我
要说 的。


So I'd like you to imagine for a moment that
you're a soldier in the heat of battle. Maybe you're a
Roman foot soldier or a medieval archer or maybe
you're a Zulu warrior. Regardless of your time and
place, there are some things that are constant. Your
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adrenaline is elevated, and your actions are stemming
from these deeply ingrained reflexes, reflexes rooted
in a need to protect yourself and your side and to
defeat the enemy.


我想让你们想象一下，你是一个身 处激烈战争中的士兵。
也许你是一个罗马步兵或者中世纪的弓箭手
,
或者是一个祖鲁
勇士。不管你是处在怎样的时代和战场，有些东西是相同的。
你的肾上腺素上升，而你的行动源 于那些最原始的条件反射，
那种出于保护自己和战友

并打败敌人的需求的条件反射。


So now, I'd like you to imagine playing a very
different role, that of the scout. The scout's job is
not to attack or defend. The scout's job is to
understand. The scout is the one going out, mapping
the terrain, identifying potential obstacles. And the
scout may hope to learn that, say, there's a bridge in
a convenient location across a river. But above all,
the scout wants to know what's really there, as
accurately as possible.


现在，再想象一下扮 演一个完全不同的角色，那就是侦
察员。侦察员的工作不是攻击或者防守。侦察员的工作是认清
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形势。侦察员是那些走出营地去测定地形、识别出可能的障碍的人。侦察员也许很希望刚好在合适的位置有一座桥可以跨过
某条河。但更重要的是，侦察员想要弄 清楚那里到底有什么，
越精确越好。


And in a real, actual army, both the soldier and
the scout are essential. But you can also think of
each of these roles as a mindset -- a metaphor for how
all of us process information and ideas in our daily
lives. What I'm going to argue today is that having
good judgment, making accurate predictions, making
good decisions, is mostly about which mindset you're
in.


在一支精良的队伍中，

士兵和侦察员都是必不可少的。
但是你也可以把它们 各自想象为一种思维模式——一种关于我
们如何在日常生活中处理信息和想法的比喻。今天我将要讨论< br>的是不管是拥有好的判断力，做出正确的预测，还是做出好的
决策，几乎都跟你处于哪种思维模式 相关。


To illustrate these mindsets in action, I'm going
to take you back to 19th- century France, where this
innocuous-looking piece of paper launched one of the
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biggest political scandals in history. It was
discovered in 1894 by officers in the French general
staff. It was torn up in a wastepaper basket, but when
they pieced it back together, they discovered that
someone in their ranks had been selling military
secrets to Germany.


为了举例说明这两种思维模式，我将带你们回到
19
世纪
法国的一个地方。在那里，由这张看起来很普通的稿件，引发
了历史上最大的 政治丑闻之一。它是在
1984
年被法国总参谋
部的军官发现的。被撕碎了扔在一个废 纸篓里，但是当他们把
它拼接起来后，发现他们中间有人在向德国出卖军事机密。


So they launched a big investigation, and their
suspicions quickly converged on this man, Alfred
had a sterling record, no past history of
wrongdoing, no motive as far as they could tell. But
Dreyfus was the only Jewish officer at that rank in
the army, and unfortunately at this time, the French
Army was highly anti-Semitic. They compared Dreyfus's
handwriting to that on the memo and concluded that it
was a match, even though outside professional
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handwriting experts were much less confident in the
similarity,but never mind that.


因 此他们开展了深入的调查，然后他们的怀疑很快集中
到了这个人身上，阿尔弗勒德·德雷福斯。他没有过 任何不光
彩的记录，没做过什么坏事，也没有所谓的动机。但是德雷福
斯是军队里那个级别中的 唯一犹太军官，并且不幸的是，那时
的法军非常地反犹太。他们将德雷福斯的笔迹跟那张纸上的对
照，然后得出了笔迹一致的结论，尽管外面的笔迹鉴定专家对
此持怀疑态度，

但也于事无补。


They went and searched Dreyfus's apartment,
looking for any signs of went through
his files, and they didn't find anything. This just
convinced them more that Dreyfus was not only guilty,
but sneaky as well, because clearly he had hidden all
of the evidence before they had managed to get to it.


他们搜查了德雷福斯的寓所，寻找他从事间谍活动的蛛
丝马迹。他们翻遍了他的文件 ，但一无所获。这使他们更加确
信德雷福斯不仅有罪，

而且还很狡猾，因为很明显在他们搜
查之前

他就隐藏了所有的证据。

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Next, they went and looked through his personal
history for any incriminating details. They talked to
his teachers, they found that he had studied foreign
languages in school, which clearly showed a desire to
conspire with foreign governments later in life. His
teachers also said that Dreyfus was known for having a
good memory, which was highly suspicious, right? You
know, because a spy has to remember a lot of things.


接下来，他们审查了他的个人历史寻找任何能表明他有
罪的细节。他们跟他的老师谈话。发现他在学校学 过外语，

这清楚地表明了一种想要在以后的生活中跟外国政府相勾结的
愿望。老师还 说德雷福斯出了名的记忆力好，这不是非常可疑
吗
?
因为间谍需要记住很多东西。


So the case went to trial, and Dreyfus was found
guilty. Afterwards, they took him out into this public
square and ritualistically tore his insignia from his
uniform and broke his sword in two. This was called
the Degradation of Dreyfus. And they sentenced him to
life imprisonment on the aptly named Devil's
Island,which is this barren rock off the coast of
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South America. So there he went, and there he spent
his days alone, writing letters and letters to the
French government begging them to reopen his case so
they could discover his innocence. But for the most
part, France considered the matter closed.


因此经过审讯， 德雷福斯被判有罪。然后，他们把他带
到了公共广场，仪式性地撕下了他制服上的徽章，并折断了他的佩剑。这件事被称作德雷福斯冤案。他们判处他终身监禁，
并将其押送到被称为魔鬼岛的地方服役 ，是个远离南美洲海岸
贫瘠的岩石小岛。在那里，他一个人孤零零地生活，给法国政
府写了一封 又一封的信，乞求他们重审他的案子，并希望通过
重审获得清白。但是在大多数情形下，法国政府都认为 这件事
已经结案。


One thing that's really interesting to me about
the Dreyfus Affair is this question of why the
officers were so convinced that Dreyfus was guilty. I
mean, you might even assume that they were setting him
up, that they were intentionally framing him. But
historians don't think that's what happened. As far as
we can tell,the officers genuinely believed that the
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case against Dreyfus was strong. Which makes you
wonder: What does it say about the human mind that we
can find such paltry evidence to be compelling enough
to convict a man?


在德雷福斯事件中让我真正感兴趣的一点是为什么这些
军官会如此确信德雷福斯是有 罪的。我是说，你可能以为他们
是在给他设套，他们在故意地诬陷他。但是历史学家却不这样
认 为。据我们所知，这些军官由衷地相信德雷福斯是有罪的。
这也就会使你感到好奇：如果在只有微不足道 的证据的情况下
我们就可以给一个人定罪，那么这对人类的思维来说意味着什
么
?

Well, this is a case of what scientists call

our unconscious motivations, our desires and fears,
shape the way we interpret information. Some
information, some ideas, feel like our allies. We want
them to win. We want to defend them. And other
information or ideas are the enemy, and we want to
shoot them down. So this is why I call motivated
reasoning,

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