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第二讲.名词和主谓一致
主语与谓语在人称、数上取得一致的情况:
1.
主语为单数第三人称时,谓语要变单数
,
即加“
S
”
如:
reads
,
sits
注意特例:
(
1
)
-s, -ss, -o, -x, -sh, -ch
结尾的词要加
-
es
如:
misses
,
kisses
,
does
,
fixes
,
brushes
,
astonis hes
,
scratches
(
2
)元音字母+
y
结尾+
s
;
辅音字母+
y
结尾,要变成辅音字母+
ies
;
如:
says
,
sprays
,
delays
,< br>flies
,
studies
,
(
3
)-
fe
,-
f
结尾的词尾要变成
-
ves
如:
strife
(争吵)
,
stuff
(填塞)
,
puff
(喘气)
,
名词的变化
(1)
名词的数
1)
可数名词的复数形式
类别
多数情况规则
少数情况不规则
child
-
child
ren
ox
-
ox
en
;
foot
–
f
ee
t
;
tooth < br>–
t
ee
th
;
mouse
-
加–
s,
如:
egg
-
egg
s
m
i< br>ce
;
louse
-
l
i
ce
;
crisis
bike
-
bike
s
-
cris
e
s
;
basis
-
bases
;
emp hasis----emphases,
film
-
film
s
thesis--- theses,
analysis
—
analyses
;
medi um
test
-
test
s
-
media;
datum
-
data
;
phenomenon
-< br>phenomena
;
bacterium
—
bacteria,
criterion
-
criteria
加-
es,
如:
glass-glass
es
fox-fox
es
;
church
-
词尾
ch
发
[k]
音时 ,加
-s
构
church
es
;
成复数名词,如:
stomach
s
watch-watch
es
bush-bush
es
变
“
y
”
为
“
i
”
再
以“元音字母+
Y
”结尾的可
加
“-
es
”
数名词加-
s,
如:
monkey
-
monkey
s
如:
baby
-
bab
ies
ability
-
abilit
ies
Key
-
key
s
;
boy
-
boys
多数可数名词
以
s,
x,
ch,
sh
结尾的可数名
词
以“辅音字母
+
y
”结尾的可数
名词
1
以
“
o
”
结尾
的可数名词
加-
es,
如:
hero
-
hero
es
Potato
-
potato
es
tomato
-
tomato
es
以
“
f
”
或
“
fe
”
结尾的
如:
life
-
liv
es
;
可数名词
leaf
-
lea
ves
变
“
f
”
或
“
fe
”
为
“
v
”
再加
“
es
”
,
1.
加-
s,
如:
auto, photo,
memo, kilo, shampoo, radio,
zoo, piano….
2.
加-
s
或-
es,
如:
buffalo
-
buffalo
(e)s
volcano
-
volcano
(e)s
cargo
-
cargo
(e)s
1.
加-
s,
如:
serf, chief,
gulf, roof, cuff, cliff, proof,
safe, belief, relief
,
cuff
…
2.
加–
s
或变“
f
”或“
fe
”
为“
v
”加“
e s
”皆可
,
如:
scarf
-
scarf
s
(scar
ves
)
handkerchief
-
handkerchief
s
(handkerchie
ves
)
2)
既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的名词
有些名词属兼类名词,
作可数名词 时表示具体事物,
作不可数名词时表
抽象概念。
----
Tom rented a single room to prepare for the coming exam.
(
room
为可数名词)
汤姆租了一个单人间准备即将到来的考试。
----Your essay is well
–
written as a whole, yet there is still some
room for improvement.
