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虚拟语气
虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
1.
非真实 的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人的
主观愿望。
2.
强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告等意思,表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这
样 的含义。
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,
其特点是主从句时态的不一致,
而
起一般有明显的标志。
难点释疑
一、
If
型
If
条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
与过去事实相
反
与现在事实相
反
与将来事实相
反
从句
had done
did/were
were to do/should
do/did
主句
would/could/might have
done
would/could/might do
would/could/might do
特别值得注意的是,
这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟,
即如果 从句发生的动作和主句
发生的动作不一致
(
例如:从句动作发生在过去,主句动作发生 在现在
)
,谓语动词要根据表
示的时间进行调整。例如:
If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now.
要是彼得申请了那职
位,他很可能现在就得到了。
If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now.
如果他昨天动身去上海
的话,他现在已经到那里了。
二、
Wish
型
后的宾语从句用虚拟语气,其句型结构如下:
1
与过去事实相反
wish that
从句的谓语动词用
had done
与现在事实相反
wish that
从句的谓语动词用
did
与将来事实相反
wish that
从句的谓语动词用
would/could do
例如:
I wish they would change the menu.
他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。
I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.
我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。
同样地,在
as if/as though
引导的宾语从句中和以
if o nly
引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟
语气句子中,谓语动词与
wish
引导的宾 语从句中的虚拟形式相同。
2.
由
if only
引导的虚拟语气
与过去事实相反
if only
谓语动词用
had done
与现在事实相反
if only
谓语动词用
did
例如:
If only she had asked someone’s advice!
她要是征求了别人的意见就好了!
3.
由
as if/as though
引导的虚拟语气
与过去事实相反
as if/as though
谓语动词用
had done
与现在事实相反
as if/as though
谓语动词用
did
例如:
He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.
谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。
He orders me as though I were his wife.
他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。
三、强制性虚拟语气
2
1.
表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词
+ that + (should) +
动词原形,其中
should
经常被省略。这类动词包括:< br>advise
,
ask
,
command
,
deci de
,
decree
,
demand
,
desire
,
determine
,
direct
,
insist
,
maintain
,
move(
动议,
规定
)< br>,
order
,
prefer
,
propose
,< br>recommend
,
require
,
stipulate
,
suggest
等等。例如:
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played
after 11 o'clock at night.
酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上
11
点之后不要打开收音机。
2.
以上动词转化为名词,
如
suggestion< br>,
proposal
,
demand
,
order
,
command
,
advice
,
desire
,
requirement
,
request
,
agreement
,
determination
,
preference
,
resol ution
,
indication
,
后接同位语从句或表语从句时,
从句要求用虚拟语气,
其谓语部分用
should +
动
词原形,
should
可以省略。例如:
We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.
我们都支持你推迟讨论
的建议。
3.
值得注意的是,
只有
suggest
意为
“
建议
”
、
insist
意为
“
坚持认为
”
时,
从句用虚拟语气,
当
suggest
意为
“
暗 示
”
、
insist
意为
“
坚持说
”
时, 从句不用虚拟语气。例如:
When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on
his father suggested that he agreed with him.
当儿子提议星期天去公园时,
父亲用表情表示
了默许。
The boy insisted that he didn’t cheat in
the exam.
这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作
弊。
(
考试已经结束
)
The boy insisted that he shouldn’t cheat in the exam.
这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试
中作弊。
(< br>考试还未进行
)
is/was +
形容词
/
过去分词
+ that + (should) + < br>动词原形,这些形容词主要表示必
要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应 。这类词包括:
important
,
natural
,
desir able
,
possible
,
astonishing
,
advisable
,
anxious
,
appropriate
,
compulsory
,
crucial
,
eager
,< br>essential
,
fitting
,
imperative
,
improper
,
necessary
,
obligator y
,
preferable
,
proper
,
urgent
,
vital
,
shocked
,
requested,
amazing
,
strange
,
odd
,
ridiculous
,
surprising
,
unthinkable
,
incredible
等等。例如:
3
It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory
but also practice.
大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识,更要有实践经验,这一点很重要。
It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.
他们竟然这样打发时间,真是太奇
怪了。
特殊虚拟语气句子
1.
If it hadn’t been for your assistance
,
we w
ouldn’t have succeeded.
=
But for
your assistance
,
we wouldn’t have succeeded.
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。
2. If
虚拟条件句的倒装形式,即把
were, had, should
置于句首。例:
Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder.
如果我能再上一次
学,我会学习得更努力。
Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,…)
如果你问我,我会告
诉你。
Were she here, she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
3.
If only she had had more courage!
她再勇敢一些就好了。
4.
*suggest
表“暗示”insist
表“坚持说”时不用虚拟语气
比较:
He
insisted
that I
had read
his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
He
insisted
that I
should read
his letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。
He
suggested
that we
(should) stay
for dinner.
他建议我们留下吃饭。
I
suggested
that you
had a secret
understanding with him.
我觉得你与他
心照不宣。
5.
Nobody
could
save
him
even
though
Hua
Tuo
should
come
here.
即使华佗在世也救不
了他。
6.
原因状语从句中的虚拟语气
amazed,
angry,
annoyed,
astonished,
disappointed,
frightened,
happy,
pleased,
proud,
s
orry,
surprised,
upset
等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
①
should
+
原形动词
(
指现在或将来
)
。如:
He
was
angry
that
you
should
call
him
by
name.
他很生气,你竟然对他直呼其名。
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