(
room
为不可数名词)
虽然你的文章写得不错,但还有需要改进的余地。
这样的名词有:
expe rience
(可数为“经历”,不可数为“经验”);
beauty
(可数为“美人 ”,不可数为“美”);
office
(可数为“办公室”,不可数为
“公职”
)
;
success
(可数为
“成功的人
/
物”
,
不可数为
“成功”)
;
judgment
(可数为“判决”,不可 数为“判断”);
security
(可数为“证券”,不可数
为“安全”)等。
2
3)
复合名词复数形式的特殊情况
一般说来,以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式,如:
homework,
sunlight;
以可数名词结尾的复合名词只将其中的主体名词变为相应的复数,
如:
bedrooms, bookshelves, housewives, fathers- in-law
。此外,我们还需
留意复合名词复数形式的如下特殊情况:
类别
复数形式
其中名词一律用单数,如:
a
基数词
+
名词(
+
形容词)
ten- year-old girl;a 200
-
mile
-
long road
;
a five-foot-high boy
以
man, woman, gentleman
等
为修饰词的复合名词
少数复合名词
:
名词后加
-s
,
如
comrades-in- arms;passers-by
可数名词+介词(短语)
词尾加
-s
,如:
take-offs; go-betweens
动词
/ed
分词+副词
动词
-ing
形式后加
-s
,如:
comings-in
动词
-ing
形式+副词
其中所有名词都用复数,如:
men
servants;
women
reporters;
gentlemen drivers
。但是,要说
girl
(
boy
)
students
,
以
及Germans,
humans, Romans, Normans
2
.
E
very/ Each + (
单数名词或单数代词
+
单数名词或单数代词
)+
单数谓语
Every man and woman in this society
needs
care.
Each boy and each girl here
works
hard.
No
+
(
单数名词或单数代词
+
单数名词或单数代词
)
+单数谓语
No teacher
or
student in this school
is
allowed to disobey the rules.
No teacher
and no
student in this school
is
allowed to disobey the rules.
2
.
集
合名词作主语的三种情况
a)
有些集合名词作主语,谓语只能用单数形式
furniture, equipment, jewellery, scenery, clothing, bedding,
…
(
2
)有些集合名词作主语,谓语只能用复数形式
people, folk, police, cattle, militia, poultry, mankind
…
(
3
) 有些集合名词作主语,看作整体谓语只能用单数形式,看作全体成员,
谓语需用复数形式。
team,
club,
family,
class,
audience,
group,
committee,
government,
cabinet, board, couple, army, jury, party, staff, faculty, personnel, union,
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
public,
…
The government
has
made a decision to eliminate drug-abusing.
The government
are
arguing about the passing of a new law.
The family
has
lived here for 50 years.
The family
are
going abroad for a holiday.
由
both
and
连接的两个名词或代词,
谓语用复数,
但是,
由
either
or
,
neither
nor
,
or
,
not only
but also
连接的两个名词或代词,或在
There
be
,
Here be
的倒装句型中,谓语的单复数取决于临近主语。
Either you or
she is
needed to help paint the room.
Have
neither
you
nor he been to Tibet?
Not only the students but also their
teacher
is
going to see this new film.
There
is
a school and some supermarkets nearby.
两个名词或代词由一些词(组)相连接,如
as well as, together/ along with,
carrying, supported by, accompanied by, besides, apart from, in addition to,
but, except, (un)like, no less than, other than
等,谓语需与第一个名
/
代词取
得一致。
Jane,
unlike her sisters,
does
n
’
t like dancing.
The teacher
, in addition to the students,
has
seen this film.
Tom,
no less than Tim, is a promising student.
An old woman, supported by two young pioneers, is crossing the street.
The club, other than the chairman, are in favor of the plan.
表示部分数量的词(组)+
of
+名词
+
谓语结构中,谓语的单复数取决于
名词:
名词为不可数名词或可数名词的单 数形式,谓语用单数;名词为可
数名词的复数形式,谓语用复数。
All of the
work is
done.
All of the
students
are
here.
The whole of the birthday
cake has
been eaten.
The whole of the
muffins have
been eaten.
None of the coffee
is
left.
None of the telephones
work/ works
.
None of these graduates
are/is
from parents’ families.
None of them
are
qualified workers.
What
引 导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数,但若表语中出现复数
名词,则谓语要用复数,以与表语取得 一致。
What he said
is
right.
What the teacher says and does
has
effect on his students.
What the teacher says and does
don’t
agree (with each other).
What he bought
were
two balls.
What they need badly
are
creative writers.
What I have said and done
have
nothing to do with you.
What is real to him
are
the details of his life.
其他名词性从句作主语,用单数谓语
Whether he will pass the test
is
still unknown.
How he succeeded
remains
a secret.
4
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